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{{Steatorrhea}}
{{Steatorrhea}}


{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{VSKP}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Vbe}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
A medical condition that is characterized by passing of stools that contain a high amount of fat. This condition usually arises when the small intestine becomes unable to properly absorb fats that enter the system through foods. People affected with Steatorrhea pass excessive amounts of fat from their body along with stools. This is accompanied by an oily discharge from the anus.
Steatorrhea may be caused by [[Celiac disease]], [[choledocholithiasis]], [[cystic fibrosis]], [[exocrine pancreatic insufficiency]], [[hypolipidemic drugs]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]], [[Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome|small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome]].


==Causes==
==Causes==
 
===Common causes===
===Common causes of steatorrhea===  
Steatorrhea may be caused by.<ref name="pmid27825371">{{cite journal| author=Scarpignato C, Gatta L, Zullo A, Blandizzi C, SIF-AIGO-FIMMG Group. Italian Society of Pharmacology, the Italian Association of Hospital Gastroenterologists, and the Italian Federation of General Practitioners| title=Effective and safe proton pump inhibitor therapy in acid-related diseases - A position paper addressing benefits and potential harms of acid suppression. | journal=BMC Med | year= 2016 | volume= 14 | issue= 1 | pages= 179 | pmid=27825371 | doi=10.1186/s12916-016-0718-z | pmc=5101793 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27825371  }}</ref><ref name="pmid26769182">{{cite journal| author=Podboy A, Anderson BW, Sweetser S| title=61-Year-Old Man With Chronic Diarrhea. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2016 | volume= 91 | issue= 2 | pages= e23-8 | pmid=26769182 | doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.07.033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26769182  }}</ref><ref name="pmid26086616">{{cite journal| author=Burnett JR, Hooper AJ| title=Vitamin E and oxidative stress in abetalipoproteinemia and familial hypobetalipoproteinemia. | journal=Free Radic Biol Med | year= 2015 | volume= 88 | issue= Pt A | pages= 59-62 | pmid=26086616 | doi=10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.044 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26086616  }}</ref><ref name="pmid25502918">{{cite journal| author=Valenzise M, Alessi L, Bruno E, Cama V, Costanzo D, Genovese C et al.| title=APECED syndrome in childhood: clinical spectrum is enlarging. | journal=Minerva Pediatr | year= 2016 | volume= 68 | issue= 3 | pages= 226-9 | pmid=25502918 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25502918  }}</ref><ref name="pmid24602022">{{cite journal| author=Wilcox C, Turner J, Green J| title=Systematic review: the management of chronic diarrhoea due to bile acid malabsorption. | journal=Aliment Pharmacol Ther | year= 2014 | volume= 39 | issue= 9 | pages= 923-39 | pmid=24602022 | doi=10.1111/apt.12684 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24602022  }}</ref>
*[[Celiac disease]]
*[[Celiac disease]]
*[[Choledocholithiasis]]
*[[Choledocholithiasis]]
Line 18: Line 18:
*[[Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome]]
*[[Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome]]


Causes of steatorrhea can be due to side effects from food or medication as well as possible biological causes. Biological causes can be a lack of [[bile]] acids (due to liver damage or [[hypolipidemic drugs]]), defects in pancreatic juices (enzymes), and defective mucosal cells. The absence of bile acids will cause the feces to turn gray or pale.
=== Less Common causes ===
Less common causes of steatorrhea include:<ref name="WP">{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Weighing a Pill For Weight Loss |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/23/AR2006012301270.html |quote=While the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) still must approve the switch, the agency often follows the advice of its experts. If it does, [[Orlistat]] (xenical) -- currently sold only by prescription -- could be available over-the-counter (OTC) later this year. But it's important to know that the weight loss that's typical for users of the drug -- 5 to 10 percent of total weight -- will be less than many dieters expect. And many consumers may be put off by the drug's significant gastrointestinal side effects, including [[flatulence]], [[diarrhea]] and anal leakage. |publisher=[[Washington Post]] |date= |accessdate=2007-07-06 }}</ref><ref name="CSPI">{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title= Frito-Lay Study: Olestra Causes "Anal Oil Leakage" |url=
http://www.cspinet.org/new/flaynal.html |quote=The Frito-Lay report states: "The anal oil leakage symptoms were observed in this study (3 to 9% incidence range above background), as well as other changes in elimination. ... Underwear spotting was statistically significant in one of two low level consumer groups at a 5% incidence above background." Despite those problems, the authors of the report concluded that olestra-containing snacks "should have a high potential for acceptance in the marketplace." |publisher=[[Center for Science in the Public Interest]] |date=Thursday, February 13, 1997 |accessdate=2007-07-07 }}</ref><ref name="NW">{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=The Word Is 'Leakage'. Accidents may happen with a new OTC diet drug. |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19263093/site/newsweek/ |quote=GlaxoSmithKline has a tip for people who decide to try Alli, the over-the-counter weight-loss drug it is launching with a multimillion-dollar advertising blitz—keep an extra pair of pants handy. That's because Alli, a lower-dose version of the prescription drug [[Xenical]], could (cue the late-night talk-show hosts) make you soil your pants. But while Alli's most troublesome side effect, anal leakage, is sure to be good for a few laughs, millions of people who are desperate to take off weight may still decide the threat of an accident is worth it. |publisher=Newsweek |date=June 25, 2007 |accessdate=2007-06-21 }}</ref><ref name="CSPI2">{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Reported medical side-effects of Olestra according to Procter and Gamble studies |url=http://www.cspinet.org/olestra/11cons.html |quote=Olestra sometimes causes underwear staining associated with "anal leakage." Olestra sometimes causes underwear staining. That phenomenon may be caused most commonly by greasy, hard-to-wipe-off fecal matter, but occasionally also from anal leakage (leakage of liquid olestra through the anal sphincter). |publisher=[[Center for Science in the Public Interest]]|date= |accessdate=2007-06-21 }}</ref>
* [[Olestra]]
* [[Orlistat]]
* Jojoba oil
* Escolar and oilfish


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===


{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
| bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ Hypolipidemic agent]], [[ Lanreotide]], [[ Octreotide]].  
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[ Hypolipidemic agent]], [[ Lanreotide]], [[ Octreotide]].  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ Graves' disease]], [[ Hyperthyroidism]],  
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[ Graves' disease]], [[ Hyperthyroidism]],  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[Angiodysplasia]], [[Bacterial overgrowth]], [[ Celiac disease]], [[Cholecystectomy]], [[Choledocholithiasis]], [[Chronic atrophic gastritis]], [[Chronic pancreatitis]], [[Diverticulosis]], [[Inflammatory bowel disease]], [[Mesenteric ischemia]], [[Post-gastrectomy]], [[Post-vagotomy]], [[Primary bile acid malabsorption ]], [[Primary sclerosing cholangitis]], [[Radiation enteropathy]], [[Short bowel syndrome]], [[Strictures]].  
| bgcolor="Beige" |  [[Angiodysplasia]], [[Bacterial overgrowth]], [[ Celiac disease]], [[Cholecystectomy]], [[Choledocholithiasis]], [[Chronic atrophic gastritis]], [[Chronic pancreatitis]], [[Diverticulosis]], [[Inflammatory bowel disease]], [[Mesenteric ischemia]], [[Post-gastrectomy]], [[Post-vagotomy]], [[Primary bile acid malabsorption ]] , [[Primary sclerosing cholangitis]], [[Radiation enteropathy]], [[Short bowel syndrome]], [[Strictures]].  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abetalipoproteinemia]], [[Cystic fibrosis ]], [[Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 deficiency]], [[Johanson-blizzard syndrome ]], [[Pancreatic lipase deficiency]], [[Pearson syndrome]], [[Shwachman-Diamond syndrome]].  
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Abetalipoproteinemia]], [[Cystic fibrosis ]] , [[Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 deficiency]], [[Johanson-blizzard syndrome ]] , [[Pancreatic lipase deficiency]], [[Pearson syndrome]], [[Shwachman-Diamond syndrome]].  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |  No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |  No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[Fish tape worm]], [[Giardiasis ]], [[HIV related malabsorption]], [[Hookworm]], [[Round worm]], [[Tropical sprue]], [[Whipple's disease]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |  [[Fish tape worm]], [[Giardiasis ]] , [[HIV related malabsorption]], [[Hookworm]], [[Round worm]], [[Tropical sprue]], [[Whipple's disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |  No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |  No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes  
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes  


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Colorectal cancer]], [[Pancreatic cancer]], [[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]].  
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Colorectal cancer]], [[Pancreatic cancer]], [[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]].  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Systemic sclerosis]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Systemic sclerosis]]  


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Natural fats (Butterfish, Escolar, Oilfish), [[Artificial fats]] ([[Olestra]]).
| bgcolor="Beige" | Natural fats (Butterfish, Escolar, Oilfish), [[Artificial fats]] ([[Olestra]]).
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{columns-list|3|  
{{columns-list|  


*[[Abetalipoproteinemia]]
*[[Abetalipoproteinemia]]
Line 184: Line 190:
*[[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]]
*[[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]]
}}
}}
===Side Effect Causes===
Steatorrhea can also be due to eating non-digestible oils or fats such as [[Olestra]], and a side-effect of medicines that prevent the absorption of dietary fats such as [[Orlistat]],<ref name=WP>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Weighing a Pill For Weight Loss |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/23/AR2006012301270.html |quote=While the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) still must approve the switch, the agency often follows the advice of its experts. If it does, [[Orlistat]] (xenical) -- currently sold only by prescription -- could be available over-the-counter (OTC) later this year. But it's important to know that the weight loss that's typical for users of the drug -- 5 to 10 percent of total weight -- will be less than many dieters expect. And many consumers may be put off by the drug's significant gastrointestinal side effects, including [[flatulence]], [[diarrhea]] and anal leakage. |publisher=[[Washington Post]] |date= |accessdate=2007-07-06 }}</ref><ref name=CSPI>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title= Frito-Lay Study: Olestra Causes "Anal Oil Leakage" |url=
http://www.cspinet.org/new/flaynal.html |quote=The Frito-Lay report states: "The anal oil leakage symptoms were observed in this study (3 to 9% incidence range above background), as well as other changes in elimination. ... Underwear spotting was statistically significant in one of two low level consumer groups at a 5% incidence above background." Despite those problems, the authors of the report concluded that olestra-containing snacks "should have a high potential for acceptance in the marketplace." |publisher=[[Center for Science in the Public Interest]] |date=Thursday, February 13, 1997 |accessdate=2007-07-07 }}</ref><ref name=NW>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=The Word Is 'Leakage'. Accidents may happen with a new OTC diet drug. |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19263093/site/newsweek/ |quote=GlaxoSmithKline has a tip for people who decide to try Alli, the over-the-counter weight-loss drug it is launching with a multimillion-dollar advertising blitz—keep an extra pair of pants handy. That's because Alli, a lower-dose version of the prescription drug [[Xenical]], could (cue the late-night talk-show hosts) make you soil your pants. But while Alli's most troublesome side effect, anal leakage, is sure to be good for a few laughs, millions of people who are desperate to take off weight may still decide the threat of an accident is worth it. |publisher=Newsweek |date=June 25, 2007 |accessdate=2007-06-21 }}</ref><ref name=CSPI2/>
====Artificial Fats====
The fat substitute [[Olestra]], used in some reduced-fat foods, has been proven to cause leakage in some consumers. The United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] warning indicated that excessive consumption of Olestra could result in "loose stools"; this warning has not been required since 2003.<ref name=CSPI/><ref name=CSPI2> {{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Reported medical side-effects of Olestra according to Procter and Gamble studies |url=http://www.cspinet.org/olestra/11cons.html |quote=Olestra sometimes causes underwear staining associated with "anal leakage." Olestra sometimes causes underwear staining. That phenomenon may be caused most commonly by greasy, hard-to-wipe-off fecal matter, but occasionally also from anal leakage (leakage of liquid olestra through the anal sphincter). |publisher=[[Center for Science in the Public Interest]]|date= |accessdate=2007-06-21 }}</ref>
====Medications====
[[Orlistat]] (Xenical) is a diet pill that works by blocking the enzymes that digest fat. As a result fat cannot be absorbed from the gut and some fat is excreted in the feces instead of being metabolically digested, sometimes causing oily anal leakage.<ref name=WP/><ref name=NW/>
====Natural Fats====
Consuming Jojoba oil has been documented to cause steatorrhea and anal leakage because it is indigestible.<ref>[http://ajpregu.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/263/3/R464 Comparative aspects of lipid digestion and absorption: physiological correlates of wax ester digestion]</ref>
Consuming escolar and oilfish (sometimes called butterfish) will often cause steatorrhea. The fish is commonly used in party catering due to its delicate flavor and the fact that it is cheap and readily available.


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 22:58, 10 January 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vindhya BellamKonda, M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

Steatorrhea may be caused by Celiac disease, choledocholithiasis, cystic fibrosis, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, hypolipidemic drugs, inflammatory bowel disease, small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome.

Causes

Common causes

Steatorrhea may be caused by.[1][2][3][4][5]

Less Common causes

Less common causes of steatorrhea include:[6][7][8][9]

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Hypolipidemic agent,  Lanreotide,  Octreotide.
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine  Graves' disease,  Hyperthyroidism,
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Angiodysplasia, Bacterial overgrowth, Celiac disease, Cholecystectomy, Choledocholithiasis, Chronic atrophic gastritis, Chronic pancreatitis, Diverticulosis, Inflammatory bowel disease, Mesenteric ischemia, Post-gastrectomy, Post-vagotomy, Primary bile acid malabsorption  , Primary sclerosing cholangitis, Radiation enteropathy, Short bowel syndrome, Strictures.
Genetic Abetalipoproteinemia, Cystic fibrosis  , Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 deficiency, Johanson-blizzard syndrome  , Pancreatic lipase deficiency, Pearson syndrome, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome.
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Fish tape worm, Giardiasis  , HIV related malabsorption, Hookworm, Round worm, Tropical sprue, Whipple's disease
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Colorectal cancer, Pancreatic cancer, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Systemic sclerosis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Natural fats (Butterfish, Escolar, Oilfish), Artificial fats (Olestra).

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Scarpignato C, Gatta L, Zullo A, Blandizzi C, SIF-AIGO-FIMMG Group. Italian Society of Pharmacology, the Italian Association of Hospital Gastroenterologists, and the Italian Federation of General Practitioners (2016). "Effective and safe proton pump inhibitor therapy in acid-related diseases - A position paper addressing benefits and potential harms of acid suppression". BMC Med. 14 (1): 179. doi:10.1186/s12916-016-0718-z. PMC 5101793. PMID 27825371.
  2. ↑ Podboy A, Anderson BW, Sweetser S (2016). "61-Year-Old Man With Chronic Diarrhea". Mayo Clin Proc. 91 (2): e23–8. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.07.033. PMID 26769182.
  3. ↑ Burnett JR, Hooper AJ (2015). "Vitamin E and oxidative stress in abetalipoproteinemia and familial hypobetalipoproteinemia". Free Radic Biol Med. 88 (Pt A): 59–62. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.044. PMID 26086616.
  4. ↑ Valenzise M, Alessi L, Bruno E, Cama V, Costanzo D, Genovese C; et al. (2016). "APECED syndrome in childhood: clinical spectrum is enlarging". Minerva Pediatr. 68 (3): 226–9. PMID 25502918.
  5. ↑ Wilcox C, Turner J, Green J (2014). "Systematic review: the management of chronic diarrhoea due to bile acid malabsorption". Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 39 (9): 923–39. doi:10.1111/apt.12684. PMID 24602022.
  6. ↑ "Weighing a Pill For Weight Loss". Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-07-06. While the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) still must approve the switch, the agency often follows the advice of its experts. If it does, Orlistat (xenical) -- currently sold only by prescription -- could be available over-the-counter (OTC) later this year. But it's important to know that the weight loss that's typical for users of the drug -- 5 to 10 percent of total weight -- will be less than many dieters expect. And many consumers may be put off by the drug's significant gastrointestinal side effects, including flatulence, diarrhea and anal leakage.
  7. ↑ "Frito-Lay Study: Olestra Causes "Anal Oil Leakage"". Center for Science in the Public Interest. Thursday, February 13, 1997. Retrieved 2007-07-07. The Frito-Lay report states: "The anal oil leakage symptoms were observed in this study (3 to 9% incidence range above background), as well as other changes in elimination. ... Underwear spotting was statistically significant in one of two low level consumer groups at a 5% incidence above background." Despite those problems, the authors of the report concluded that olestra-containing snacks "should have a high potential for acceptance in the marketplace." Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ↑ "The Word Is 'Leakage'. Accidents may happen with a new OTC diet drug". Newsweek. June 25, 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-21. GlaxoSmithKline has a tip for people who decide to try Alli, the over-the-counter weight-loss drug it is launching with a multimillion-dollar advertising blitz—keep an extra pair of pants handy. That's because Alli, a lower-dose version of the prescription drug Xenical, could (cue the late-night talk-show hosts) make you soil your pants. But while Alli's most troublesome side effect, anal leakage, is sure to be good for a few laughs, millions of people who are desperate to take off weight may still decide the threat of an accident is worth it.
  9. ↑ "Reported medical side-effects of Olestra according to Procter and Gamble studies". Center for Science in the Public Interest. Retrieved 2007-06-21. Olestra sometimes causes underwear staining associated with "anal leakage." Olestra sometimes causes underwear staining. That phenomenon may be caused most commonly by greasy, hard-to-wipe-off fecal matter, but occasionally also from anal leakage (leakage of liquid olestra through the anal sphincter).

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