Testicular cancer epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 20:02, 18 October 2019

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Gertrude Djouka, M.D.[2], Rim Halaby, M.D. [3], Shanshan Cen, M.D. [4]

Overview

Testicular cancer is a rare type cancer accounting about 0.5% of all new cancer cases in U.S. In 2018, the estimate prevalence of testicular cancer is approximately 9,310 new cases of testicular cancers in the United States. The incidence of testicular cancer is approximately 5.7 per 100,000 men per year based on 2011-2015 report in the United States. The majority of cases are reported in New Zealand. Testicular cancer commonly affects more white males than any other races and black males are less affected by it. Testicular cancer is commonly affects men aged 20-44 years old and median age is 33 years old.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Prevalence

Testicular cancer is the most common type of cancer in young males.^[1]^[2]
Germ cell tumors are about 98% of testicular cancer.^[3]
- About 55% of germ cell tumors are seminomas
- About 44% of germ cell tumors are non-seminomas
- About 1-2% of germ cell tumors are spermatocytic
In the United States, the estimate prevalence of testicular cancer is approximately 9,310 new cases in 2018.^[4]
Sex cord stromal testicular tumors are about less than 5%.

Incidence

The incidence of testicular cancer is approximately 5.7 per 100,000 men per year based on 2011-2015 report in the United States.^[4]

Age

Testicular cancer is more common among men aged 20-44 years old.^[2]
Median age is 33 years old.^[2]
Germ cell tumors of the testis are the most common cancer in young adults.^[1]
Median age is 33-39 years old for seminomas germ cell type of testicular cancer^[3]
Median age is 25-29 years old for non-seminoma germ cell type of testicular cancer^[3]
Median age is 50-54 years old for spermatocytic germ cell type of testicular cancer^[3]

Mortality rate

The 5 years of survival rate for patients with testicular cancer are 95.3% in 2008-2014.^[4]

Race

Testicular cancer is more common in white males compared to other races.^[4]
The incidence of testicular cancer in African American is lower than that among white people;^[5] however, African American subjects tend to present at later stages of the disease due to a delayed presentation.^[5]

Shown below is a table depicting the age-adjusted incidence of testicular cancer by race in 2011-2015 in the United States.^[4]

	All Races	White	Black	Asian/Pacific Islander	Hispanic
Age-adjusted incidence	5.7 per 100,000	6.8 per 100,000	1.5 per 100,000	2.3 per 100,000	5.3 per 100,000

Developed Countries

The highest rates of incidence in New Zealand, followed by United Kingdom, Australia, Sweden, United States, Poland, and Spain.^[1]

Developing Countries

Testicular cancer is uncommon in Asia and Africa.^[3]
The lowest incidence of testicular cancer is in India.^[1]

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Shanmugalingam T, Soultati A, Chowdhury S, Rudman S, Van Hemelrijck M (October 2013). "Global incidence and outcome of testicular cancer". Clin Epidemiol. 5: 417–27. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S34430. PMC 3804606. PMID 24204171.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A (January 2019). "Cancer statistics, 2019". CA Cancer J Clin. 69 (1): 7–34. doi:10.3322/caac.21551. PMID 30620402.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 Chia VM, Quraishi SM, Devesa SS, Purdue MP, Cook MB, McGlynn KA (May 2010). "International trends in the incidence of testicular cancer, 1973-2002". Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 19 (5): 1151–9. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0031. PMC 2867073. PMID 20447912.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 "Testicular Cancer - Cancer Stat Facts".
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Gajendran VK, Nguyen M, Ellison LM (2005). "Testicular cancer patterns in African-American men". Urology. 66 (3): 602–5. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2005.03.071. PMID 16140086.

Template:WikiDoc Sources

[pmid24204171-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Shanmugalingam T, Soultati A, Chowdhury S, Rudman S, Van Hemelrijck M (October 2013). "Global incidence and outcome of testicular cancer". Clin Epidemiol. 5: 417–27. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S34430. PMC 3804606. PMID 24204171.

[pmid30620402-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A (January 2019). "Cancer statistics, 2019". CA Cancer J Clin. 69 (1): 7–34. doi:10.3322/caac.21551. PMID 30620402.

[pmid20447912-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 Chia VM, Quraishi SM, Devesa SS, Purdue MP, Cook MB, McGlynn KA (May 2010). "International trends in the incidence of testicular cancer, 1973-2002". Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 19 (5): 1151–9. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0031. PMC 2867073. PMID 20447912.

[urlTesticular_Cancer_-_Cancer_Stat_Facts-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 "Testicular Cancer - Cancer Stat Facts".

[pmid16140086-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Gajendran VK, Nguyen M, Ellison LM (2005). "Testicular cancer patterns in African-American men". Urology. 66 (3): 602–5. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2005.03.071. PMID 16140086.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
-{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Rim}} {{SC}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{G.D.}}, {{Rim}}, {{SC}}
 {{Testicular cancer}}
 ==Overview==
-The [[prevalence]] of testicular cancer is approximately 88.1 per 100,000 males in the United States. The [[incidence]] of testicular cancer is approximately 5.88 per 100,000 males in the United States. The majority of cases are reported in New Zealand. Testicular cancer usually affects males of the white race. African American individuals are less likely to develop testicular cancer.<ref name="pmid19840008">{{cite journal| author=Manecksha RP, Fitzpatrick JM| title=Epidemiology of testicular cancer. | journal=BJU Int | year= 2009 | volume= 104 | issue= 9 Pt B | pages= 1329-33 | pmid=19840008 | doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.08854.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19840008  }} </ref>
+Testicular cancer is a rare type [[Cancer (medicine)|cancer]] accounting about 0.5% of all new [[Cancer (medicine)|cancer]] cases in U.S. In 2018, the estimate [[prevalence]] of testicular cancer is approximately 9,310 new cases of testicular cancers in the United States. The [[incidence]] of testicular cancer is approximately 5.7 per 100,000 [[men]] per year based on 2011-2015 report in the United States. The majority of cases are reported in New Zealand. Testicular cancer commonly affects more white [[males]] than any other races and black [[males]] are less affected by it. Testicular cancer is commonly affects [[men]] [[Age|aged]] 20-44 years old and [[median]] [[age]] is 33 years old.
 ==Epidemiology and Demographics==
 ===Prevalence===
-* Testicular cancer is the most common type of cancer in young males.<ref name="pmid19840008">{{cite journal| author=Manecksha RP, Fitzpatrick JM| title=Epidemiology of testicular cancer. | journal=BJU Int | year= 2009 | volume= 104 | issue= 9 Pt B | pages= 1329-33 | pmid=19840008 | doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.08854.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19840008  }} </ref>
+* Testicular cancer is the most common type of [[Cancer (medicine)|cancer]] in young [[males]].<ref name="pmid24204171">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shanmugalingam T, Soultati A, Chowdhury S, Rudman S, Van Hemelrijck M |title=Global incidence and outcome of testicular cancer |journal=Clin Epidemiol |volume=5 |issue= |pages=417–27 |date=October 2013 |pmid=24204171 |pmc=3804606 |doi=10.2147/CLEP.S34430 |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CLEP.S34430}}</ref><ref name="pmid30620402">{{cite journal |vauthors=Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A |title=Cancer statistics, 2019 |journal=CA Cancer J Clin |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=7–34 |date=January 2019 |pmid=30620402 |doi=10.3322/caac.21551 |url=}}</ref>
+* Germ cell tumors are about 98% of testicular cancer.<ref name="pmid20447912">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chia VM, Quraishi SM, Devesa SS, Purdue MP, Cook MB, McGlynn KA |title=International trends in the incidence of testicular cancer, 1973-2002 |journal=Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=1151–9 |date=May 2010 |pmid=20447912 |pmc=2867073 |doi=10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0031 |url=}}</ref>
-* In the United States, the age-adjusted [[prevalence]] of testicular cancer is 88.1 per 100,000 in 2011.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
+**About 55% of [[germ cell]] [[Tumor|tumors]] are [[Seminoma|seminomas]]
+**About 44% of [[germ cell]] [[tumors]] are [[Nonseminoma|non-seminomas]]
+**About 1-2% of [[Germ cells|germ cell]] [[tumors]] are spermatocytic
+* In the United States, the estimate [[prevalence]] of testicular cancer is approximately 9,310 new cases in 2018.<ref name="urlTesticular Cancer - Cancer Stat Facts">{{cite web |url=https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/testis.html |title=Testicular Cancer - Cancer Stat Facts |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
+*[[Sex (activity)|Sex]] [[cord]] [[stromal]] testicular tumors are about less than 5%.
 ===Incidence===
-* The delay-adjusted [[incidence]] of testicular cancer in 2011 was estimated to be 5.98 per 100,000 persons in the United States.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
+* The [[incidence]] of testicular cancer is approximately 5.7 per 100,000 [[men]] per year based on 2011-2015 report in the United States.<ref name="urlTesticular Cancer - Cancer Stat Facts">{{cite web |url=https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/testis.html |title=Testicular Cancer - Cancer Stat Facts |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
-* In 2011, the age-adjusted [[incidence]] of testicular cancer was 5.88 per 100,000 persons in the United States.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
 ===Age===
-* Although testicular cancer is most common among men aged 15-40 years, it has three peaks: infancy, ages 25-40 years, and age 60 years.
+* Testicular cancer is more common among [[men]] aged 20-44 years old.<ref name="pmid30620402">{{cite journal |vauthors=Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A |title=Cancer statistics, 2019 |journal=CA Cancer J Clin |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=7–34 |date=January 2019 |pmid=30620402 |doi=10.3322/caac.21551 |url=}}</ref>
+* [[Median|Median age]] is 33 years old.<ref name="pmid30620402">{{cite journal |vauthors=Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A |title=Cancer statistics, 2019 |journal=CA Cancer J Clin |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=7–34 |date=January 2019 |pmid=30620402 |doi=10.3322/caac.21551 |url=}}</ref>
-* [[Germ cell tumor]]s of the testis are the most common cancer in young men between the ages of 15 and 35 years.
+* [[Germ cell tumor]]s of the testis are the most common cancer in young adults.<ref name="pmid24204171">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shanmugalingam T, Soultati A, Chowdhury S, Rudman S, Van Hemelrijck M |title=Global incidence and outcome of testicular cancer |journal=Clin Epidemiol |volume=5 |issue= |pages=417–27 |date=October 2013 |pmid=24204171 |pmc=3804606 |doi=10.2147/CLEP.S34430 |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CLEP.S34430}}</ref>
+*Median age is 33-39 years old for [[Seminoma|seminomas]] [[germ cell]] type of testicular cancer<ref name="pmid20447912">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chia VM, Quraishi SM, Devesa SS, Purdue MP, Cook MB, McGlynn KA |title=International trends in the incidence of testicular cancer, 1973-2002 |journal=Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=1151–9 |date=May 2010 |pmid=20447912 |pmc=2867073 |doi=10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0031 |url=}}</ref>
-* While the overall age-adjusted [[incidence]] of testicular cancer in the United States between 2007 and 2011 is 5.6 per 100,000, the age-adjusted [[incidence]] of testicular cancer by age category is:<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
+*Median age is 25-29 years old for [[Nonseminoma|non-seminoma]] [[germ cell]] type of testicular cancer<ref name="pmid20447912">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chia VM, Quraishi SM, Devesa SS, Purdue MP, Cook MB, McGlynn KA |title=International trends in the incidence of testicular cancer, 1973-2002 |journal=Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=1151–9 |date=May 2010 |pmid=20447912 |pmc=2867073 |doi=10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0031 |url=}}</ref>
-** Under 65 years: 6.2 per 100,000
+*Median age is 50-54 years old for spermatocytic [[Germ cells|germ cell]] type of testicular cancer<ref name="pmid20447912">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chia VM, Quraishi SM, Devesa SS, Purdue MP, Cook MB, McGlynn KA |title=International trends in the incidence of testicular cancer, 1973-2002 |journal=Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=1151–9 |date=May 2010 |pmid=20447912 |pmc=2867073 |doi=10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0031 |url=}}</ref>
-** 65 and over: 1.2 per 100,000
-* Shown below is an image depicting the [[incidence]] of testicular cancer by age and race in the United States between 1975 and 2011.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
-[[Image:Incidence of testicular cancer by age and race.PNG|Incidence of testicular cancer by age and race]]
+===Mortality rate===
+*The 5 years of [[survival rate]] for patients with testicular cancer are 95.3% in 2008-2014.<ref name="urlTesticular Cancer - Cancer Stat Facts">{{cite web |url=https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/testis.html |title=Testicular Cancer - Cancer Stat Facts |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
 ===Race===
-* The incidence of testicular cancer in African American is lower than that among white people;<ref name="pmid16140086">{{cite journal| author=Gajendran VK, Nguyen M, Ellison LM| title=Testicular cancer patterns in African-American men. | journal=Urology | year= 2005 | volume= 66 | issue= 3 | pages= 602-5 | pmid=16140086 | doi=10.1016/j.urology.2005.03.071 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16140086  }} </ref> however, African American subjects tend to present at later stages of the disease due to a delayed presentation.<ref name="pmid16140086">{{cite journal| author=Gajendran VK, Nguyen M, Ellison LM| title=Testicular cancer patterns in African-American men. | journal=Urology | year= 2005 | volume= 66 | issue= 3 | pages= 602-5 | pmid=16140086 | doi=10.1016/j.urology.2005.03.071 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16140086  }} </ref>
+*Testicular cancer is more common in white [[males]] compared to other races.<ref name="urlTesticular Cancer - Cancer Stat Facts">{{cite web |url=https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/testis.html |title=Testicular Cancer - Cancer Stat Facts |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
+* The [[incidence]] of testicular cancer in African American is lower than that among white people;<ref name="pmid16140086">{{cite journal| author=Gajendran VK, Nguyen M, Ellison LM| title=Testicular cancer patterns in African-American men. | journal=Urology | year= 2005 | volume= 66 | issue= 3 | pages= 602-5 | pmid=16140086 | doi=10.1016/j.urology.2005.03.071 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16140086  }} </ref> however, African American subjects tend to present at later stages of the [[disease]] due to a delayed presentation.<ref name="pmid16140086">{{cite journal| author=Gajendran VK, Nguyen M, Ellison LM| title=Testicular cancer patterns in African-American men. | journal=Urology | year= 2005 | volume= 66 | issue= 3 | pages= 602-5 | pmid=16140086 | doi=10.1016/j.urology.2005.03.071 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16140086  }} </ref>
-* The incidence of germ cell testicular cancer among African Americans increased between 1988 and 1998.<ref name="pmid12491506">{{cite journal| author=McGlynn KA, Devesa SS, Sigurdson AJ, Brown LM, Tsao L, Tarone RE| title=Trends in the incidence of testicular germ cell tumors in the United States. | journal=Cancer | year= 2003 | volume= 97 | issue= 1 | pages= 63-70 | pmid=12491506 | doi=10.1002/cncr.11054 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12491506  }} </ref>
+* Shown below is a table depicting the age-adjusted [[incidence]] of testicular cancer by race in 2011-2015 in the United States.<ref name="urlTesticular Cancer - Cancer Stat Facts">{{cite web |url=https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/testis.html |title=Testicular Cancer - Cancer Stat Facts |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
-* Shown below is a table depicting the age-adjusted [[prevalence]] of testicular cancer by race in 2011 in the United States.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
 {| style="cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 600px;"
 |-
-|style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center | || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''All Races''' ||style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''White''' || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''Black''' || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''Asian/Pacific Islander'''  || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''Hispanic'''
+| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |
+! style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''All Races''' !! style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''White''' !! style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''Black''' !! style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''Asian/Pacific Islander'''  !! style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''Hispanic'''
 |-
-| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''Age-adjusted [[prevalence]]'''|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |88.1 per 100,000 ||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 108.4 per 100,000 ||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 19.3 per 100,000||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 28.2 per 100,000 ||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |64.2 per 100,000
+! style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''Age-adjusted incidence'''
+| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |5.7 per 100,000 || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" | 6.8 per 100,000 || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" | 1.5 per 100,000|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" | 2.3 per 100,000 || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |5.3 per 100,000
 |}
-* Shown below is an image depicting the [[incidence]] of testicular cancer by race in the United States between 1975 and 2011.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
-[[Image:Incidence of testicular cancer in different races.PNG|Incidence of testicular cancer by race]]
-<small> API: Asian/Pacific Islander; AI/AN: American Indian/ Alaska Native</small>
 ===Developed Countries===
-* The highest rates of incidence in New Zealand, followed by United Kingdom, Australia, Sweden, United States, Poland, and Spain.<ref name="pmid24204171">{{cite journal| author=Shanmugalingam T, Soultati A, Chowdhury S, Rudman S, Van Hemelrijck M| title=Global incidence and outcome of testicular cancer. | journal=Clin Epidemiol | year= 2013 | volume= 5 | issue=  | pages= 417-427 | pmid=24204171 | doi=10.2147/CLEP.S34430 | pmc=PMC3804606 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24204171  }} </ref>
+* The highest rates of [[incidence]] in New Zealand, followed by United Kingdom, Australia, Sweden, United States, Poland, and Spain.<ref name="pmid24204171">{{cite journal| author=Shanmugalingam T, Soultati A, Chowdhury S, Rudman S, Van Hemelrijck M| title=Global incidence and outcome of testicular cancer. | journal=Clin Epidemiol | year= 2013 | volume= 5 | issue=  | pages= 417-427 | pmid=24204171 | doi=10.2147/CLEP.S34430 | pmc=PMC3804606 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24204171  }} </ref>
 ===Developing Countries===
 * Testicular cancer is uncommon in Asia and Africa.<ref name="pmid20447912">{{cite journal| author=Chia VM, Quraishi SM, Devesa SS, Purdue MP, Cook MB, McGlynn KA| title=International trends in the incidence of testicular cancer, 1973-2002. | journal=Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev | year= 2010 | volume= 19 | issue= 5 | pages= 1151-9 | pmid=20447912 | doi=10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0031 | pmc=PMC2867073 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20447912  }} </ref>
-* The lowest incidence of testicular cancer is in India.<ref name="pmid24204171">{{cite journal| author=Shanmugalingam T, Soultati A, Chowdhury S, Rudman S, Van Hemelrijck M| title=Global incidence and outcome of testicular cancer. | journal=Clin Epidemiol | year= 2013 | volume= 5 | issue=  | pages= 417-427 | pmid=24204171 | doi=10.2147/CLEP.S34430 | pmc=PMC3804606 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24204171  }} </ref>
+* The lowest [[incidence]] of testicular cancer is in India.<ref name="pmid24204171">{{cite journal| author=Shanmugalingam T, Soultati A, Chowdhury S, Rudman S, Van Hemelrijck M| title=Global incidence and outcome of testicular cancer. | journal=Clin Epidemiol | year= 2013 | volume= 5 | issue=  | pages= 417-427 | pmid=24204171 | doi=10.2147/CLEP.S34430 | pmc=PMC3804606 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24204171  }} </ref>
 ==References==
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 [[Category:Mature chapter]]
 [[Category:Needs content]]
+ [[Category:Up-To-Date]]
+[[Category:Oncology]]
+[[Category:Medicine]]
+[[Category:Urology]]