Vertigo causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Zehra Malik, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

Common causes of vertigo are Ménière’s disease, benign positional paroxysmal vertigo, labyrinthitis, vestibular neuritis. Life threatening causes to look for include brainstem ischemia/hemorrhage, hypertension crisis, drug overdose, cyanide poisoning.

Causes

  • Peripheral causes of vertigo includes[1]:
Disease Main Feature
Ménière’s disease Increased endolymph volume in semicircular canals. Recurrent vertigo, aural fullness, hearing loss and tinnitus
Acoustic neuroma tinnitus, ear pain, aural fullness, headache, facial weakness.
Benign positional paroxysmal vertigo Dislodged otoliths stimulate vestibular sense organ. Recurrent vertigo, nausea, vomiting, torsional nystagmus
Acute labyrinthitis Inflammation of labyrinth/ viral or bacterial. Temporary hearing loss, vertigo, off balance, tinnitus
Acute vestibular neuritis Inflammation of vestibular nerve caused by viral infection. Vertigo, hearing intact
Cholesteatoma Cyst/sac of keratin debris in middle ear. Fullness/pressure in the ear, vertigo, hearing loss, pain
Otosclerosis Abnormal bone growth in middle ear. Vertigo, tinnitus and, sensorineural hearing loss
Perilymphatic fistula Abnormal connection between the middle ear and inner ear. Fullness/pressure in the ear, vertigo, hearing loss/sensitive hearing
  • Central causes of vertigo includes[2]:
Disease Main Feature
Brainstem Stroke Vertigo, imbalance, double vision, slurred speech, and altered consciousness.
Vestibular Migraine Mostly unilateral severe throbbing headache, vertigo lasting minutes to hours, sensitivity to motion/light/smell/noise, nausea, vomiting, imbalance.
Multiple Sclerosis Vertigo may accompany other symptoms like vision problem, fatigue, numbness/tingling, limited mobility, bladder/bowel/speech/swallowing impairment.
Cerebellar tumors meningioma or schwannoma in cerebellopontine angle can cause vertigo due to pressure on vestibular nerve.
Lateral medullary syndrome Results from ischemia in the lateral part of the brainstem(medulla oblongata). Associated with ataxia, nystagmus, vertigo, dysphagia, dysarthria.
Chiari malformation Extension of brainstem into spinal canal. Associated with numbness/tingling of hands and feet, dysphagia, vertigo, unsteady gait, hoarseness.
  • Other Causes[3]:
Disease Main Feature
Medication induced aminoglycosides, anticonvulsants(phenytoin), anti-depressants(tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase), antihypertensives, diuretics (furosemide), barbiturates, cocaine, nitroglycerin, salicylates
Psychogenic Mood, anxiety, or alcohol abuse disorders

References

  1. Karatas, Mehmet (2008). "Central Vertigo and Dizziness". The Neurologist. 14 (6): 355–364. doi:10.1097/NRL.0b013e31817533a3. ISSN 1074-7931.
  2. Kerber, Kevin A. (2009). "Vertigo and Dizziness in the Emergency Department". Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 27 (1): 39–50. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2008.09.002. ISSN 0733-8627.
  3. Labuguen RH (2006). "Initial evaluation of vertigo". Am Fam Physician. 73 (2): 244–51. PMID 16445269.

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