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'''Mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit Tim8 A''', also known as '''Deafness-dystonia peptide or protein''' is an [[enzyme]] that in humans is encoded by the ''TIMM8A'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid10552927">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jin H, Kendall E, Freeman TC, Roberts RG, Vetrie DL | title = The human family of Deafness/Dystonia peptide (DDP) related mitochondrial import proteins | journal = Genomics | volume = 61 | issue = 3 | pages = 259–67 |date=Feb 2000 | pmid = 10552927 | pmc =  | doi = 10.1006/geno.1999.5966 }}</ref><ref name="pmid8841189">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jin H, May M, Tranebjaerg L, Kendall E, Fontan G, Jackson J, Subramony SH, Arena F, Lubs H, Smith S, Stevenson R, Schwartz C, Vetrie D | title = A novel X-linked gene, DDP, shows mutations in families with deafness (DFN-1), dystonia, mental deficiency and blindness | journal = Nat Genet | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 177–80 |date=Nov 1996 | pmid = 8841189 | pmc =  | doi = 10.1038/ng1096-177 }}</ref><ref name="entrez1">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: TIMM8A translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 8 homolog A (yeast)| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1678| accessdate = }}</ref> This [[translocase]] has similarity to yeast [[mitochondria]]l proteins that are involved in the import of metabolite transporters from the [[cytoplasm]] into the mitochondrial inner membrane. The gene is mutated in [[Deafness-dystonia syndrome]] (or [[Mohr-Tranebjaerg syndrome]]; MTS/DFN-1) and it is postulated that MTS/DFN-1 is a mitochondrial disease caused by a defective mitochondrial protein import system.<ref name="entrez1" />
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==Structure==
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The ''TIMM8A'' gene is located on q arm of [[chromosome X]] in position 22.1 and spans 3,313 base pairs.<ref name="entrez" /> The gene produces an 11 kDa protein composed of 97 [[amino acids]].<ref name=COPaKB>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zong NC, Li H, Li H, Lam MP, Jimenez RC, Kim CS, Deng N, Kim AK, Choi JH, Zelaya I, Liem D, Meyer D, Odeberg J, Fang C, Lu HJ, Xu T, Weiss J, Duan H, Uhlen M, Yates JR, Apweiler R, Ge J, Hermjakob H, Ping P | title = Integration of cardiac proteome biology and medicine by a specialized knowledgebase | journal = Circulation Research | volume = 113 | issue = 9 | pages = 1043–53 | date = Oct 2013 | pmid = 23965338 | pmc = 4076475 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301151 }}</ref><ref name="url_COPaKB">{{cite web | url = https://amino.heartproteome.org/web/protein/O60220 | website = Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB) | title = TIMM8A - Mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit Tim8 A}}</ref> The structure shows resemblance to yeast [[translocase of the inner membrane]] (TIM) proteins with two conserved paired [[cysteine]] residue motifs.<ref name="blackstone">{{cite journal  |vauthors=Blackstone C, Roberts RG, Seeburg DP, Sheng M |title=Interaction of the deafness-dystonia protein DDP/TIMM8a with the signal transduction adaptor molecule STAM1 |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=305 |issue= 2 |pages= 345–52 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12745081 |doi=10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00767-8  }}</ref> The [[cysteine]] residues organize [[zinc]] ions for stability and control other interactions with proteins.<ref name="blackstone"/>
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==Function==
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The human ''TIMM8A'' gene codes for a [[translocase]] involved in the import and insertion of hydrophobic membrane proteins from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial inner membrane.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: TIMM8A translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 8A | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1678 | accessdate = }}</ref> It is also required for the transfer of beta-barrel precursors from the [[TIM/TOM complex|TOM complex]] to the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM complex) of the outer membrane. It acts as a [[Chaperone (protein)|chaperone-like protein]] that protects the hydrophobic precursors from aggregation and guide them through the [[mitochondrial intermembrane space]]. The TIMM8-TIMM13 complex mediates the import of proteins such as [[TIMM23]], [[SLC25A12]]/ARALAR1 and [[SLC25A13]]/ARALAR2, while the predominant TIMM9-TIMM10 70 kDa complex mediates the import of much more proteins. TIMM8A has been implicated as a required element in normal [[Development of the nervous system|neurologic development]].<ref name="Uniprot">{{cite web|title= TIMM8A - translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 8A, mitochondrial|url=https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O60220|website=UniProt.org|publisher=The UniProt Consortium}}</ref>
 
==Clinical significance==
 
Mutation of TIMM8A is associated with [[Mohr-Tranebjaerg syndrome]]/Deafness Dystonia Syndrome (MTS/DDS), a mitochondrial disease postulated to be associated with a defective mitochondrial protein import system.<ref name="entrez1" />[[Mohr-Tranebjaerg syndrome]] is a recessive, X-linked neurodegenerative syndrome characterized by early-onset deafness followed by progressive [[dystonia]] in adulthood, progressive [[sensorineural hearing loss]], [[mental retardation]], [[dysphagia]], [[paranoia]], and [[cortical blindness]].<ref name = "japanese">{{cite journal  |vauthors=Ujike H, Tanabe Y, Takehisa Y, etal |title=A family with X-linked dystonia-deafness syndrome with a novel mutation of the DDP gene |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=58 |issue= 6 |pages= 1004–7 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11405816}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal  |vauthors=Bauer MF, Rothbauer U, Mühlenbein N, etal |title=The mitochondrial TIM22 preprotein translocase is highly conserved throughout the eukaryotic kingdom |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=464 |issue= 1–2 |pages= 41–7 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10611480 |doi=10.1016/S0014-5793(99)01665-8  }}</ref> It is known to be caused by a truncation or deletion of the 11 kDa protein product of TIMM8A.<ref>{{cite journal  |vauthors=Koehler CM, Leuenberger D, Merchant S, etal |title=Human deafness dystonia syndrome is a mitochondrial disease |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=96 |issue= 5 |pages= 2141–6 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10051608 |doi=10.1073/pnas.96.5.2141  | pmc=26750  |bibcode=1999PNAS...96.2141K }}</ref> Defects in this gene also cause Jensen syndrome, an X-linked disease with opticoacoustic nerve [[atrophy]] and [[muscle weakness]].<ref name="entrez" />


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A 39-year-old Japanese male patient with a [[nonsense mutation]] of the CGA codon 80 of exon 2 by TGA in the TIMM8A gene was diagnosed with [[Deafness-dystonia syndrome]]. Signs and symptoms included [[sensorineural deafness]], [[dystonia]], [[blepharospasm]], brisk [[deep tendon reflexes]] and [[personality changes]]. However, there were no visual or sensory disturbances. The mother was found to be a heterozygous carrier for the mutation.<ref name = "japanese" /> Another patient, an 11-year-old Dutch child with a [[Mutation#By inheritance|de novo]] [[missense mutation]] (C66W; c.233C > G) in the TIMM8A gene, was diagnosed with sensorineural hearing
{{GNF_Protein_box
impairment associated with [[Deafness-dystonia syndrome]]. Signs and symptoms included [[hyperreflexia]], [[dyspraxia]], [[synkinesis]], [[atrophy]], and progressive [[dystonia]].<ref>{{cite journal  |vauthors=Tranebjaerg L, Hamel BC, Gabreels FJ, etal |title=A de novo missense mutation in a critical domain of the X-linked DDP gene causes the typical deafness-dystonia-optic atrophy syndrome |journal=Eur. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=8 |issue= 6 |pages= 464–7 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10878669 |doi= 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200483 }}</ref> A third patient, a 30-year-old male with [[Deafness-dystonia syndrome]], was found to have a novel 108delG mutation in the TIMM8A gene. Signs and symptoms were generalized [[dystonia]], [[scoliosis]], [[blepharospasm]], and involuntary movements of the head and neck.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Swerdlow RH, Wooten GF |title=A novel deafness/dystonia peptide gene mutation that causes dystonia in female carriers of Mohr-Tranebjaerg syndrome |journal=Ann. Neurol. |volume=50 |issue= 4 |pages= 537–40 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11601506 |doi=10.1002/ana.1160  }}</ref> There are many more cases of mutations in the TIMM8A gene with varying symptoms, commonly including [[dystonia]], [[mental deficiency]], [[sensorineural hearing loss]], [[optic atrophy]], and others.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dulski |first1=Jaroslaw |last2=Schinwelski |first2=Michal |last3=Mandat |first3=Tomasz |last4=Pienczk-Ręcławowicz |first4=Karolina |last5=Sławek |first5=Jaroslaw |title=Long-Term Follow-Up with Video of a Patient with Deafness-Dystonia Syndrome Treated with DBS-GPi |journal=Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery |date=2016 |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=123–125 |doi=10.1159/000445078|pmid=27100856 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shaker |first1=Marcus |last2=Lorigiano |first2=TingJia H. |last3=Vadlamudi |first3=Anusha |title=Xq22.1 contiguous gene deletion syndrome of X-linked agammaglobulinemia and Mohr-Tranebjærg syndrome |journal=Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology |date=June 2016 |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=578–579 |doi=10.1016/j.anai.2016.03.014|pmid=27048950 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aguirre |first1=LA |last2=Pérez-Bas |first2=M |last3=Villamar |first3=M |last4=López-Ariztegui |first4=MA |last5=Moreno-Pelayo |first5=MA |last6=Moreno |first6=F |last7=del Castillo |first7=I |title=A Spanish sporadic case of deafness-dystonia (Mohr-Tranebjaerg) syndrome with a novel mutation in the gene encoding TIMM8a, a component of the mitochondrial protein translocase complexes |journal=Neuromuscular Disorders |date=December 2008 |volume=18 |issue=12 |pages=979–81 |doi=10.1016/j.nmd.2008.09.009 |pmid=18952432}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aguirre |first1=Luis A. |last2=del Castillo |first2=Ignacio |last3=Macaya |first3=Alfons |last4=Medá |first4=Carme |last5=Villamar |first5=Manuela |last6=Moreno-Pelayo |first6=Miguel A. |last7=Moreno |first7=Felipe |title=A novel mutation in the gene encoding TIMM8a, a component of the mitochondrial protein translocase complexes, in a Spanish familial case of deafness-dystonia (Mohr–Tranebjaerg) syndrome |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A |date=15 February 2006 |volume=140A |issue=4 |pages=392–397 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.31079|pmid=16411215 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kreisel |first1=SH |last2=Binder |first2=J |last3=Wöhrle |first3=JC |last4=Krauss |first4=JK |last5=Hofmann |first5=S |last6=Bauer |first6=MF |last7=Hennerici |first7=MG |last8=Bäzner |first8=H |title=Dystonia in the Mohr-Tranebjaerg syndrome responds to GABAergic substances |journal=Movement Disorders |date=October 2004 |volume=19 |issue=10 |pages=1241–3 |doi=10.1002/mds.20150 |pmid=15390009}}</ref>
| image =
| image_source =
| PDB =  
| Name = Translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 8 homolog A (yeast)
| HGNCid = 11817
| Symbol = TIMM8A
  | AltSymbols =; DDP; DDP1; DFN1; MGC12262; MTS
| OMIM = 300356
| ECnumber =
| Homologene = 37878
| MGIid = 1353433
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_TIMM8A_205217_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0008270 |text = zinc ion binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0046872 |text = metal ion binding}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005739 |text = mitochondrion}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016020 |text = membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0042719 |text = mitochondrial intermembrane space protein transporter complex}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006457 |text = protein folding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007399 |text = nervous system development}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007605 |text = sensory perception of sound}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0015031 |text = protein transport}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0045039 |text = protein import into mitochondrial inner membrane}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 1678
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000126953
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_004076
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_004085
    | Hs_GenLoc_db =
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = X
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 100487305
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 100490840
    | Hs_Uniprot = O60220
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 30058
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000045455
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_013898
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_038926
    | Mm_GenLoc_db =
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 10
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 11299447
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 11300642
    | Mm_Uniprot = Q9WVA2
  }}
}}
'''Translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 8 homolog A (yeast)''', also known as '''TIMM8A''', is a human [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: TIMM8A translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 8 homolog A (yeast)| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1678| accessdate = }}</ref>


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==Interactions==
{{PBB_Summary
TIMM8A has been shown to [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with [[Signal transducing adaptor molecule]]<ref name="blackstone"/> and [[TIMM13]].<ref name=pmid17353931>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ewing RM, Chu P, Elisma F, Li H, Taylor P, Climie S, McBroom-Cerajewski L, Robinson MD, O'Connor L, Li M, Taylor R, Dharsee M, Ho Y, Heilbut A, Moore L, Zhang S, Ornatsky O, Bukhman YV, Ethier M, Sheng Y, Vasilescu J, Abu-Farha M, Lambert JP, Duewel HS, Stewart II, Kuehl B, Hogue K, Colwill K, Gladwish K, Muskat B, Kinach R, Adams SL, Moran MF, Morin GB, Topaloglou T, Figeys D  |year=2007|title=Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry |journal=Mol. Syst. Biol. |volume=3 |issue= 1|pages=89 | issn = | pmid = 17353931 |doi = 10.1038/msb4100134 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote = |pmc=1847948 }}</ref><ref name=pmid11875042>{{cite journal |vauthors=Roesch K, Curran SP, Tranebjaerg L, Koehler CM |date=Mar 2002 |title=Human deafness dystonia syndrome is caused by a defect in assembly of the DDP1/TIMM8a-TIMM13 complex |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=477–86 | issn = 0964-6906| pmid = 11875042 |doi=10.1093/hmg/11.5.477 }}</ref> Three copies of TIMM8A and three copies of TIMM13 assemble to form a 70 kDa TIMM8-[[TIMM13]] Complex with heterohexamer structure in the intermembrane space.<ref name=pmid11875042/><ref name="Uniprot"/> The TIMM8-TIMM13 Complex associates with the TIM22 complex whose core is composed of [[TIMM22]] to import and assemble inner membrane proteins.<ref name="Uniprot"/>
| section_title =  
| summary_text = This translocase has similarity to yeast mitochondrial proteins that are involved in the import of metabolite transporters from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial inner membrane. The gene is mutated in Deafness Dystonia Syndrome (MTS/DFN-1) and it is postulated that MTS/DFN-1 is a mitochondrial disease caused by a defective mitochondrial protein import system.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: TIMM8A translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 8 homolog A (yeast)| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1678| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}
 
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading  
{{PBB_Further_reading  
| citations =  
| citations =
*{{cite journal  | author=Ujike H, Tanabe Y, Takehisa Y, ''et al.'' |title=A family with X-linked dystonia-deafness syndrome with a novel mutation of the DDP gene. |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=58 |issue= 6 |pages= 1004-7 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11405816 |doi=  }}
 
*{{cite journal  | author=Swerdlow RH, Juel VC, Wooten GF |title=Dystonia with and without deafness is caused by TIMM8A mutation. |journal=Advances in neurology |volume=94 |issue=  |pages= 147-54 |year= 2003 |pmid= 14509668 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Swerdlow RH, Juel VC, Wooten GF |title=Dystonia with and without deafness is caused by TIMM8A mutation |journal=Advances in Neurology |volume=94 |issue=  |pages= 147–54 |year= 2003 |pmid= 14509668 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Tranebjaerg L, Schwartz C, Eriksen H, ''et al.'' |title=A new X linked recessive deafness syndrome with blindness, dystonia, fractures, and mental deficiency is linked to Xq22. |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=32 |issue= 4 |pages= 257-63 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7643352 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Tranebjaerg L, Schwartz C, Eriksen H, etal |title=A new X linked recessive deafness syndrome with blindness, dystonia, fractures, and mental deficiency is linked to Xq22 |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=32 |issue= 4 |pages= 257–63 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7643352 |doi=10.1136/jmg.32.4.257  | pmc=1050371 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Vorechovský I, Vetrie D, Holland J, ''et al.'' |title=Isolation of cosmid and cDNA clones in the region surrounding the BTK gene at Xq21.3-q22. |journal=Genomics |volume=21 |issue= 3 |pages= 517-24 |year= 1994 |pmid= 7959728 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Vorechovský I, Vetrie D, Holland J, etal |title=Isolation of cosmid and cDNA clones in the region surrounding the BTK gene at Xq21.3-q22 |journal=Genomics |volume=21 |issue= 3 |pages= 517–24 |year= 1994 |pmid= 7959728 |doi=10.1006/geno.1994.1310  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Jin H, May M, Tranebjaerg L, ''et al.'' |title=A novel X-linked gene, DDP, shows mutations in families with deafness (DFN-1), dystonia, mental deficiency and blindness. |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=14 |issue= 2 |pages= 177-80 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8841189 |doi= 10.1038/ng1096-177 }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Wallace DC, Murdock DG |title=Mitochondria and dystonia: the movement disorder connection? |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=96 |issue= 5 |pages= 1817–9 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10051550 |doi=10.1073/pnas.96.5.1817  | pmc=33525 |bibcode=1999PNAS...96.1817W }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Wallace DC, Murdock DG |title=Mitochondria and dystonia: the movement disorder connection? |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=96 |issue= 5 |pages= 1817-9 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10051550 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Nakane T, Inada Y, Ito F, etal |title=Cloning and expression of mouse deafness dystonia peptide 1 cDNA |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=273 |issue= 2 |pages= 759–64 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10873677 |doi= 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3004 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Koehler CM, Leuenberger D, Merchant S, ''et al.'' |title=Human deafness dystonia syndrome is a mitochondrial disease. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=96 |issue= 5 |pages= 2141-6 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10051608 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Paschen SA, Rothbauer U, Káldi K, etal |title=The role of the TIM8-13 complex in the import of Tim23 into mitochondria |journal=EMBO J. |volume=19 |issue= 23 |pages= 6392–400 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11101512 |doi= 10.1093/emboj/19.23.6392 | pmc=305865 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Jin H, Kendall E, Freeman TC, ''et al.'' |title=The human family of Deafness/Dystonia peptide (DDP) related mitochondrial import proteins. |journal=Genomics |volume=61 |issue= 3 |pages= 259-67 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10552927 |doi= 10.1006/geno.1999.5966 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Rothbauer U, Hofmann S, Mühlenbein N, etal |title=Role of the deafness dystonia peptide 1 (DDP1) in import of human Tim23 into the inner membrane of mitochondria |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=276 |issue= 40 |pages= 37327–34 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11489896 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M105313200 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Bauer MF, Rothbauer U, Mühlenbein N, ''et al.'' |title=The mitochondrial TIM22 preprotein translocase is highly conserved throughout the eukaryotic kingdom. |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=464 |issue= 1-2 |pages= 41-7 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10611480 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Tranebjaerg L, Jensen PK, Van Ghelue M, etal |title=Neuronal cell death in the visual cortex is a prominent feature of the X-linked recessive mitochondrial deafness-dystonia syndrome caused by mutations in the TIMM8a gene |journal=Ophthalmic Genet. |volume=22 |issue= 4 |pages= 207–23 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11803487 |doi=10.1076/opge.22.4.207.2220 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Nakane T, Inada Y, Ito F, ''et al.'' |title=Cloning and expression of mouse deafness dystonia peptide 1 cDNA. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=273 |issue= 2 |pages= 759-64 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10873677 |doi= 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3004 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Hofmann S, Rothbauer U, Mühlenbein N, etal |title=The C66W mutation in the deafness dystonia peptide 1 (DDP1) affects the formation of functional DDP1.TIM13 complexes in the mitochondrial intermembrane space |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=277 |issue= 26 |pages= 23287–93 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11956200 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M201154200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Tranebjaerg L, Hamel BC, Gabreels FJ, ''et al.'' |title=A de novo missense mutation in a critical domain of the X-linked DDP gene causes the typical deafness-dystonia-optic atrophy syndrome. |journal=Eur. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=8 |issue= 6 |pages= 464-7 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10878669 |doi= 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200483 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Paschen SA, Rothbauer U, Káldi K, ''et al.'' |title=The role of the TIM8-13 complex in the import of Tim23 into mitochondria. |journal=EMBO J. |volume=19 |issue= 23 |pages= 6392-400 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11101512 |doi= 10.1093/emboj/19.23.6392 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Rothbauer U, Hofmann S, Mühlenbein N, ''et al.'' |title=Role of the deafness dystonia peptide 1 (DDP1) in import of human Tim23 into the inner membrane of mitochondria. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=276 |issue= 40 |pages= 37327-34 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11489896 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M105313200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Swerdlow RH, Wooten GF |title=A novel deafness/dystonia peptide gene mutation that causes dystonia in female carriers of Mohr-Tranebjaerg syndrome. |journal=Ann. Neurol. |volume=50 |issue= 4 |pages= 537-40 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11601506 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Tranebjaerg L, Jensen PK, Van Ghelue M, ''et al.'' |title=Neuronal cell death in the visual cortex is a prominent feature of the X-linked recessive mitochondrial deafness-dystonia syndrome caused by mutations in the TIMM8a gene. |journal=Ophthalmic Genet. |volume=22 |issue= 4 |pages= 207-23 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11803487 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Roesch K, Curran SP, Tranebjaerg L, Koehler CM |title=Human deafness dystonia syndrome is caused by a defect in assembly of the DDP1/TIMM8a-TIMM13 complex. |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |volume=11 |issue= 5 |pages= 477-86 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11875042 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Hofmann S, Rothbauer U, Mühlenbein N, ''et al.'' |title=The C66W mutation in the deafness dystonia peptide 1 (DDP1) affects the formation of functional DDP1.TIM13 complexes in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=277 |issue= 26 |pages= 23287-93 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11956200 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M201154200 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, ''et al.'' |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899-903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Blackstone C, Roberts RG, Seeburg DP, Sheng M |title=Interaction of the deafness-dystonia protein DDP/TIMM8a with the signal transduction adaptor molecule STAM1. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=305 |issue= 2 |pages= 345-52 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12745081 |doi=  }}
}}
}}
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==External links==
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
*[http://videocast.nih.gov/Summary.asp?File=10650 The Deafness Dystonia Protein DDP and Mitochondrial Division] - a free videolecture by Craig Blackstone, 2002.
 
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Latest revision as of 14:52, 8 January 2019

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Mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit Tim8 A, also known as Deafness-dystonia peptide or protein is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TIMM8A gene.[1][2][3] This translocase has similarity to yeast mitochondrial proteins that are involved in the import of metabolite transporters from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial inner membrane. The gene is mutated in Deafness-dystonia syndrome (or Mohr-Tranebjaerg syndrome; MTS/DFN-1) and it is postulated that MTS/DFN-1 is a mitochondrial disease caused by a defective mitochondrial protein import system.[3]

Structure

The TIMM8A gene is located on q arm of chromosome X in position 22.1 and spans 3,313 base pairs.[4] The gene produces an 11 kDa protein composed of 97 amino acids.[5][6] The structure shows resemblance to yeast translocase of the inner membrane (TIM) proteins with two conserved paired cysteine residue motifs.[7] The cysteine residues organize zinc ions for stability and control other interactions with proteins.[7]

Function

The human TIMM8A gene codes for a translocase involved in the import and insertion of hydrophobic membrane proteins from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial inner membrane.[4] It is also required for the transfer of beta-barrel precursors from the TOM complex to the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM complex) of the outer membrane. It acts as a chaperone-like protein that protects the hydrophobic precursors from aggregation and guide them through the mitochondrial intermembrane space. The TIMM8-TIMM13 complex mediates the import of proteins such as TIMM23, SLC25A12/ARALAR1 and SLC25A13/ARALAR2, while the predominant TIMM9-TIMM10 70 kDa complex mediates the import of much more proteins. TIMM8A has been implicated as a required element in normal neurologic development.[8]

Clinical significance

Mutation of TIMM8A is associated with Mohr-Tranebjaerg syndrome/Deafness Dystonia Syndrome (MTS/DDS), a mitochondrial disease postulated to be associated with a defective mitochondrial protein import system.[3]Mohr-Tranebjaerg syndrome is a recessive, X-linked neurodegenerative syndrome characterized by early-onset deafness followed by progressive dystonia in adulthood, progressive sensorineural hearing loss, mental retardation, dysphagia, paranoia, and cortical blindness.[9][10] It is known to be caused by a truncation or deletion of the 11 kDa protein product of TIMM8A.[11] Defects in this gene also cause Jensen syndrome, an X-linked disease with opticoacoustic nerve atrophy and muscle weakness.[4]

A 39-year-old Japanese male patient with a nonsense mutation of the CGA codon 80 of exon 2 by TGA in the TIMM8A gene was diagnosed with Deafness-dystonia syndrome. Signs and symptoms included sensorineural deafness, dystonia, blepharospasm, brisk deep tendon reflexes and personality changes. However, there were no visual or sensory disturbances. The mother was found to be a heterozygous carrier for the mutation.[9] Another patient, an 11-year-old Dutch child with a de novo missense mutation (C66W; c.233C > G) in the TIMM8A gene, was diagnosed with sensorineural hearing impairment associated with Deafness-dystonia syndrome. Signs and symptoms included hyperreflexia, dyspraxia, synkinesis, atrophy, and progressive dystonia.[12] A third patient, a 30-year-old male with Deafness-dystonia syndrome, was found to have a novel 108delG mutation in the TIMM8A gene. Signs and symptoms were generalized dystonia, scoliosis, blepharospasm, and involuntary movements of the head and neck.[13] There are many more cases of mutations in the TIMM8A gene with varying symptoms, commonly including dystonia, mental deficiency, sensorineural hearing loss, optic atrophy, and others.[14][15][16][17][18]

Interactions

TIMM8A has been shown to interact with Signal transducing adaptor molecule[7] and TIMM13.[19][20] Three copies of TIMM8A and three copies of TIMM13 assemble to form a 70 kDa TIMM8-TIMM13 Complex with heterohexamer structure in the intermembrane space.[20][8] The TIMM8-TIMM13 Complex associates with the TIM22 complex whose core is composed of TIMM22 to import and assemble inner membrane proteins.[8]

References

  1. ↑ Jin H, Kendall E, Freeman TC, Roberts RG, Vetrie DL (Feb 2000). "The human family of Deafness/Dystonia peptide (DDP) related mitochondrial import proteins". Genomics. 61 (3): 259–67. doi:10.1006/geno.1999.5966. PMID 10552927.
  2. ↑ Jin H, May M, Tranebjaerg L, Kendall E, Fontan G, Jackson J, Subramony SH, Arena F, Lubs H, Smith S, Stevenson R, Schwartz C, Vetrie D (Nov 1996). "A novel X-linked gene, DDP, shows mutations in families with deafness (DFN-1), dystonia, mental deficiency and blindness". Nat Genet. 14 (2): 177–80. doi:10.1038/ng1096-177. PMID 8841189.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Entrez Gene: TIMM8A translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 8 homolog A (yeast)".
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Entrez Gene: TIMM8A translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 8A".
  5. ↑ Zong NC, Li H, Li H, Lam MP, Jimenez RC, Kim CS, Deng N, Kim AK, Choi JH, Zelaya I, Liem D, Meyer D, Odeberg J, Fang C, Lu HJ, Xu T, Weiss J, Duan H, Uhlen M, Yates JR, Apweiler R, Ge J, Hermjakob H, Ping P (Oct 2013). "Integration of cardiac proteome biology and medicine by a specialized knowledgebase". Circulation Research. 113 (9): 1043–53. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301151. PMC 4076475. PMID 23965338.
  6. ↑ "TIMM8A - Mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit Tim8 A". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Blackstone C, Roberts RG, Seeburg DP, Sheng M (2003). "Interaction of the deafness-dystonia protein DDP/TIMM8a with the signal transduction adaptor molecule STAM1". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 305 (2): 345–52. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00767-8. PMID 12745081.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "TIMM8A - translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 8A, mitochondrial". UniProt.org. The UniProt Consortium.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Ujike H, Tanabe Y, Takehisa Y, et al. (2001). "A family with X-linked dystonia-deafness syndrome with a novel mutation of the DDP gene". Arch. Neurol. 58 (6): 1004–7. PMID 11405816.
  10. ↑ Bauer MF, Rothbauer U, Mühlenbein N, et al. (2000). "The mitochondrial TIM22 preprotein translocase is highly conserved throughout the eukaryotic kingdom". FEBS Lett. 464 (1–2): 41–7. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(99)01665-8. PMID 10611480.
  11. ↑ Koehler CM, Leuenberger D, Merchant S, et al. (1999). "Human deafness dystonia syndrome is a mitochondrial disease". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (5): 2141–6. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.2141K. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.5.2141. PMC 26750. PMID 10051608.
  12. ↑ Tranebjaerg L, Hamel BC, Gabreels FJ, et al. (2000). "A de novo missense mutation in a critical domain of the X-linked DDP gene causes the typical deafness-dystonia-optic atrophy syndrome". Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 8 (6): 464–7. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200483. PMID 10878669.
  13. ↑ Swerdlow RH, Wooten GF (2001). "A novel deafness/dystonia peptide gene mutation that causes dystonia in female carriers of Mohr-Tranebjaerg syndrome". Ann. Neurol. 50 (4): 537–40. doi:10.1002/ana.1160. PMID 11601506.
  14. ↑ Dulski, Jaroslaw; Schinwelski, Michal; Mandat, Tomasz; Pienczk-Ręcławowicz, Karolina; Sławek, Jaroslaw (2016). "Long-Term Follow-Up with Video of a Patient with Deafness-Dystonia Syndrome Treated with DBS-GPi". Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. 94 (2): 123–125. doi:10.1159/000445078. PMID 27100856.
  15. ↑ Shaker, Marcus; Lorigiano, TingJia H.; Vadlamudi, Anusha (June 2016). "Xq22.1 contiguous gene deletion syndrome of X-linked agammaglobulinemia and Mohr-Tranebjærg syndrome". Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 116 (6): 578–579. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2016.03.014. PMID 27048950.
  16. ↑ Aguirre, LA; Pérez-Bas, M; Villamar, M; López-Ariztegui, MA; Moreno-Pelayo, MA; Moreno, F; del Castillo, I (December 2008). "A Spanish sporadic case of deafness-dystonia (Mohr-Tranebjaerg) syndrome with a novel mutation in the gene encoding TIMM8a, a component of the mitochondrial protein translocase complexes". Neuromuscular Disorders. 18 (12): 979–81. doi:10.1016/j.nmd.2008.09.009. PMID 18952432.
  17. ↑ Aguirre, Luis A.; del Castillo, Ignacio; Macaya, Alfons; Medá, Carme; Villamar, Manuela; Moreno-Pelayo, Miguel A.; Moreno, Felipe (15 February 2006). "A novel mutation in the gene encoding TIMM8a, a component of the mitochondrial protein translocase complexes, in a Spanish familial case of deafness-dystonia (Mohr–Tranebjaerg) syndrome". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 140A (4): 392–397. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.31079. PMID 16411215.
  18. ↑ Kreisel, SH; Binder, J; Wöhrle, JC; Krauss, JK; Hofmann, S; Bauer, MF; Hennerici, MG; Bäzner, H (October 2004). "Dystonia in the Mohr-Tranebjaerg syndrome responds to GABAergic substances". Movement Disorders. 19 (10): 1241–3. doi:10.1002/mds.20150. PMID 15390009.
  19. ↑ Ewing RM, Chu P, Elisma F, Li H, Taylor P, Climie S, McBroom-Cerajewski L, Robinson MD, O'Connor L, Li M, Taylor R, Dharsee M, Ho Y, Heilbut A, Moore L, Zhang S, Ornatsky O, Bukhman YV, Ethier M, Sheng Y, Vasilescu J, Abu-Farha M, Lambert JP, Duewel HS, Stewart II, Kuehl B, Hogue K, Colwill K, Gladwish K, Muskat B, Kinach R, Adams SL, Moran MF, Morin GB, Topaloglou T, Figeys D (2007). "Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry". Mol. Syst. Biol. 3 (1): 89. doi:10.1038/msb4100134. PMC 1847948. PMID 17353931.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Roesch K, Curran SP, Tranebjaerg L, Koehler CM (Mar 2002). "Human deafness dystonia syndrome is caused by a defect in assembly of the DDP1/TIMM8a-TIMM13 complex". Hum. Mol. Genet. 11 (5): 477–86. doi:10.1093/hmg/11.5.477. ISSN 0964-6906. PMID 11875042.

Further reading

External links

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