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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category: Medicine]]
[[Category: Up-To-Date]]
[[Category: Primary care]]
[[Category: Rheumatology]]
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[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Rheumatology]]
Latest revision as of 00:13, 30 July 2020
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]
Abbreviations:
ABG= Arterial blood gas , ANA= Antinuclear antibody , ANP= Atrial natriuretic peptide , ASO= Antistreptolysin O antibody , BNP= Brain natriuretic peptide , CBC= Complete blood count , COPD= Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , CRP= C-reactive protein , CT= Computed tomography , CXR= Chest X-ray , DVT= Deep vein thrombosis , ESR= Erythrocyte sedimentation rate , HRCT= High Resolution CT , IgE= Immunoglobulin E , LDH= Lactate dehydrogenase , PCWP= Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure , PCR= Polymerase chain reaction , PFT= Pulmonary function test .
Diseases
Clinical manifestations
Para-clinical findings
Gold standard
Additional findings
Symptoms
Physical examination
Lab Findings
Imaging
Histopathology
Headache
Fever
Weight loss
Arthralgia
Claudication
Bruit
HTN
Focal neurological disorder
Biomarker
CBC
ESR
Other
CT scan
Angiography
Ultrasound/ Echocardiography
Other
Small-Vessel Vasculitis
Immune complex small-vessel vasculitis
Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis [1]
+/-
+/-
-
+
+/-
-
-
-
C4 component
Leukocytosis , Anemia
↑
ANA , hypocomplementemia
R/O underlying malignancy
Stenosis or occlusions of the visceral arteries
Bacterial endocarditis in echocardiography
Interstitial involvement or pleural effusions in CXR
HCV -associated proteins in vasculitic skin , Intraluminal cryoglobulin deposits
Histological confirmation
Acrocyanosis , Retinal hemorrhage , Purpura
Hepatitis C virus -associated cryoglobulinemic vasculitis [2]
+/-
+/-
+
+
-
-
+
+/-
HCV RNA , Cryoglobulins
Leukocytosis , Anemia
↑
↓Serum C4 , Positive RF
Increased hepatic echogenicity
-
Hepatomegaly , Splenomegaly
Increased hepatic echogenicity in MRI
Vasculitic skin, Antigen infilteration in lesions
HCV RNA , Histological confirmation
Palpable purpura , Microscopic hematuria
Hematologic disease
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome [3]
+
+
-
+
-
-
+
+
C5b-9 , ADAMTS13
Anemia , Thrombocytopenia , Reticulocytosis
↑
↑Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) , Hypercalcemia
Thalami , brainstem , or cerebellum abnormality
Cerebral microangiopathy or hypertension
Hypoechoic kidney
Abnormal hyperintensity in the brain cisterns in MRI
Microthromboses include fibrin thrombi that may occlude the glomerular tuft
Clinical findings coupled with laboratory abnormalities
Hematuria , Proteinuria
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) [4]
+
+
+
+
+/-
-
-
+/-
CD5 , CD19 , CD20 , IgVH
Absolute lymphocytosis , Smudge cells
↑
Flow cytometry
Staging
-
-
-
Large atypical cells , cleaved cells, and prolymphocytes
Chromosomal and genetic testing
Easy bruising
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [5]
+
+
+
+
+/-
+/-
+/-
+/-
MYC , BCL2 , BCL6 , and TP53
Lymphocytosis , Anemia , Thrombocytopenia
↑
↑Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) , Hypercalcemia
Enlarged lymph nodes , Hepatosplenomegaly , Filling defects in the liver and spleen
-
Hepatosplenomegaly
Mediastinal lymphadenopathy
Small cleaved or noncleaved, intermediate, or large cell with a follicular or diffuse pattern
Surgically excised tissue biopsy
Easy bruising , Testicular mass , Skin lesion
Serum Sickness [6]
+
+
-
+/-
+/-
-
-
+/-
IL-1 , IL-6 , TNF
Leukopenia
↑
Polyclonal gammopathy , ↑Cr , Cryoglobulinemia
-
-
-
-
Arteritic lesions are focal, necrotizing , and inflammatory involving all layers of the artery
Clinical findings coupled with laboratory abnormalities
Hematuria , Skin rash
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation [7]
+/-
+
-
+/-
-
-
+
+
Fibrin degradation product (FDP)
Thrombocytopenia , Schistocytes
↑
↑D-dimer , aPTT and PT
Intracranial hemorrhage
-
-
-
Ischemia and necrosis due to fibrin deposition in small and medium-sized vessels
Clinical findings coupled with laboratory abnormalities
Acral cyanosis , Hemorrhagic skin infarctions
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura [8]
+
+/-
-
+
-
-
-
+
FC gamma receptors (FCGR) IIb
Anemia , Thrombocytopenia
-
HIV , ANA
R/O other causes
-
R/O splenomegaly
-
Increased number of normal morphologic megakaryocytes
Clinical findings coupled with thrombocytopenia
Easy bruising , Purpura
Systemic disease
Sarcoidosis [9]
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
+/-
IL-2 and IFN-γ
Mild anemia
↑
↑ACE , ↑1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D
Active alveolitis or fibrosis
-
Hepatosplenomegaly
Bilateral hilar adenopathy
Noncaseating granulomas (NCGs)
Histological confirmation
Heart block , Ocular lesion
Legionella Infection [10]
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
+/-
Inflammatory cytokines
Leukocytosis with left shift , Thrombocytosis
↑
↑D-dimer , FDP , Hyponatremia
Pleural effusion
-
-
Nonspecific and indistinguishable CXR
Intra-alveolar inflammation , Microabscesses in the parenchyma
Sputum culture
Cough , Diarrhea
Systemic lupus erythematosus [11]
+
+
+
+
-
-
+
+
Anti dsDNA , ANA
Leukopenia , Lymphopenia , Anemia , Thrombocytopenia
↑
↑Cr or BUN ,
↑ALT or AST , Proteinuria
Interstitial lung disease, Pneumonitis , Pulmonary emboli , Alveolar hemorrhage
Aneurysms
Pericardial effusion , pulmonary hypertension , or verrucous Libman-Sacks endocarditis in echocardiography
Central nervous system (CNS) lupus white-matter changes in MRI
Staging lupus nephritis
Anti-dsDNA antibody test
Skin rashes or photosensitivity
Relapsing polychondritis [12]
-
+/-
+/-
+
+
-
-
-
-
Leukocytosis , Anemia
-
Cryoglobulins , ANA , C-ANCA
Calcification of cartilaginous structures
Aortic root dilatation
Aortic root dilatation and degree of aortic regurgitation in echocardiography
Tracheal stenosis in CXR
Chondrolysis, Chondritis , Perichondritis
Clinical findings coupled with imaging
Ear pain and redness, Polyarthritis
References
↑ Ferri C, Mascia MT (January 2006). "Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis". Curr Opin Rheumatol . 18 (1): 54–63. PMID 16344620 .
↑ Guo QY, Wu M, Wang YW, Sun GD (2017). "Hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinemia with membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis treated with prednisolone and interferon: A case report" . Exp Ther Med . 14 (2): 1395–1398. doi :10.3892/etm.2017.4671 . PMC 5525644 . PMID 28810602 .
↑ Corrigan JJ, Boineau FG (November 2001). "Hemolytic-uremic syndrome". Pediatr Rev . 22 (11): 365–9. PMID 11691946 .
↑ Byrd JC, Stilgenbauer S, Flinn IW (2004). "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia". Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program : 163–83. doi :10.1182/asheducation-2004.1.163 . PMID 15561682 .
↑ Shankland KR, Armitage JO, Hancock BW (September 2012). "Non-Hodgkin lymphoma". Lancet . 380 (9844): 848–57. doi :10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60605-9 . PMID 22835603 .
↑ Lin RY (January 1986). "Serum sickness syndrome". Am Fam Physician . 33 (1): 157–62. PMID 2867672 .
↑ Venugopal A (2014). "Disseminated intravascular coagulation" . Indian J Anaesth . 58 (5): 603–8. doi :10.4103/0019-5049.144666 . PMC 4260307 . PMID 25535423 .
↑ Nomura S (2016). "Advances in Diagnosis and Treatments for Immune Thrombocytopenia" . Clin Med Insights Blood Disord . 9 : 15–22. doi :10.4137/CMBD.S39643 . PMC 4948655 . PMID 27441004 .
↑ Chiarchiaro J, Chen BB, Gibson KF (2016). "New molecular targets for the treatment of sarcoidosis" . Curr Opin Pulm Med . 22 (5): 515–21. doi :10.1097/MCP.0000000000000304 . PMC 5152532 . PMID 27454074 .
↑ Murdoch DR (January 2003). "Diagnosis of Legionella infection". Clin. Infect. Dis . 36 (1): 64–9. doi :10.1086/345529 . PMID 12491204 .
↑ Tsokos, George C. (2011). "Systemic Lupus Erythematosus". New England Journal of Medicine . 365 (22): 2110–2121. doi :10.1056/NEJMra1100359 . ISSN 0028-4793 .
↑ Emmungil H, Aydın SZ (2015). "Relapsing polychondritis" . Eur J Rheumatol . 2 (4): 155–159. doi :10.5152/eurjrheum.2015.0036 . PMC 5047229 . PMID 27708954 .
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