Thymoma staging

Thymoma Microchapters
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Amr Marawan, M.D. [2]

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Staging

The Masaoka Staging System is used widely and is based on the anatomic extent of disease at the time of surgery:

• I: Completely encapsulated
• IIA: Microscopic invasion through the capsule into surrounding fatty tissue
• IIB: Macroscopic invasion into capsule
• III: Macroscopic invasion into adjacent organs
• IVA: Pleural or pericardial implants
• IVB: Lymphogenous or hematogenous metastasis to distant (extrathoracic) sites

References

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