Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin risk factors: Difference between revisions

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== Overview ==
== Overview ==
The risk factors for the [[Squamous cell carcinoma]] (SCC) include prolonged sunlight exposure, UV radiation, smoking, drugs etc.
The [[risk factors]] for the [[Squamous cell carcinoma]] (SCC) include prolonged sunlight exposure, [[UV radiation]], [[smoking]], [[drugs]] etc.


== Risk Factors ==
== Risk Factors ==
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=== Common Risk Factors ===
=== Common Risk Factors ===


Common risk factors for the development of the disease inlcude:<ref name="pmid22881582">{{cite journal| author=de Vries E, Trakatelli M, Kalabalikis D, Ferrandiz L, Ruiz-de-Casas A, Moreno-Ramirez D et al.| title=Known and potential new risk factors for skin cancer in European populations: a multicentre case-control study. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 2012 | volume= 167 Suppl 2 | issue=  | pages= 1-13 | pmid=22881582 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11081.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22881582  }}</ref>
Common [[risk factors]] inlcude:<ref name="pmid22881582">{{cite journal| author=de Vries E, Trakatelli M, Kalabalikis D, Ferrandiz L, Ruiz-de-Casas A, Moreno-Ramirez D et al.| title=Known and potential new risk factors for skin cancer in European populations: a multicentre case-control study. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 2012 | volume= 167 Suppl 2 | issue=  | pages= 1-13 | pmid=22881582 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11081.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22881582  }}</ref>


* UV light exposure<ref name="pmid11684448">{{cite journal| author=de Gruijl FR, van Kranen HJ, Mullenders LH| title=UV-induced DNA damage, repair, mutations and oncogenic pathways in skin cancer. | journal=J Photochem Photobiol B | year= 2001 | volume= 63 | issue= 1-3 | pages= 19-27 | pmid=11684448 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11684448  }}</ref>
* [[UV light]] exposure<ref name="pmid11684448">{{cite journal| author=de Gruijl FR, van Kranen HJ, Mullenders LH| title=UV-induced DNA damage, repair, mutations and oncogenic pathways in skin cancer. | journal=J Photochem Photobiol B | year= 2001 | volume= 63 | issue= 1-3 | pages= 19-27 | pmid=11684448 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11684448  }}</ref>
** UV light damages DNA, initiating a series of changes can result in malignant transformation
**[[UV light]] damages [[DNA]], initiating a series of changes can result in [[malignant]] transformation
* Having skin that burns easily and does not tan or tans poorly
* Having [[skin]] that [[burns]] easily and does not tan or tans poorly
* Light-colored hair
* Light-colored [[hair]]
* Older age
* Older [[age]]
* Smoking
* [[Smoking]]


=== Less Common Risk factors ===
=== Less Common Risk factors ===


* Northern European ancestry
* Northern European ancestry
* Exposure to PUVA phototherapy
* Exposure to [[PUVA therapy|PUVA phototherapy]]
* Immunosuppressive treatment<ref name="pmid10025742">{{cite journal| author=Jensen P, Hansen S, Møller B, Leivestad T, Pfeffer P, Geiran O et al.| title=Skin cancer in kidney and heart transplant recipients and different long-term immunosuppressive therapy regimens. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 1999 | volume= 40 | issue= 2 Pt 1 | pages= 177-86 | pmid=10025742 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10025742  }}</ref>
* [[Immunosuppressive therapy|Immunosuppressive treatment]]<ref name="pmid10025742">{{cite journal| author=Jensen P, Hansen S, Møller B, Leivestad T, Pfeffer P, Geiran O et al.| title=Skin cancer in kidney and heart transplant recipients and different long-term immunosuppressive therapy regimens. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 1999 | volume= 40 | issue= 2 Pt 1 | pages= 177-86 | pmid=10025742 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10025742  }}</ref>
* Exposure to ionizing radiation and other industrial carcinogens<ref name="pmid15704092">{{cite journal| author=Yoshinaga S, Hauptmann M, Sigurdson AJ, Doody MM, Freedman DM, Alexander BH et al.| title=Nonmelanoma skin cancer in relation to ionizing radiation exposure among U.S. radiologic technologists. | journal=Int J Cancer | year= 2005 | volume= 115 | issue= 5 | pages= 828-34 | pmid=15704092 | doi=10.1002/ijc.20939 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15704092  }}</ref>
* Exposure to [[ionizing radiation]] and other industrial [[carcinogens]]<ref name="pmid15704092">{{cite journal| author=Yoshinaga S, Hauptmann M, Sigurdson AJ, Doody MM, Freedman DM, Alexander BH et al.| title=Nonmelanoma skin cancer in relation to ionizing radiation exposure among U.S. radiologic technologists. | journal=Int J Cancer | year= 2005 | volume= 115 | issue= 5 | pages= 828-34 | pmid=15704092 | doi=10.1002/ijc.20939 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15704092  }}</ref>
* Chronic inflammation<ref name="pmid12843850">{{cite journal| author=Jellouli-Elloumi A, Kochbati L, Dhraief S, Ben Romdhane K, Maalej M| title=[Cancers arising from burn scars: 62 cases]. | journal=Ann Dermatol Venereol | year= 2003 | volume= 130 | issue= 4 | pages= 413-6 | pmid=12843850 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12843850  }}</ref>
* [[Inflammation|Chronic inflammation]]<ref name="pmid12843850">{{cite journal| author=Jellouli-Elloumi A, Kochbati L, Dhraief S, Ben Romdhane K, Maalej M| title=[Cancers arising from burn scars: 62 cases]. | journal=Ann Dermatol Venereol | year= 2003 | volume= 130 | issue= 4 | pages= 413-6 | pmid=12843850 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12843850  }}</ref>
* Rare inherited disorders
* Rare [[Inherited disorder|inherited disorders]]
** Xeroderma pigmentosum<ref name="pmid10447254">{{cite journal| author=Cleaver JE, Thompson LH, Richardson AS, States JC| title=A summary of mutations in the UV-sensitive disorders: xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne syndrome, and trichothiodystrophy. | journal=Hum Mutat | year= 1999 | volume= 14 | issue= 1 | pages= 9-22 | pmid=10447254 | doi=10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1999)14:1<9::AID-HUMU2>3.0.CO;2-6 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10447254  }}</ref>  
**[[Xeroderma pigmentosum]]<ref name="pmid10447254">{{cite journal| author=Cleaver JE, Thompson LH, Richardson AS, States JC| title=A summary of mutations in the UV-sensitive disorders: xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne syndrome, and trichothiodystrophy. | journal=Hum Mutat | year= 1999 | volume= 14 | issue= 1 | pages= 9-22 | pmid=10447254 | doi=10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1999)14:1<9::AID-HUMU2>3.0.CO;2-6 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10447254  }}</ref>
** Epidermolysis bullosa<ref name="pmid19026465">{{cite journal| author=Fine JD, Johnson LB, Weiner M, Li KP, Suchindran C| title=Epidermolysis bullosa and the risk of life-threatening cancers: the National EB Registry experience, 1986-2006. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2009 | volume= 60 | issue= 2 | pages= 203-11 | pmid=19026465 | doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2008.09.035 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19026465  }}</ref>
** [[Epidermolysis bullosa]]<ref name="pmid19026465">{{cite journal| author=Fine JD, Johnson LB, Weiner M, Li KP, Suchindran C| title=Epidermolysis bullosa and the risk of life-threatening cancers: the National EB Registry experience, 1986-2006. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2009 | volume= 60 | issue= 2 | pages= 203-11 | pmid=19026465 | doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2008.09.035 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19026465  }}</ref>
** Albinism<ref name="pmid2766562">{{cite journal| author=Kromberg JG, Castle D, Zwane EM, Jenkins T| title=Albinism and skin cancer in Southern Africa. | journal=Clin Genet | year= 1989 | volume= 36 | issue= 1 | pages= 43-52 | pmid=2766562 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2766562  }}</ref>
** [[Albinism]]<ref name="pmid2766562">{{cite journal| author=Kromberg JG, Castle D, Zwane EM, Jenkins T| title=Albinism and skin cancer in Southern Africa. | journal=Clin Genet | year= 1989 | volume= 36 | issue= 1 | pages= 43-52 | pmid=2766562 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2766562  }}</ref>
** Epidermodysplasia verruciformis
** [[Epidermodysplasia verruciformis]]
** Fanconi's anemia
** [[Fanconi's anemia]]
* Arsenic exposure
* [[Arsenic|Arsenic exposure]]
* Genetic alterations<ref name="pmid15468170">{{cite journal| author=Tsai KY, Tsao H| title=The genetics of skin cancer. | journal=Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet | year= 2004 | volume= 131C | issue= 1 | pages= 82-92 | pmid=15468170 | doi=10.1002/ajmg.c.30037 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15468170  }}</ref>
* [[Genetic]] alterations<ref name="pmid15468170">{{cite journal| author=Tsai KY, Tsao H| title=The genetics of skin cancer. | journal=Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet | year= 2004 | volume= 131C | issue= 1 | pages= 82-92 | pmid=15468170 | doi=10.1002/ajmg.c.30037 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15468170  }}</ref>
* Family history<ref name="pmid23257063">{{cite journal| author=Kharazmi E, Fallah M, Sundquist K, Hemminki K| title=Familial risk of early and late onset cancer: nationwide prospective cohort study. | journal=BMJ | year= 2012 | volume= 345 | issue=  | pages= e8076 | pmid=23257063 | doi=10.1136/bmj.e8076 | pmc=3527651 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23257063  }}</ref>
* [[Family history]]<ref name="pmid23257063">{{cite journal| author=Kharazmi E, Fallah M, Sundquist K, Hemminki K| title=Familial risk of early and late onset cancer: nationwide prospective cohort study. | journal=BMJ | year= 2012 | volume= 345 | issue=  | pages= e8076 | pmid=23257063 | doi=10.1136/bmj.e8076 | pmc=3527651 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23257063  }}</ref>
* Drugs
* Drugs
** BRAF inhibitors
**[[BRAF (gene)|BRAF inhibitors]]
** Voriconazole<ref name="pmid19896749">{{cite journal| author=Cowen EW, Nguyen JC, Miller DD, McShane D, Arron ST, Prose NS et al.| title=Chronic phototoxicity and aggressive squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in children and adults during treatment with voriconazole. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2010 | volume= 62 | issue= 1 | pages= 31-7 | pmid=19896749 | doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2009.09.033 | pmc=2815347 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19896749  }}</ref>
** [[Voriconazole]]<ref name="pmid19896749">{{cite journal| author=Cowen EW, Nguyen JC, Miller DD, McShane D, Arron ST, Prose NS et al.| title=Chronic phototoxicity and aggressive squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in children and adults during treatment with voriconazole. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2010 | volume= 62 | issue= 1 | pages= 31-7 | pmid=19896749 | doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2009.09.033 | pmc=2815347 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19896749  }}</ref>
** Other photosensitizing drugs like [[ibuprofen]] and [[isotretinoin]]<ref name="pmid23344461">{{cite journal| author=Robinson SN, Zens MS, Perry AE, Spencer SK, Duell EJ, Karagas MR| title=Photosensitizing agents and the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer: a population-based case-control study. | journal=J Invest Dermatol | year= 2013 | volume= 133 | issue= 8 | pages= 1950-5 | pmid=23344461 | doi=10.1038/jid.2013.33 | pmc=3655101 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23344461  }}</ref>
** Other photosensitizing [[drugs]] like [[ibuprofen]] and [[isotretinoin]]<ref name="pmid23344461">{{cite journal| author=Robinson SN, Zens MS, Perry AE, Spencer SK, Duell EJ, Karagas MR| title=Photosensitizing agents and the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer: a population-based case-control study. | journal=J Invest Dermatol | year= 2013 | volume= 133 | issue= 8 | pages= 1950-5 | pmid=23344461 | doi=10.1038/jid.2013.33 | pmc=3655101 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23344461  }}</ref>


'''<u>Skin</u>'''
'''<u>Skin</u>'''


Persons who present with Squamous cell carcinoma of skin may have one of the following risk factors like
* Significant [[sun exposure]]
 
* [[Benign]] lesions like [[Chalazion]]
* significant sun exposure
* Chronic [[ulcers]].
* benign lesions like Chalazion
* chronic ulcers.


'''<u>Tongue and Esophagus</u>'''
'''<u>Tongue and Esophagus</u>'''


Persons who present with Squamous cell carcinoma of tongue and esophagus are most likely to have following risk factor
* [[Tobacco]] [[chewing]]/[[Tobacco smoking|smoking]]
 
* [[Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Services Block Grant|Alcohol Abuse]]
* Tobacco chewing/smoking
* Poor [[dental]] hygiene
* Alcohol Abuse
* Poor dental hygiene


'''<u>Nasopharynx</u>'''
'''<u>Nasopharynx</u>'''


Persons who have SCC of this region seldom have any risk factors. It most of the times caused by EBV infection.
Persons who have [[SCC]] of this region seldom have any [[risk factors]]. It most of the times caused by [[EBV infection]].


'''<u>Lungs</u>'''
'''<u>Lungs</u>'''


Persons who have SCC of lungs usually have risk factors like
* Therapeutic radiation ([[PUVA therapy|PUVA]] for [[Psoriasis|psoriasis)]]
 
* [[Tobacco smoking]]
* Therapeutic radiation (PUVA for psoriais)
* Tobacco smoking


'''<u>Penis</u>'''
'''<u>Penis</u>'''


Persons who present with Squamous cell carcinoma of penis are most likely to have
* Pre-[[malignant]] [[lesions]] ([[Bowen's disease]], [[Condyloma]] , [[Warts]])
 
* Smoking and [[tobacco]] chewing
* Pre-malignanat lesions ([[Bowen's disease]], [[Condyloma]] , [[Warts]])
* Smoking and tobacco chewing


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 21:45, 12 September 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Govindavarjhulla, M.B.B.S. [2], Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [3]

Overview

The risk factors for the Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) include prolonged sunlight exposure, UV radiation, smoking, drugs etc.

Risk Factors

Common Risk Factors

Common risk factors inlcude:[1]

Less Common Risk factors

Skin

Tongue and Esophagus

Nasopharynx

Persons who have SCC of this region seldom have any risk factors. It most of the times caused by EBV infection.

Lungs

Penis

References

  1. ↑ de Vries E, Trakatelli M, Kalabalikis D, Ferrandiz L, Ruiz-de-Casas A, Moreno-Ramirez D; et al. (2012). "Known and potential new risk factors for skin cancer in European populations: a multicentre case-control study". Br J Dermatol. 167 Suppl 2: 1–13. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11081.x. PMID 22881582.
  2. ↑ de Gruijl FR, van Kranen HJ, Mullenders LH (2001). "UV-induced DNA damage, repair, mutations and oncogenic pathways in skin cancer". J Photochem Photobiol B. 63 (1–3): 19–27. PMID 11684448.
  3. ↑ Jensen P, Hansen S, Møller B, Leivestad T, Pfeffer P, Geiran O; et al. (1999). "Skin cancer in kidney and heart transplant recipients and different long-term immunosuppressive therapy regimens". J Am Acad Dermatol. 40 (2 Pt 1): 177–86. PMID 10025742.
  4. ↑ Yoshinaga S, Hauptmann M, Sigurdson AJ, Doody MM, Freedman DM, Alexander BH; et al. (2005). "Nonmelanoma skin cancer in relation to ionizing radiation exposure among U.S. radiologic technologists". Int J Cancer. 115 (5): 828–34. doi:10.1002/ijc.20939. PMID 15704092.
  5. ↑ Jellouli-Elloumi A, Kochbati L, Dhraief S, Ben Romdhane K, Maalej M (2003). "[Cancers arising from burn scars: 62 cases]". Ann Dermatol Venereol. 130 (4): 413–6. PMID 12843850.
  6. ↑ Cleaver JE, Thompson LH, Richardson AS, States JC (1999). "A summary of mutations in the UV-sensitive disorders: xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne syndrome, and trichothiodystrophy". Hum Mutat. 14 (1): 9–22. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1999)14:1<9::AID-HUMU2>3.0.CO;2-6. PMID 10447254.
  7. ↑ Fine JD, Johnson LB, Weiner M, Li KP, Suchindran C (2009). "Epidermolysis bullosa and the risk of life-threatening cancers: the National EB Registry experience, 1986-2006". J Am Acad Dermatol. 60 (2): 203–11. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.09.035. PMID 19026465.
  8. ↑ Kromberg JG, Castle D, Zwane EM, Jenkins T (1989). "Albinism and skin cancer in Southern Africa". Clin Genet. 36 (1): 43–52. PMID 2766562.
  9. ↑ Tsai KY, Tsao H (2004). "The genetics of skin cancer". Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 131C (1): 82–92. doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.30037. PMID 15468170.
  10. ↑ Kharazmi E, Fallah M, Sundquist K, Hemminki K (2012). "Familial risk of early and late onset cancer: nationwide prospective cohort study". BMJ. 345: e8076. doi:10.1136/bmj.e8076. PMC 3527651. PMID 23257063.
  11. ↑ Cowen EW, Nguyen JC, Miller DD, McShane D, Arron ST, Prose NS; et al. (2010). "Chronic phototoxicity and aggressive squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in children and adults during treatment with voriconazole". J Am Acad Dermatol. 62 (1): 31–7. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.09.033. PMC 2815347. PMID 19896749.
  12. ↑ Robinson SN, Zens MS, Perry AE, Spencer SK, Duell EJ, Karagas MR (2013). "Photosensitizing agents and the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer: a population-based case-control study". J Invest Dermatol. 133 (8): 1950–5. doi:10.1038/jid.2013.33. PMC 3655101. PMID 23344461.


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