Vertigo causes: Difference between revisions

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*[[migraine|Vestibular migraine]]
*[[migraine|Vestibular migraine]]
*[[Vestibular neuritis]]
*[[Vestibular neuritis]]
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width: 80%; height: 100px; text-align: justify; text-justify: distribute;" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Abdominal aortic aneurysm]], [[coronary heart disease]], [[hypertension]], [[malignant hypertension]], [[Sinus bradycardia ]],[[superior vena cava syndrome]], [[Takayasu arteritis]], [[vasovagal syncope]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Amanita muscaria]], [[arsine]], [[bromide]], [[chloralose]], [[chlorinated naphthalene]], [[chloromethane]], [[Corn Lily poisoning|Corn lily poisoning]], [[cyanide]], [[cycad nut poisoning]], [[ethylbenzene]], [[gasoline]], [[ibotenic acid]], [[multiple chemical sensitivity]], [[nitrogen narcosis]], [[pfiesteria poisoning]], [[phosphine]], [[snakebites]], [[tobacco smoking]], [[xylene]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Glomus tumor]], [[Lyme disease]], [[neurofibromatosis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate]], [[4-HO-MPT]], [[ACE inhibitors]], [[albendazole]], [[ambenonium]], [[amikacin]], [[aminoglycosides]], [[anti-obesity drug]], [[antibiotics]], [[anticonvulsants]], [[antiretroviral drug]], [[atenolol]], [[aztreonam]], [[biperiden]], [[bromocriptine]], [[buspirone]], [[cabergoline]], [[capreomycin sulfate]], [[cidofovir]], [[cortisone]], [[clomifene]], [[clozapine]], [[dapsone]], [[daptomycin]], [[desmopressin]], [[dexamethasone]], [[diflunisal]], [[disulfiram]], [[dolutegravir]], [[dolasetron mesylate]], [[efavirenz]], [[eflornithine]], [[eslicarbazepine acetate]], [[ethacrynic Acid]], [[etravirine]], [[ezogabine]], [[febuxostat]], [[flucytosine]], [[fulvestrant]], [[gamma-hydroxybutyric acid]], [[galantamine hydrobromide]], [[gentamicin]], [[gabapentin Enacarbil|gabapentin enacarbil]], [[histamine agonist]], [[hydroxychloroquine]], [[hydrochlorothiazide]], [[ibotenic acid]], [[Imipenem cilastatin|imipenem-cilastatin]], [[indomethacin]], [[isosorbide mononitrate]], [[isoproterenol (aerosol)]], [[ivermectin]], [[kanamycin]], [[ketorolac]], [[leflunomide]], [[leuprolide]], [[lincomycin hydrochloride]], [[loop diuretic]], [[loprazolam]], [[lorazepam]], [[lormetazepam]], [[malaria prophylaxis]], [[methimazole]], [[methocarbamol]], [[methylprednisolone]], [[minocycline hydrochloride]], [[moclobemide]], [[modafinil]], [[meprobamate]], [[monomethylhydrazine]], [[nabilone]], [[nabumetone]], [[netilmicin]], [[nialamide]], [[nitrazepam]], [[oprelvekin]], [[oxaprozin]], [[oxazepam]], [[papaverine]][[paroxetine]], [[pergolide]], [[prednisone]], [[primidone]], [[pentamidine Isethionate]], [[pergolide]], [[perphenazine]], [[pomalidomide]], [[praziquantel]], [[primidone]], [[rifaximin]], [[riluzole]], [[rizatriptan]], [[ropinirole]], [[sedatives]], [[Sertraline]], [[SSRI discontinuation syndrome]], [[streptomycin]], [[sulindac]], [[sultiame]], [[Sumatriptan]], [[tamsulosin]], [[temazepam]], [[trazodone]], [[tuberculosis treatment]], [[valaciclovir]], [[venlafaxine]], [[vigabatrin]], [[viloxazine]], [[vortioxetine]], [[zimelidine]], [[zonisamide]], [[zolmitriptan]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Acoustic neuroma]], [[balance disorder]], [[benign paroxysmal positional vertigo]], [[Benign paroxysmal torticollis|benign paroxysmal torticollis of infancy]],[[catarrh]], [[cholesteatoma]], [[cogan syndrome]], [[cerumen|ear wax]], [[endolymphatic sac tumor]], [[ependymoma]], [[facial nerve paralysis]], [[glomus tumor]], [[herpes zoster oticus]], [[labyrinthitis]], [[labyrinth infarction]], [[concussion|labyrinthine concussion]], [[mastoiditis]], [[Meniere's disease]], [[middle ear infection]], [[nasal congestion]], [[osteoma|osteoma of the external ear canal]], [[otitis externa]][[otitis media]], [[otosclerosis]], [[ototoxicity]], [[Perforated eardrum|perforated tympanic membrane]], [[perilymph fistula]],  [[bilateral vestibulopathy|recurrent vestibulopathy]], [[Superior canal dehiscence syndrome|Semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome]], [[sensorineural hearing loss]], [[superior canal dehiscence syndrome]], [[superior vena cava syndrome]], [[vestibulocochlear dysfunction progressive familial]], [[vestibulocochlear nerve|vestibulocochlear nerve diseases]], [[Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Microwave auditory effect]], [[noise health effects]], [[sound pressure]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Visceroptosis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Episodic ataxia]], [[Fabry's disease]], [[neurofibromatosis]], [[sensorineural hearing loss]], [[vestibulocochlear dysfunction progressive familial]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Anemia]], [[Osler-Vaquez disease]], [[Polycythemia vera|polycythemia rubra]], [[superior vena cava syndrome]] 
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[SSRI discontinuation syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Bacterial infection]], [[common cold]], [[mastoiditis]], [[herpes zoster oticus]], [[influenza]], [[central nervous system infection|intracranial infection]], [[labyrinthitis]], [[lyme disease]], [[otitis externa]], [[otitis media]], [[syphillis]], [[viral infection]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Acoustic neuroma]], [[airsickness]], [[arachnoid cyst]], [[Arnold-Chiari malformation]], [[astrocytoma]], [[balance disorder]], [[Barre-Lieou syndrome]], [[basilar artery insufficiency syndrome]], [[Migraine|basilar artery migraine]], [[brain ischemia]], [[brain tumor]], [[brain zaps]], [[Stroke|brainstem infarction]], [[brainstem stroke]], [[Ludwig Bruns|Bruns' syndrome]], [[Intracranial hemorrhage|cerebellar hemorrhage]], [[cerebellar hypoplasia]], [[cerebellar infarction]], [[cerebral aneurysm]], [[cerebral shunt]], [[cerebrovascular accident]], [[chronic fatigue syndrome]], [[colloid cyst]], [[decompression sickness]], [[deep water blackout]], [[encephalitis]], [[ependymoma]], [[episodic ataxia]], [[facial nerve paralysis]], [[head injury]], [[herpes zoster oticus]], [[hydrocephalus]], [[hypertensive encephalopathy]], [[intracranial hemorrhage|inferior cerebellar bleeding]], [[Central nervous system infection|intracranial infection]], [[lateral medullary syndrome]], [[medulloblastoma]], [[meningioma]], [[migraine]], [[motion sickness]], [[multiple sclerosis]], [[neurofibromatosis]], [[non-epileptic seizure]], [[oculogyric crisis]], [[opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome]], [[peripheral neuritis]], [[posterior fossa tumors]], [[Ramsay-Hunt syndrome]], [[sea-sickness]], [[sensorineural hearing loss]], [[seizures]], [[skull fractures]], [[spinal cord injury|spinal cord disorders]], [[spinocerebellar ataxia]], [[stroke]], [[subclavian steal syndrome]], [[Susac syndrome]], [[syringobulbia]], [[taravana]], [[Tolosa-Hunt syndrome]], [[transient ischemic attack]], [[vasovagal syncope]], [[vertebral artery dissection]], [[Intracranial dolichoectasias|vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia]], [[vertebrobasilar insufficiency]], [[Transient ischemic attack|vertebrobasilar transient ischemic attack]], [[epilepsy|vertiginous epilepsy]], [[Migraine|vestibular migraine]], [[vestibular neuronitis]], [[Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome]], [[Wallenberg's Syndrome|Wallenberg's syndrome]], [[Carl Friedrich Otto Westphal|Westphal-leyden ataxia ]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Schindler disease|Alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase deficiency]], [[Fabry's disease]], [[hypervitaminoses A and D]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Hyperemesis gravidarum]], [[morning sickness]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Acoustic neuroma]], [[astrocytoma]], [[brain tumor]], [[ependymoma]], [[glomus tumor]], [[medulloblastoma]], [[meningioma]], [[neurofibromatosis]], [[Osler-Vaquez disease]], [[osteoma|osteoma of the external ear canal]], [[Polycythemia vera|polycythemia rubra]], [[posterior fossa tumors]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Cogan syndrome]], [[oculogyric crisis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Alcohol|Alcohol overdose]], [[cinchonism]], [[darvocet overdose]], [[drug overdose]], [[hypervitaminoses A and D]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Chronic fatigue syndrome]], [[panic attack]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Barotrauma]], [[common cold]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Chronic renal failure]], [[Hypomagnesemia|hypomagnesemia primary]], [[metabolic acidosis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Chronic fatigue syndrome]], [[food allergy]], [[multiple sclerosis]], [[Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome]], [[Susac syndrome]], [[Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Syphillis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Head injury]], [[Concussion|labyrinthine concussion]], [[skull fractures]], [[Whiplash (medicine)|whiplash injuries]] 
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Hellebore]], [[peppermint oil]], [[Sassafras|sassafras oil]], [[systemic capillary leak syndrome]], [[Tsetse fly]]
|-
|}
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{columns-list|
*[[2,4-Dinitrotoluene]]
*[[3-quinuclidinyl benzilate]]
*[[4-HO-MPT]]
*[[Abdominal aortic aneurysm]]
*[[ACE inhibitors]]
*[[Acoustic neuroma]]
*[[Airsickness]]
*[[Alcohol|Alcohol overdose]]
*[[Schindler disease|Alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase deficiency]]
*[[Amanita muscaria]]
*[[Amikacin]]
*[[Aminoglycosides]]
*[[Anemia]]
*[[Antibiotics]]
*[[Anticonvulsants]]
*[[Anti-obesity drug]]
*[[Antiretroviral drug]]
*[[Arachnoid cyst]]
*[[Arnold-Chiari malformation]]
*[[Arsine]]
*[[Astrocytoma]]
*[[Atenolol]]
*[[Aztreonam]]
*[[Bacterial infection]]
*[[Balance disorder]]
*[[Barotrauma]]
*[[Barre-Lieou syndrome ]]
*[[Basilar artery insufficiency syndrome]]
*[[Migraine|Basilar artery migraine]]
*[[Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo]]
*[[Benign paroxysmal torticollis|Benign paroxysmal torticollis of infancy ]]
*[[Biperiden]]
*[[Brain ischemia ]]
*[[Brain tumor]]
*[[Brain zaps]]
*[[Stroke|Brainstem infarction]]
*[[Brainstem stroke]]
*[[Bromide]]
*[[Ludwig Bruns|Bruns' syndrome]]
*[[Buspirone]]
*[[Cabergoline]]
*[[Capreomycin]]
*[[Catarrh]]
*[[Intracranial hemorrhage|Cerebellar hemorrhage]]
*[[Cerebellar hypoplasia]]
*[[Cerebellar stroke syndrome|Cerebellar stroke]]
*[[Cerebral aneurysm]]
*[[Cerebral shunt]]
*[[Cerebrovascular accident]]
*[[Chloralose]]
*[[Chlorinated naphthalene]]
*[[Chloromethane]]
*[[Cholesteatoma]]
*[[Chronic fatigue syndrome]]
*[[Chronic renal failure]]
*[[Cidofovir]]
*[[Cinchonism]]
*[[Cogan syndrome]]
*[[Colloid cyst]]
*[[Common cold]]
*[[Corn Lily poisoning|Corn lily poisoning]]
*[[Coronary heart disease]]
*[[Cyanide poisoning]]
*[[Cycad nut poisoning]]
*[[Daptomycin]]
*[[Darvocet overdose]]
*[[Decompression sickness]]
*[[Deep water blackout]]
*[[Desmopressin]]
*[[Dexamethasone]]
*[[Dolutegravir]]
*[[Drug overdose]]
*[[Cerumen|Ear wax]]
*[[Efavirenz]]
*[[Eflornithine]]
*[[Encephalitis]]
*[[Endolymphatic sac tumor]]
*[[Ependymoma]]
*[[Episodic ataxia]]
*[[Ethylbenzene]]
*[[Fabry's disease]]
*[[Facial nerve paralysis]]
*[[Flucytosine]]
*[[Seizure|Focal seizure]]
*[[Food allergy]]
*[[Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid]]
*[[Gasoline]]
*[[Gentamicin]]
*[[Glomus tumor]]
*[[Head injury]]
*[[Hellebore]]
*[[Herpes zoster oticus]]
*[[Histamine agonist]]
*[[Hydrocephalus]]
*[[Hyperemesis gravidarum]]
*[[Hypertension]]
*[[Hypertensive encephalopathy]]
*[[Hypervitaminoses A and D]]
*[[Hypomagnesemia|Hypomagnesemia primary]]
*[[Ibotenic acid]]
*[[Intracranial hemorrhage|Inferior cerebellar bleeding]]
*[[Influenza]]
*[[Central nervous system infection|Intracranial infection]]
*[[Isosorbide mononitrate]]
*[[Kanamycin]]
*[[Ketorolac]]
*[[Labyrinthitis]]
*[[Labyrinth infarction]]
*[[Concussion|Labyrinthine concussion]]
*[[Lateral medullary syndrome]]
*[[Loop diuretic]]
*[[Loprazolam]]
*[[Lormetazepam]]
*[[Lyme disease]]
*[[Malaria prophylaxis]]
*[[Malignant hypertension]]
*[[Mastoiditis]]
*[[Medulloblastoma]]
*[[Meniere's disease]]
*[[Meningioma]]
*[[Metabolic acidosis]]
*[[Microwave auditory effect]]
*[[Middle ear infection]]
*[[Migraine]]
*[[Minocycline]]
*[[Moclobemide]]
*[[Modafinil]]
*[[Monomethylhydrazine]]
*[[Morning sickness]]
*[[Motion sickness]]
*[[Multiple chemical sensitivity]]
*[[Multiple sclerosis]]
*[[Nabilone]]
*[[Nasal congestion]]
*[[Neoplasms]]
*[[Netilmicin]]
*[[Neurofibromatosis]]
*[[Neurosyphilis]]
*[[Nialamide]]
*[[Nitrazepam]]
*[[Nitrogen narcosis]]
*[[Noise health effects]]
*[[Non-epileptic seizure]]
*[[Oculogyric crisis]]
*[[Oprelvekin]]
*[[Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome]]
*[[Osteoma|Osteoma of the external ear canal]]
*[[Otitis externa]]
*[[Otitis media]]
*[[Otosclerosis]]
*[[Oxaprozin]]
*[[Panic attack]]
*[[Papaverine]]
*[[Paroxetine]]
*[[Partial seizure ]]
*[[Peppermint oil]]
*[[Perforated eardrum|Perforated tympanic membrane]]
*[[Pergolide]]
*[[Perilymph fistula ]]
*[[Peripheral neuritis]]
*[[Perphenazine]]
*[[Pfiesteria poisoning ]]
*[[Phosphine]]
*[[Polycythemia vera]]
*[[Posterior fossa tumors]]
*[[Praziquantel]]
*[[Prednisone]]
*[[Primidone]]
*[[Ramsay-Hunt syndrome]]
*[[Bilateral vestibulopathy|Recurrent vestibulopathy]]
*[[Rifampicin]]
*[[Sassafras|Sassafras oil]]
*[[Sea-sickness]]
*[[Sedatives]]
*[[Seizures]]
*[[Superior canal dehiscence syndrome|Semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome]]
*[[Sensorineural hearing loss]]
*[[Simple partial seizure]]
*[[Sinus bradycardia ]]
*[[Skull fractures]]
*[[Snakebites]]
*[[Sound pressure]]
*[[Spinal cord injury|Spinal cord disorders]]
*[[Spinocerebellar ataxia]]
*[[SSRI discontinuation syndrome]]
*[[Streptomycin]]
*[[Stroke]]
*[[Sultiame]]
*[[Sumatriptan]]
*[[Superior canal dehiscence syndrome]]
*[[Superior vena cava syndrome]]
*[[Susac syndrome]]
*[[Syphillis]]
*[[Syringobulbia]]
*[[Systemic capillary leak syndrome ]]
*[[Takayasu arteritis]]
*[[Taravana]]
*[[Temazepam]]
*[[Tobacco smoking]]
*[[Tolosa-Hunt syndrome]]
*[[Transient ischemic attack]]
*[[Trazodone]]
*[[Tsetse fly]]
*[[Tuberculosis treatment]]
*[[Valaciclovir]]
*[[Vasovagal syncope]]
*[[Venlafaxine]]
*[[Vertebral artery dissection]]
*[[Intracranial dolichoectasias|Vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia]]
*[[Vertebrobasilar insufficiency]]
*[[Transient ischemic attack|Vertebrobasilar transient ischemic attack]]
*[[Epilepsy|Vertiginous epilepsy]]
*[[migraine|Vestibular migraine]]
*[[Vestibular neuronitis]]
*[[Vestibulocochlear dysfunction progressive familial]]
*[[Vestibulocochlear nerve|Vestibulocochlear nerve diseases]]
*[[Vigabatrin]]
*[[Viloxazine]]
*[[Viral infection]]
*[[Visceroptosis]]
*[[Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome]]
*[[Wallenberg's Syndrome|Wallenberg's syndrome]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Otto Westphal|Westphal-leyden ataxia ]]
*[[Whiplash (medicine)|Whiplash injuries]]
*[[Xylene]]
*[[Zimelidine]]
*[[Zolmitriptan]]
}}


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 18:11, 11 December 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hilda Mahmoudi M.D., M.P.H.[2]; Vendhan Ramanujam M.B.B.S [3] Kiran Singh, M.D. [4]

Overview

Life threatening causes of vertigo include brainstem stroke, drug overdose, and malignant hypertension. Other common causes of vertigo include benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, Meniere's disease, and vestibular migraine.

Causes

  • Peripheral causes of vertigo includes[1]:
Disease Main Feature
Ménière’s disease Increased endolymph volume in semicircular canals. Recurrent vertigo, aural fullness, hearing loss and tinnitus
Benign positional paroxysmal vertigo Dislodged otoliths stimulate vestibular sense organ. Recurrent vertigo, nausea, vomiting, torsional nystagmus
Acute labyrinthitis Inflammation of labyrinth/ viral or bacterial. Temporary hearing loss, vertigo, off balance, tinnitus
Acute vestibular neuritis Inflammation of vestibular nerve caused by viral infection. Vertigo, hearing intact
Cholesteatoma Cyst/sac of keratin debris in middle ear. Fullness/pressure in the ear, vertigo, hearing loss, pain
Otosclerosis Abnormal bone growth in middle ear. Vertigo, tinnitus and, sensorineural hearing loss
Perilymphatic fistula Abnormal connection between the middle ear and inner ear. Fullness/pressure in the ear, vertigo, hearing loss/sensitive hearing
  • Central causes of vertigo includes[2]:
Disease Main Feature
Brainstem Stroke Vertigo, imbalance, double vision, slurred speech, and altered consciousness.
Vestibular Migraine Mostly unilateral severe throbbing headache, vertigo lasting minutes to hours, sensitivity to motion/light/smell/noise, nausea, vomiting, imbalance.
Multiple Sclerosis Vertigo may accompany other symptoms like vision problem, fatigue, numbness/tingling, limited mobility, bladder/bowel/speech/swallowing impairment.
Cerebellar tumors meningioma or schwannoma in cerebellopontine angle can cause vertigo due to pressure on vestibular nerve.
Lateral medullary syndrome Results from ischemia in the lateral part of the brainstem(medulla oblongata). Associated with ataxia, nystagmus, vertigo, dysphagia, dysarthria.
Chiari malformation Extension of brainstem into spinal canal. Associated with numbness/tingling of hands and feet, dysphagia, vertigo, unsteady gait, hoarseness.

Life Threatening Causes

Common Causes

References

  1. Karatas, Mehmet (2008). "Central Vertigo and Dizziness". The Neurologist. 14 (6): 355–364. doi:10.1097/NRL.0b013e31817533a3. ISSN 1074-7931.
  2. Kerber, Kevin A. (2009). "Vertigo and Dizziness in the Emergency Department". Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 27 (1): 39–50. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2008.09.002. ISSN 0733-8627.

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