Tracheitis natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Tracheitis}} | {{Tracheitis}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} [[User:Dushka|Dushka Riaz, MD]] | |||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} | |||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
[[Tracheitis]] is caused by [[inflammation]] of the [[trachea]]. Initial presentation is characterized by [[cough]], [[fever]], [[shortness of breath]] and [[hoarseness]] of voice. Thick [[Exudate|exudates]] develop in the [[trachea]] which increase tracheal obstruction and can cause severe [[Respiratory system|respiratory]] [[Distress Syndrome|distress]]. | |||
Common [[complications]] of tracheitis include [[hypotension]], [[acute renal failure]], [[septic shock]], [[acute respiratory distress syndrome]], [[toxic shock syndrome]] and [[pulmonary edema]]. <ref name="pmid28757125">{{cite journal| author=Blot M, Bonniaud-Blot P, Favrolt N, Bonniaud P, Chavanet P, Piroth L| title=Update on childhood and adult infectious tracheitis. | journal=Med Mal Infect | year= 2017 | volume= 47 | issue= 7 | pages= 443-452 | pmid=28757125 | doi=10.1016/j.medmal.2017.06.006 | pmc=7125831 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28757125 }} </ref> | |||
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis== | |||
===Natural History=== | |||
*The symptoms of [[tracheitis]] usually develop in the first and second decade of life, and start with symptoms such as [[cough]], change in voice quality and difficulty in [[breathing]]. | |||
== | *The symptoms of [[tracheitis]] typically develop after exposure to viruses e.g [[parainfluenza]], [[rhinovirus]], [[metapneumovirus]], [[adenovirus]]. After the [[Prodromal symptoms|prodromal]] [[Virus|viral]] illness develops, superimposed [[Bacteria|bacterial]] [[infection]] can occur and cause even more severe [[disease]]. | ||
*Mild [[upper respiratory tract symptoms]] predominate in the initial 3-7 days. As the secondary [[Infection|bacterial infection]] develops the symptoms worsen with marked [[Respiratory Distress Syndrome|respiratory distress]] and [[stridor]]. In some individuals, sudden deterioration can occur within 24-48 hours of initial presentation requiring [[airway]] [[intubation]]. <ref name="pmid2237109">{{cite journal |vauthors=Donnelly BW, McMillan JA, Weiner LB |title=Bacterial tracheitis: report of eight new cases and review |journal=Rev. Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=729–35 |date=1990 |pmid=2237109 |doi=10.1093/clinids/164.5.729 |url=}}</ref> | |||
=== | ===Complications=== | ||
Common complications of [[tracheitis]] include: <ref name="pmid19654977">{{cite journal| author=Al-Mutairi B, Kirk V| title=Bacterial tracheitis in children: Approach to diagnosis and treatment. | journal=Paediatr Child Health | year= 2004 | volume= 9 | issue= 1 | pages= 25-30 | pmid=19654977 | doi=10.1093/pch/9.1.25 | pmc=2719512 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19654977 }} </ref> | |||
*[[Airway obstruction]] -- can lead to [[death]] | *[[Airway obstruction]] -- can lead to [[death]] | ||
*[[Toxic shock syndrome]] -- | *[[Toxic shock syndrome]] -- caused by the [[bacteria]] [[Staphylococcus|Staphylococcus Aureus]] | ||
*[[Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome]] | *[[Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome]] | ||
*[[Septic Shock]]<ref name="pmid30348058">{{cite journal |vauthors=Casazza G, Graham ME, Nelson D, Chaulk D, Sandweiss D, Meier J |title=Pediatric Bacterial Tracheitis-A Variable Entity: Case Series with Literature Review |journal=Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=160 |issue=3 |pages=546–549 |date=March 2019 |pmid=30348058 |doi=10.1177/0194599818808774 |url=}}</ref> | *[[Septic Shock]]<ref name="pmid30348058">{{cite journal |vauthors=Casazza G, Graham ME, Nelson D, Chaulk D, Sandweiss D, Meier J |title=Pediatric Bacterial Tracheitis-A Variable Entity: Case Series with Literature Review |journal=Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=160 |issue=3 |pages=546–549 |date=March 2019 |pmid=30348058 |doi=10.1177/0194599818808774 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*[[Pulmonary]] [[Edema]]<ref name="urlSystemic complications associated with bacterial tracheitis. | Archives of Disease in Childhood">{{cite web |url=https://adc.bmj.com/content/74/3/249.abstract |title=Systemic complications associated with bacterial tracheitis. | Archives of Disease in Childhood |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
*[[Acute Renal Failure]] | |||
*[[Pneumonia]]<ref name="DonnellyMcMillan1990">{{cite journal|last1=Donnelly|first1=B. W.|last2=McMillan|first2=J. A.|last3=Weiner|first3=L. B.|title=Bacterial Tracheitis: Report of Eight New Cases and Review|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=12|issue=5|year=1990|pages=729–735|issn=1058-4838|doi=10.1093/clinids/164.5.729}}</ref> | |||
*[[Pneumothorax]] | |||
*[[Pneumomediastinum]] | |||
*Lobar [[atelectasis]] | |||
==Prognosis== | ===Prognosis=== | ||
With prompt [[treatment]], the child should recover. | With prompt [[treatment]], the child should recover. Presentations and severity are less so in adults. <ref name="pmid8769531">{{cite journal| author=Tong MC, Chu MC, Leighton SE, van Hasselt CA| title=Adult croup. | journal=Chest | year= 1996 | volume= 109 | issue= 6 | pages= 1659-62 | pmid=8769531 | doi=10.1378/chest.109.6.1659 | pmc=7094618 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8769531 }} </ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
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{{WS}} | |||
[[Category:Needs content]] | [[Category:Needs content]] | ||
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[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
[[Category:Pulmonology]] | [[Category:Pulmonology]] | ||
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]] | [[Category:Intensive care medicine]] | ||
[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | [[Category:Emergency medicine]] | ||
[[Category:Pediatrics]] | [[Category:Pediatrics]] | ||
[[Category:Thorax]] | [[Category:Thorax]] | ||
Latest revision as of 05:33, 3 May 2021
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dushka Riaz, MD
Overview
Tracheitis is caused by inflammation of the trachea. Initial presentation is characterized by cough, fever, shortness of breath and hoarseness of voice. Thick exudates develop in the trachea which increase tracheal obstruction and can cause severe respiratory distress. Common complications of tracheitis include hypotension, acute renal failure, septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, toxic shock syndrome and pulmonary edema. [1]
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Natural History
- The symptoms of tracheitis usually develop in the first and second decade of life, and start with symptoms such as cough, change in voice quality and difficulty in breathing.
- The symptoms of tracheitis typically develop after exposure to viruses e.g parainfluenza, rhinovirus, metapneumovirus, adenovirus. After the prodromal viral illness develops, superimposed bacterial infection can occur and cause even more severe disease.
- Mild upper respiratory tract symptoms predominate in the initial 3-7 days. As the secondary bacterial infection develops the symptoms worsen with marked respiratory distress and stridor. In some individuals, sudden deterioration can occur within 24-48 hours of initial presentation requiring airway intubation. [2]
Complications
Common complications of tracheitis include: [3]
- Airway obstruction -- can lead to death
- Toxic shock syndrome -- caused by the bacteria Staphylococcus Aureus
- Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- Septic Shock[4]
- Pulmonary Edema[5]
- Acute Renal Failure
- Pneumonia[6]
- Pneumothorax
- Pneumomediastinum
- Lobar atelectasis
Prognosis
With prompt treatment, the child should recover. Presentations and severity are less so in adults. [7]
References
- ↑ Blot M, Bonniaud-Blot P, Favrolt N, Bonniaud P, Chavanet P, Piroth L (2017). "Update on childhood and adult infectious tracheitis". Med Mal Infect. 47 (7): 443–452. doi:10.1016/j.medmal.2017.06.006. PMC 7125831 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 28757125. - ↑ Donnelly BW, McMillan JA, Weiner LB (1990). "Bacterial tracheitis: report of eight new cases and review". Rev. Infect. Dis. 12 (5): 729–35. doi:10.1093/clinids/164.5.729. PMID 2237109.
- ↑ Al-Mutairi B, Kirk V (2004). "Bacterial tracheitis in children: Approach to diagnosis and treatment". Paediatr Child Health. 9 (1): 25–30. doi:10.1093/pch/9.1.25. PMC 2719512. PMID 19654977.
- ↑ Casazza G, Graham ME, Nelson D, Chaulk D, Sandweiss D, Meier J (March 2019). "Pediatric Bacterial Tracheitis-A Variable Entity: Case Series with Literature Review". Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 160 (3): 546–549. doi:10.1177/0194599818808774. PMID 30348058.
- ↑ "Systemic complications associated with bacterial tracheitis. | Archives of Disease in Childhood".
- ↑ Donnelly, B. W.; McMillan, J. A.; Weiner, L. B. (1990). "Bacterial Tracheitis: Report of Eight New Cases and Review". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 12 (5): 729–735. doi:10.1093/clinids/164.5.729. ISSN 1058-4838.
- ↑ Tong MC, Chu MC, Leighton SE, van Hasselt CA (1996). "Adult croup". Chest. 109 (6): 1659–62. doi:10.1378/chest.109.6.1659. PMC 7094618 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 8769531.