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{{Waldenström's macroglobulinemia}}
{{Waldenström's macroglobulinemia}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{MGS}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{S.M.}}, {{MGS}}, {{RAK}}; {{GRR}} {{Nat}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
The prevalence of waldenström's macroglobulinemia is estimated to be 1500 cases in United States annually.<ref name="ncbi">Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia
The [[prevalence]] of [[Waldenström's macroglobulinemia|Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia]] is [[Estimate|estimated]] to be 1000-1500 cases in [[United States]] annually. [[Waldenström's macroglobulinemia|Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia]] represents 1-2% of all [[hematological]] [[Cancer|cancers]]. Overall [[age]]-adjusted [[incidence]] of [[Waldenström's macroglobulinemia|Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia]] is 0.38 [[Case-based reasoning|cases]] per 100,000 [[Person|persons]] annually, increasing with [[age]] to 2.85 in [[patients]] above 80 [[Year|years]]. [[Incidence]] of [[Waldenström's macroglobulinemia|Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia]] increases after 50 [[Year|years]] of [[age]] with [[median]] [[age]] at [[diagnosis]] to be 65 [[Year|years]]. [[Men]] are twice more likely than [[Womens Pack|women]] to [[Development|develop]] WM and there is higher [[incidence]] of WM in [[White (mutation)|whites]] than [[Black|blacks]].
Wikipedia (2015) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldenström%27s_macroglobulinemia#cite_note-Cheson-1 Accessed on November, 6 2015</ref> Waldenström's macroglobulinemia represents 1% of all hematological cancers.<ref name="wiki">Molecular pathogenesis of Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia NCBI (2015) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3436227/ Accessed on November, 6 2015</ref>
 
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
*[[Waldenström's macroglobulinemia|Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia]] is one of the rare subtypes of [[NHL]] accounting just 1-2% of it
===Prevalence===
===Prevalence===
* The prevalence of waldenström's macroglobulinemia is estimated to be 1500 cases in United States annually.<ref name="ncbi">Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia
* The [[prevalence]] of [[Waldenström's macroglobulinemia|Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia]] is [[Estimation|estimated]] to be 1000-1,500 [[Case-based reasoning|cases]] in [[United States]] annually<ref name="pmid22139816">{{cite journal| author=Wang H, Chen Y, Li F, Delasalle K, Wang J, Alexanian R et al.| title=Temporal and geographic variations of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia incidence: a large population-based study. | journal=Cancer | year= 2012 | volume= 118 | issue= 15 | pages= 3793-800 | pmid=22139816 | doi=10.1002/cncr.26627 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22139816  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9506352">{{cite journal| author=Groves FD, Travis LB, Devesa SS, Ries LA, Fraumeni JF| title=Waldenström's macroglobulinemia: incidence patterns in the United States, 1988-1994. | journal=Cancer | year= 1998 | volume= 82 | issue= 6 | pages= 1078-81 | pmid=9506352 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9506352  }} </ref>
Wikipedia (2015) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldenström%27s_macroglobulinemia#cite_note-Cheson-1 Accessed on November, 6 2015</ref>


===Incidence===
===Incidence===
* World-wide, age-adjusted incidence of waldenström's macroglobulinemia is 0.38 cases per 100,000 persons annually, increasing with age to 2.85 in patients above 80 years.<ref name="pmid23901022">{{cite journal| author=Monge J, Braggio E, Ansell SM| title=Genetic factors and pathogenesis of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. | journal=Curr Oncol Rep | year= 2013 | volume= 15 | issue= 5 | pages= 450-6 | pmid=23901022 | doi=10.1007/s11912-013-0331-7 | pmc=PMC3807757 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23901022  }} </ref>
*[[Waldenström's macroglobulinemia|WM]] accounts for approximately 1% to 2% of [[Hematologic cancer|hematologic cancers]] in [[United States]] and Western Europe<ref name="pmid8219203">{{cite journal| author=Herrinton LJ, Weiss NS| title=Incidence of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. | journal=Blood | year= 1993 | volume= 82 | issue= 10 | pages= 3148-50 | pmid=8219203 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8219203  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9506352">{{cite journal| author=Groves FD, Travis LB, Devesa SS, Ries LA, Fraumeni JF| title=Waldenström's macroglobulinemia: incidence patterns in the United States, 1988-1994. | journal=Cancer | year= 1998 | volume= 82 | issue= 6 | pages= 1078-81 | pmid=9506352 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9506352  }} </ref>
*Worldwide, the overall [[age]]-adjusted [[incidence]] of [[lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma|Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia]] is 0.38 [[Case-based reasoning|cases]] per 100,000 [[Person|persons]] annually, increasing with [[age]] to 2.85 in [[patients]] above 80 [[Year|years]] (or 5 [[Case-based reasoning|cases]] per 1 million [[Person|persons]] per [[year]])<ref name="pmid23901022">{{cite journal| author=Monge J, Braggio E, Ansell SM| title=Genetic factors and pathogenesis of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. | journal=Curr Oncol Rep | year= 2013 | volume= 15 | issue= 5 | pages= 450-6 | pmid=23901022 | doi=10.1007/s11912-013-0331-7 | pmc=PMC3807757 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23901022  }} </ref>
*[[Incidence]] of [[Waldenström's macroglobulinemia|WM]] is approximately 8.3 [[Case-based reasoning|cases]] per million [[Person|persons]] per [[year]]<ref name="pmid16150940">{{cite journal| author=Morton LM, Wang SS, Devesa SS, Hartge P, Weisenburger DD, Linet MS| title=Lymphoma incidence patterns by WHO subtype in the United States, 1992-2001. | journal=Blood | year= 2006 | volume= 107 | issue= 1 | pages= 265-76 | pmid=16150940 | doi=10.1182/blood-2005-06-2508 | pmc=1895348 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16150940  }} </ref>
*[[WM]] [[incidence]] is approximately 10-fold lower in Asia<ref name="pmid23784625">{{cite journal| author=Iwanaga M, Chiang CJ, Soda M, Lai MS, Yang YW, Miyazaki Y et al.| title=Incidence of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia in Japan and Taiwan population-based cancer registries, 1996-2003. | journal=Int J Cancer | year= 2014 | volume= 134 | issue= 1 | pages= 174-80 | pmid=23784625 | doi=10.1002/ijc.28343 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23784625  }} </ref>
*Majority of [[Waldenström's macroglobulinemia|WM]] [[patients]] are [[Caucasian honey bee|Caucasians]], with other [[Ethnic group|ethnic groups]] accounting for only 5 [[Percentage|percent]] of [[Case-based reasoning|cases]]<ref name="pmid9506352">{{cite journal| author=Groves FD, Travis LB, Devesa SS, Ries LA, Fraumeni JF| title=Waldenström's macroglobulinemia: incidence patterns in the United States, 1988-1994. | journal=Cancer | year= 1998 | volume= 82 | issue= 6 | pages= 1078-81 | pmid=9506352 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9506352  }} </ref>
*The [[age]]-adjusted [[incidence rate]] for [[males]] is 0.92 per 100,000 [[person]]-[[Year|years]]<ref name="KyleLarson2018">{{cite journal|last1=Kyle|first1=Robert A.|last2=Larson|first2=Dirk R.|last3=McPhail|first3=Ellen D.|last4=Therneau|first4=Terry M.|last5=Dispenzieri|first5=Angela|last6=Kumar|first6=Shaji|last7=Kapoor|first7=Prashant|last8=Cerhan|first8=James R.|last9=Rajkumar|first9=S. Vincent|title=Fifty-Year Incidence of Waldenström Macroglobulinemia in Olmsted County, Minnesota, From 1961 Through 2010: A Population-Based Study With Complete Case Capture and Hematopathologic Review|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|volume=93|issue=6|year=2018|pages=739–746|issn=00256196|doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.02.011}}</ref>
*The [[age]]-adjusted [[incidence rate]] for [[females]] is 0.30 per 100,000 [[person]]-[[Year|years]]<ref name="KyleLarson2018">{{cite journal|last1=Kyle|first1=Robert A.|last2=Larson|first2=Dirk R.|last3=McPhail|first3=Ellen D.|last4=Therneau|first4=Terry M.|last5=Dispenzieri|first5=Angela|last6=Kumar|first6=Shaji|last7=Kapoor|first7=Prashant|last8=Cerhan|first8=James R.|last9=Rajkumar|first9=S. Vincent|title=Fifty-Year Incidence of Waldenström Macroglobulinemia in Olmsted County, Minnesota, From 1961 Through 2010: A Population-Based Study With Complete Case Capture and Hematopathologic Review|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|volume=93|issue=6|year=2018|pages=739–746|issn=00256196|doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.02.011}}</ref>
*Combined [[age]] and [[Sex (activity)|sex]]-adjusted [[incidence]] is 0.57 per 100,000 [[person]]-[[Year|years]]<ref name="KyleLarson2018">{{cite journal|last1=Kyle|first1=Robert A.|last2=Larson|first2=Dirk R.|last3=McPhail|first3=Ellen D.|last4=Therneau|first4=Terry M.|last5=Dispenzieri|first5=Angela|last6=Kumar|first6=Shaji|last7=Kapoor|first7=Prashant|last8=Cerhan|first8=James R.|last9=Rajkumar|first9=S. Vincent|title=Fifty-Year Incidence of Waldenström Macroglobulinemia in Olmsted County, Minnesota, From 1961 Through 2010: A Population-Based Study With Complete Case Capture and Hematopathologic Review|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|volume=93|issue=6|year=2018|pages=739–746|issn=00256196|doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.02.011}}</ref>


===Age===
===Age===
* The incidence of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia increases after 50 years of age.<ref name="RF">Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. American Cancer Society (2015)http://www.cancer.org/cancer/waldenstrommacroglobulinemia/detailedguide/waldenstrom-macroglobulinemia-risk-factors Accessed on November 6, 2015</ref>
* The [[incidence]] of [[lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma|Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia]] increases after 50 [[Year|years]] of [[age]]<ref name="RF">Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. American Cancer Society (2015)http://www.cancer.org/cancer/waldenstrommacroglobulinemia/detailedguide/waldenstrom-macroglobulinemia-risk-factors Accessed on November 6, 2015</ref>


* The median age at diagnosis is 65 years.
* The [[median]] [[age]] at [[diagnosis]] is 65 [[Year|years]]<ref name="pmid22139816">{{cite journal| author=Wang H, Chen Y, Li F, Delasalle K, Wang J, Alexanian R et al.| title=Temporal and geographic variations of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia incidence: a large population-based study. | journal=Cancer | year= 2012 | volume= 118 | issue= 15 | pages= 3793-800 | pmid=22139816 | doi=10.1002/cncr.26627 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22139816  }} </ref><ref name="pmid28366781">{{cite journal| author=Yun S, Johnson AC, Okolo ON, Arnold SJ, McBride A, Zhang L et al.| title=Waldenström Macroglobulinemia: Review of Pathogenesis and Management. | journal=Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk | year= 2017 | volume= 17 | issue= 5 | pages= 252-262 | pmid=28366781 | doi=10.1016/j.clml.2017.02.028 | pmc=5413391 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28366781  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8219203">{{cite journal| author=Herrinton LJ, Weiss NS| title=Incidence of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. | journal=Blood | year= 1993 | volume= 82 | issue= 10 | pages= 3148-50 | pmid=8219203 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8219203  }} </ref>


===Gender===
===Gender===
* Men are more likely than women to develop Waldenström macroglobulinemia.
* [[Men]] are twice more likely than [[Womens Pack|women]] to [[Development|develop]] [[Waldenström's macroglobulinemia|WM]] (5.4 vs. 2.7 per million, respectively) <ref name="pmid22139816">{{cite journal| author=Wang H, Chen Y, Li F, Delasalle K, Wang J, Alexanian R et al.| title=Temporal and geographic variations of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia incidence: a large population-based study. | journal=Cancer | year= 2012 | volume= 118 | issue= 15 | pages= 3793-800 | pmid=22139816 | doi=10.1002/cncr.26627 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22139816  }} </ref><ref name="pmid28366781">{{cite journal| author=Yun S, Johnson AC, Okolo ON, Arnold SJ, McBride A, Zhang L et al.| title=Waldenström Macroglobulinemia: Review of Pathogenesis and Management. | journal=Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk | year= 2017 | volume= 17 | issue= 5 | pages= 252-262 | pmid=28366781 | doi=10.1016/j.clml.2017.02.028 | pmc=5413391 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28366781  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17488966">{{cite journal| author=Giordano TP, Henderson L, Landgren O, Chiao EY, Kramer JR, El-Serag H et al.| title=Risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and lymphoproliferative precursor diseases in US veterans with hepatitis C virus. | journal=JAMA | year= 2007 | volume= 297 | issue= 18 | pages= 2010-7 | pmid=17488966 | doi=10.1001/jama.297.18.2010 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17488966  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8219203">{{cite journal| author=Herrinton LJ, Weiss NS| title=Incidence of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. | journal=Blood | year= 1993 | volume= 82 | issue= 10 | pages= 3148-50 | pmid=8219203 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8219203  }} </ref>


===Race===
===Race===
* Waldenström's macroglobulinemia is more common among whites.
*Higher [[incidence]] in [[White (mutation)|whites]] (4.1 per million per [[year]]) [[Comparability|comparative]] to [[Black|blacks]] (1.8 per million per [[year]]) and in past 20 [[Year|years]], [[incidence]] in [[White (mutation)|whites]] has elevated<ref name="pmid22139816">{{cite journal| author=Wang H, Chen Y, Li F, Delasalle K, Wang J, Alexanian R et al.| title=Temporal and geographic variations of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia incidence: a large population-based study. | journal=Cancer | year= 2012 | volume= 118 | issue= 15 | pages= 3793-800 | pmid=22139816 | doi=10.1002/cncr.26627 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22139816  }} </ref><ref name="pmid28366781">{{cite journal| author=Yun S, Johnson AC, Okolo ON, Arnold SJ, McBride A, Zhang L et al.| title=Waldenström Macroglobulinemia: Review of Pathogenesis and Management. | journal=Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk | year= 2017 | volume= 17 | issue= 5 | pages= 252-262 | pmid=28366781 | doi=10.1016/j.clml.2017.02.028 | pmc=5413391 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28366781  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16150940">{{cite journal| author=Morton LM, Wang SS, Devesa SS, Hartge P, Weisenburger DD, Linet MS| title=Lymphoma incidence patterns by WHO subtype in the United States, 1992-2001. | journal=Blood | year= 2006 | volume= 107 | issue= 1 | pages= 265-76 | pmid=16150940 | doi=10.1182/blood-2005-06-2508 | pmc=1895348 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16150940  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8219203">{{cite journal| author=Herrinton LJ, Weiss NS| title=Incidence of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. | journal=Blood | year= 1993 | volume= 82 | issue= 10 | pages= 3148-50 | pmid=8219203 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8219203  }} </ref>
 
=== Epidemiology and demographics of Smoldering Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia ===
According to a recent [[Study design|study]] [[done]] in 2017, the following [[data]] was found out regarding [[epidemiology]] and [[demographics]] of smoldering [[Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia]]:<ref name="PophaliBartley2017">{{cite journal|last1=Pophali|first1=Priyanka Avinash|last2=Bartley|first2=Adam C.|last3=Kapoor|first3=Prashant|last4=Gonsalves|first4=Wilson I.|last5=Ashrani|first5=Aneel A.|last6=Marshall|first6=Ariela L.|last7=Siddiqui|first7=Mustaqeem Ahmad|last8=Go|first8=Ronald S.|title=Smoldering Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia (SWM): Analysis from the National Cancer Database (NCDB).|journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology|volume=35|issue=15_suppl|year=2017|pages=1573–1573|issn=0732-183X|doi=10.1200/JCO.2017.35.15_suppl.1573}}</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ ''' Epidemiology and demographics of Smoldering Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia according to Sex, Race and Age'''
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Risk factors
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Proportion of Smoldering Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[Sex (activity)|Sex]]'''
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
* [[Males]]: 27.72%
* [[Females]]: 28.31%
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[Race]]'''
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
*[[White (mutation)|White]], non-[[Hispanic paradox|hispanic]]: 28.97%
*[[White (mutation)|White]], [[Hispanic paradox|Hispanic]]: 24.79%
*[[Black]]: 21.01%
* Asian: 20.41%
* Other: 26.08%
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[Age]] in [[Year|years]]'''
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
* 18-49: 18.32%
* 50-64: 25.91%
* 65-79: 30.8%
* ≥80 : 27.26%
|-
|}


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 18:31, 15 August 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mohsin, M.D.[2], Mirdula Sharma, MBBS [3], Roukoz A. Karam, M.D.[4]; Grammar Reviewer: Natalie Harpenau, B.S.[5]

Overview

The prevalence of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia is estimated to be 1000-1500 cases in United States annually. Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia represents 1-2% of all hematological cancers. Overall age-adjusted incidence of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia is 0.38 cases per 100,000 persons annually, increasing with age to 2.85 in patients above 80 years. Incidence of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia increases after 50 years of age with median age at diagnosis to be 65 years. Men are twice more likely than women to develop WM and there is higher incidence of WM in whites than blacks.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Prevalence

Incidence

Age

Gender

Race

Epidemiology and demographics of Smoldering Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia

According to a recent study done in 2017, the following data was found out regarding epidemiology and demographics of smoldering Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia:[11]

Epidemiology and demographics of Smoldering Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia according to Sex, Race and Age
Risk factors Proportion of Smoldering Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia
Sex
Race
Age in years
  • 18-49: 18.32%
  • 50-64: 25.91%
  • 65-79: 30.8%
  • ≥80 : 27.26%

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Wang H, Chen Y, Li F, Delasalle K, Wang J, Alexanian R; et al. (2012). "Temporal and geographic variations of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia incidence: a large population-based study". Cancer. 118 (15): 3793–800. doi:10.1002/cncr.26627. PMID 22139816.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Groves FD, Travis LB, Devesa SS, Ries LA, Fraumeni JF (1998). "Waldenström's macroglobulinemia: incidence patterns in the United States, 1988-1994". Cancer. 82 (6): 1078–81. PMID 9506352.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Herrinton LJ, Weiss NS (1993). "Incidence of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia". Blood. 82 (10): 3148–50. PMID 8219203.
  4. ↑ Monge J, Braggio E, Ansell SM (2013). "Genetic factors and pathogenesis of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia". Curr Oncol Rep. 15 (5): 450–6. doi:10.1007/s11912-013-0331-7. PMC 3807757. PMID 23901022.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Morton LM, Wang SS, Devesa SS, Hartge P, Weisenburger DD, Linet MS (2006). "Lymphoma incidence patterns by WHO subtype in the United States, 1992-2001". Blood. 107 (1): 265–76. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-06-2508. PMC 1895348. PMID 16150940.
  6. ↑ Iwanaga M, Chiang CJ, Soda M, Lai MS, Yang YW, Miyazaki Y; et al. (2014). "Incidence of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia in Japan and Taiwan population-based cancer registries, 1996-2003". Int J Cancer. 134 (1): 174–80. doi:10.1002/ijc.28343. PMID 23784625.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Kyle, Robert A.; Larson, Dirk R.; McPhail, Ellen D.; Therneau, Terry M.; Dispenzieri, Angela; Kumar, Shaji; Kapoor, Prashant; Cerhan, James R.; Rajkumar, S. Vincent (2018). "Fifty-Year Incidence of Waldenström Macroglobulinemia in Olmsted County, Minnesota, From 1961 Through 2010: A Population-Based Study With Complete Case Capture and Hematopathologic Review". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 93 (6): 739–746. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.02.011. ISSN 0025-6196.
  8. ↑ Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. American Cancer Society (2015)http://www.cancer.org/cancer/waldenstrommacroglobulinemia/detailedguide/waldenstrom-macroglobulinemia-risk-factors Accessed on November 6, 2015
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Yun S, Johnson AC, Okolo ON, Arnold SJ, McBride A, Zhang L; et al. (2017). "Waldenström Macroglobulinemia: Review of Pathogenesis and Management". Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 17 (5): 252–262. doi:10.1016/j.clml.2017.02.028. PMC 5413391. PMID 28366781.
  10. ↑ Giordano TP, Henderson L, Landgren O, Chiao EY, Kramer JR, El-Serag H; et al. (2007). "Risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and lymphoproliferative precursor diseases in US veterans with hepatitis C virus". JAMA. 297 (18): 2010–7. doi:10.1001/jama.297.18.2010. PMID 17488966.
  11. ↑ Pophali, Priyanka Avinash; Bartley, Adam C.; Kapoor, Prashant; Gonsalves, Wilson I.; Ashrani, Aneel A.; Marshall, Ariela L.; Siddiqui, Mustaqeem Ahmad; Go, Ronald S. (2017). "Smoldering Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (SWM): Analysis from the National Cancer Database (NCDB)". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 35 (15_suppl): 1573–1573. doi:10.1200/JCO.2017.35.15_suppl.1573. ISSN 0732-183X.

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