Uveal melanoma risk factors: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Common risk factors in the development of uveal melanoma are [[cutaneous]] and [[iris]] [[nevi]], host pigmentation factors, ultraviolet light exposure, caucasian race, and certain inherited skin disorders such as [[dysplastic nevus syndrome]] and [[ocular]] melanocytosis.<ref name="pmid19167086">{{cite journal| author=Weis E, Shah CP, Lajous M, Shields JA, Shields CL| title=The association of cutaneous and iris nevi with uveal melanoma: a meta-analysis. | journal=Ophthalmology | year= 2009 | volume= 116 | issue= 3 | pages= 536-543.e2 | pmid=19167086 | doi=10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.10.008 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19167086  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16401785">{{cite journal| author=Weis E, Shah CP, Lajous M, Shields JA, Shields CL| title=The association between host susceptibility factors and uveal melanoma: a meta-analysis. | journal=Arch Ophthalmol | year= 2006 | volume= 124 | issue= 1 | pages= 54-60 | pmid=16401785 | doi=10.1001/archopht.124.1.54 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16401785  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16051363">{{cite journal| author=Shah CP, Weis E, Lajous M, Shields JA, Shields CL| title=Intermittent and chronic ultraviolet light exposure and uveal melanoma: a meta-analysis. | journal=Ophthalmology | year= 2005 | volume= 112 | issue= 9 | pages= 1599-607 | pmid=16051363 | doi=10.1016/j.ophtha.2005.04.020 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16051363  }} </ref>
Common [[Risk factor|risk factors]] in the development of [[Uvea (anatomy)|uveal]] [[melanoma]] include advanced age, [[male]] gender, white race, [[Genetics|genetic]], [[ocular]] [[nevi]], [[pregnancy]], [[Immune system disorder|impaired immune system]], light colored [[iris]], [[sunlight]] exposure, and [[trauma]].


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
Common risk factors in the development of uveal melanoma include:<ref name="pmid19167086">{{cite journal| author=Weis E, Shah CP, Lajous M, Shields JA, Shields CL| title=The association of cutaneous and iris nevi with uveal melanoma: a meta-analysis. | journal=Ophthalmology | year= 2009 | volume= 116 | issue= 3 | pages= 536-543.e2 | pmid=19167086 | doi=10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.10.008 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19167086  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16401785">{{cite journal| author=Weis E, Shah CP, Lajous M, Shields JA, Shields CL| title=The association between host susceptibility factors and uveal melanoma: a meta-analysis. | journal=Arch Ophthalmol | year= 2006 | volume= 124 | issue= 1 | pages= 54-60 | pmid=16401785 | doi=10.1001/archopht.124.1.54 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16401785  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16051363">{{cite journal| author=Shah CP, Weis E, Lajous M, Shields JA, Shields CL| title=Intermittent and chronic ultraviolet light exposure and uveal melanoma: a meta-analysis. | journal=Ophthalmology | year= 2005 | volume= 112 | issue= 9 | pages= 1599-607 | pmid=16051363 | doi=10.1016/j.ophtha.2005.04.020 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16051363  }} </ref>
Common [[risk factors]] in the development of uveal melanoma include advanced age, [[male]] gender, white [[race]], genetic, [[ocular]] [[nevi]], [[pregnancy]], [[Immune system disorder|impaired immune system]], light colored [[iris]], [[sunlight]] exposure, and [[trauma]].
*Ultraviolet light exposure
 
*Caucasian race
=== Common Risk Factors ===
*Host pigmentation factors
* Common [[Risk factor|risk factors]] in the development of uveal melanoma include:<ref name="EganSeddon1988">{{cite journal|last1=Egan|first1=Kathleen M.|last2=Seddon|first2=Johanna M.|last3=Glynn|first3=Robert J.|last4=Gragoudas|first4=Evangelos S.|last5=Albert|first5=Daniel M.|title=Epidemiologic aspects of uveal melanoma|journal=Survey of Ophthalmology|volume=32|issue=4|year=1988|pages=239–251|issn=00396257|doi=10.1016/0039-6257(88)90173-7}}</ref><ref name="NCI">Uveal melanoma. National Cancer Institute(2015) http://www.cancer.gov/types/eye/hp/intraocular-melanoma-treatment-pdq Accessed on October 24 2015</ref><ref name="vanKoopmans2013">{{cite journal|last1=van|first1=J.G.M.|last2=Koopmans|first2=A.E.|last3=Verdijk|first3=R.M.|last4=Naus|first4=N.C.|last5=de|first5=A.|last6=Kilic|first6=E.|title=Diagnosis, Histopathologic and Genetic Classification of Uveal Melanoma|year=2013|doi=10.5772/53631}}</ref><ref name="Reese1944">{{cite journal|last1=Reese|first1=Algernon B.|title=Pigment Freckles of the Iris (Benign Melanomas): Their Significance in Relation to Malignant Melanoma of the Uvea⋆|journal=American Journal of Ophthalmology|volume=27|issue=3|year=1944|pages=217–226|issn=00029394|doi=10.1016/S0002-9394(44)91382-6}}</ref><ref name="Siegel1963">{{cite journal|last1=Siegel|first1=Ralph|title=Malignant Ocular Melanoma During Pregnancy|journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association|volume=185|issue=6|year=1963|pages=542|issn=0098-7484|doi=10.1001/jama.1963.03060060140028}}</ref><ref name="FisherKripke1982">{{cite journal|last1=Fisher|first1=M.|last2=Kripke|first2=M.|title=Suppressor T lymphocytes control the development of primary skin cancers in ultraviolet-irradiated mice|journal=Science|volume=216|issue=4550|year=1982|pages=1133–1134|issn=0036-8075|doi=10.1126/science.6210958}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Risk Factors for Ocular Melanoma: Western Canada Melanoma Study<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN1">2</xref><xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2">3</xref>|journal=JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute|year=1985|issn=1460-2105|doi=10.1093/jnci/74.4.775}}</ref><ref name="TuckerShields1985">{{cite journal|last1=Tucker|first1=Margaret A.|last2=Shields|first2=Jerry A.|last3=Hartge|first3=Patricia|last4=Augsburger|first4=James|last5=Hoover|first5=Robert N.|last6=Fraumeni|first6=Joseph F.|title=Sunlight Exposure as Risk Factor for Intraocular Malignant Melanoma|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=313|issue=13|year=1985|pages=789–792|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM198509263131305}}</ref><ref name="BabaBlumenkranz1986">{{cite journal|last1=Baba|first1=F. E.|last2=Blumenkranz|first2=M.|title=Malignant Melanoma at the Site of Penetrating Ocular Trauma|journal=Archives of Ophthalmology|volume=104|issue=3|year=1986|pages=405–409|issn=0003-9950|doi=10.1001/archopht.1986.01050150105038}}</ref>
**Light eye color
**[[Age]]: (The mean age for uveal melanoma is 55 years old and its [[incidence]] drops after 70 years of [[age]])
**Fair skin color
**[[Male]] gender
**Propensity to sunburn
**[[Race]]: Whites are more commonly affected by uveal melanoma than blacks.
*Inherited skin disorders
**[[Genetics|Genetic]]
**Certain inherited skin disorders such as [[dysplastic nevus syndrome]] may increase the risk of developing melanoma on skin and in eye. Some people with ocular melanocytosis with abnormal skin pigmentation involving the eyelids and adjacent tissues and increased pigmentation on their uvea have an increased risk of developing eye melanoma.
**[[Ocular]] [[nevi]]
**Approximately 0.6% uveal melanomas are considered to be familial. Uveal melanomas may occur as a part of familial syndromes such as xeroderma pigmentosa, [[Li-Fraumeni syndrome]] and [[familial]] [[breast]] and [[ovarian cancer]]. Approximately 0.0017% of the primary uveal melanoma patients were in the setting of [[familial]] atypical mole and melanoma syndrome (FAMM). Patients with this syndrome were relatively young with a mean age of 40 years. An association of [[neurofibromatosis type 1]] and uveal melanoma has also been suggested as both are of neural crest origin. Oculodermal and ocular melanocytosis, [[dysplastic nevi]] and cutaneous melanoma are associated with an increased risk of uveal melanoma development. [[Ocular]] and oculodermal melanocytosis are approximately 35 to 70 times more common in uveal melanoma patients.<ref name="vanKoopmans2013">{{cite journal|last1=van|first1=J.G.M.|last2=Koopmans|first2=A.E.|last3=Verdijk|first3=R.M.|last4=Naus|first4=N.C.|last5=de|first5=A.|last6=Kilic|first6=E.|title=Diagnosis, Histopathologic and Genetic Classification of Uveal Melanoma|year=2013|doi=10.5772/53631}}</ref>
**[[Hormones]]: [[Pregnancy]] may increase the [[incidence]] of uveal melanoma.
*Cutaneous and iris nevi
**[[Immune system disorder|Impaired immune system]]
**Atypical [[cutaneous]] [[nevi]]
** light colored-irides
**Common cutaneous [[nevi]]
**[[Sunlight]] exposure
**Cutaneous [[freckles]]
**[[Trauma]]
**[[Iris]] [[nevi]]
**
***The risk of progression of iris nevi to melanoma at 5, 10, 15, and 20 years is 3, 4, 8, and 11 percent, respectively. Significant risks factors associated with an increased risk of transformation include younger age, inferior location, diffuse pigmentation, presence of blood in the [[lesion]], [[ectropion]], and a feathery margin.<ref name="pmid23290981">{{cite journal| author=Shields CL, Kaliki S, Hutchinson A, Nickerson S, Patel J, Kancherla S et al.| title=Iris nevus growth into melanoma: analysis of 1611 consecutive eyes: the ABCDEF guide. | journal=Ophthalmology | year= 2013 | volume= 120 | issue= 4 | pages= 766-72 | pmid=23290981 | doi=10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.09.042 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23290981  }} </ref>
**
**[[Choroidal]] [[nevi]]
 
***Generally, choroidal melanoma arises in pigmented nevi. The risk of progression to melanoma at 5, 10, and 15 years is 9, 13, and 17 percent, respectively.<ref name="pmid19667334">{{cite journal| author=Shields CL, Furuta M, Berman EL, Zahler JD, Hoberman DM, Dinh DH et al.| title=Choroidal nevus transformation into melanoma: analysis of 2514 consecutive cases. | journal=Arch Ophthalmol | year= 2009 | volume= 127 | issue= 8 | pages= 981-7 | pmid=19667334 | doi=10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.151 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19667334  }} </ref>
=== Less Common Risk Factors ===
***Significant risk factors associated with an increased risk of transformation of choroidal nevi to [[choroidal melanoma]] include the following:
* Less common risk factors in the development of uveal melanoma include:<ref name="BeralShaw1982">{{cite journal|last1=Beral|first1=Valerie|last2=Shaw|first2=Helen|last3=Evans|first3=Susan|last4=Milton|first4=Gerald|title=MALIGNANT MELANOMA AND EXPOSURE TO FLUORESCENT LIGHTING AT WORK|journal=The Lancet|volume=320|issue=8293|year=1982|pages=290–293|issn=01406736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(82)90270-7}}</ref><ref name="pmid545833">{{cite journal |vauthors=Albert DM |title=The association of viruses with urveal melanoma |journal=Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc |volume=77 |issue= |pages=367–421 |date=1979 |pmid=545833 |pmc=1311713 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
****Thickness greater than 2 mm
** Melanocytosis
****Subretinal fluid accumulation
** Fluorescent lighting
****Symptoms such as decreased vision and presence of flashes or floaters
** Viruses ([[togavirus]])
****Presence of orange pigment
***  
****Distance from the optic nerve less than 3 mm
****Hollow rather than solid on ultrasound
****Absence of a halo.


== References ==  
== References ==  
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Latest revision as of 03:18, 15 August 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Simrat Sarai, M.D. [2]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of uveal melanoma include advanced age, male gender, white race, genetic, ocular nevi, pregnancy, impaired immune system, light colored iris, sunlight exposure, and trauma.

Risk Factors

Common risk factors in the development of uveal melanoma include advanced age, male gender, white race, genetic, ocular nevi, pregnancy, impaired immune system, light colored iris, sunlight exposure, and trauma.

Common Risk Factors

Less Common Risk Factors

  • Less common risk factors in the development of uveal melanoma include:[10][11]
    • Melanocytosis
    • Fluorescent lighting
    • Viruses (togavirus)

References

  1. ↑ Egan, Kathleen M.; Seddon, Johanna M.; Glynn, Robert J.; Gragoudas, Evangelos S.; Albert, Daniel M. (1988). "Epidemiologic aspects of uveal melanoma". Survey of Ophthalmology. 32 (4): 239–251. doi:10.1016/0039-6257(88)90173-7. ISSN 0039-6257.
  2. ↑ Uveal melanoma. National Cancer Institute(2015) http://www.cancer.gov/types/eye/hp/intraocular-melanoma-treatment-pdq Accessed on October 24 2015
  3. ↑ van, J.G.M.; Koopmans, A.E.; Verdijk, R.M.; Naus, N.C.; de, A.; Kilic, E. (2013). "Diagnosis, Histopathologic and Genetic Classification of Uveal Melanoma". doi:10.5772/53631.
  4. ↑ Reese, Algernon B. (1944). "Pigment Freckles of the Iris (Benign Melanomas): Their Significance in Relation to Malignant Melanoma of the Uvea⋆". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 27 (3): 217–226. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(44)91382-6. ISSN 0002-9394.
  5. ↑ Siegel, Ralph (1963). "Malignant Ocular Melanoma During Pregnancy". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 185 (6): 542. doi:10.1001/jama.1963.03060060140028. ISSN 0098-7484.
  6. ↑ Fisher, M.; Kripke, M. (1982). "Suppressor T lymphocytes control the development of primary skin cancers in ultraviolet-irradiated mice". Science. 216 (4550): 1133–1134. doi:10.1126/science.6210958. ISSN 0036-8075.
  7. ↑ "Risk Factors for Ocular Melanoma: Western Canada Melanoma Study<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN1">2</xref><xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2">3</xref>". JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1985. doi:10.1093/jnci/74.4.775. ISSN 1460-2105.
  8. ↑ Tucker, Margaret A.; Shields, Jerry A.; Hartge, Patricia; Augsburger, James; Hoover, Robert N.; Fraumeni, Joseph F. (1985). "Sunlight Exposure as Risk Factor for Intraocular Malignant Melanoma". New England Journal of Medicine. 313 (13): 789–792. doi:10.1056/NEJM198509263131305. ISSN 0028-4793.
  9. ↑ Baba, F. E.; Blumenkranz, M. (1986). "Malignant Melanoma at the Site of Penetrating Ocular Trauma". Archives of Ophthalmology. 104 (3): 405–409. doi:10.1001/archopht.1986.01050150105038. ISSN 0003-9950.
  10. ↑ Beral, Valerie; Shaw, Helen; Evans, Susan; Milton, Gerald (1982). "MALIGNANT MELANOMA AND EXPOSURE TO FLUORESCENT LIGHTING AT WORK". The Lancet. 320 (8293): 290–293. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(82)90270-7. ISSN 0140-6736.
  11. ↑ Albert DM (1979). "The association of viruses with urveal melanoma". Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 77: 367–421. PMC 1311713. PMID 545833.

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