Sarcoidosis

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Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis in a Lymph Node.
ICD-10 D86
ICD-9 135
OMIM 181000
DiseasesDB 11797
MedlinePlus 000076
MeSH D012507

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Editor-in-Chief: Philip Marcus, M.D., M.P.H. [1], Division of Pulmonary Medicine St. Francis Hospital-The Heart Center, Roslyn, NY

Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2] and Hilary Womble, M. D.

Click Here For The Chapter On The Heart In Sarcoidosis

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Sarcoidosis involves a dysregulated immune response to environmental agents in a genetically susceptible host.

Immunological factors- The sarcoid granulomas indicate cell mediated immune response. Anergy to common skin test antigens like Candida and Tuberculosis purified protein derivative (PPD) is seen in sarcoidosis patient.It was demonstrated that the mycobacterial virulence factors, ESAT-6 and katG, when presented by DRB1*1101 are recognized by sarcoidosis CD4+ T cells.[1]

Environmental factors - Several environmental exposures are believed to be associated with the risk for sarcoidosis:mold or mildew, musty odors at work, agricultural employment, and pesticide-using industries.

Genetic factors - Recent pangenomic studies highlight some regions of the genome such as 6p21 where are located important immune genes: MHC, BTNL2 and TNF-α . Sarcoidosis is more common and severe in blacks than whites.[2]It was recently found that non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs1049550, within the annexin A11 (ANXA11) gene was associated with susceptibility to sarcoidosis[3].Sarcoidosis likely results from an interplay of environmental and genetic factors.

Differentiating Sarcoidosis from other Disorders

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Electrocardiogram | Chest X Ray | CT | MRI | Echocardiography or Ultrasound | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case study #1

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da:Sarkoidose de:Sarkoidose eo:Sarkoidozo eu:Sarkoidosia he:סרקואידוזיס lb:Sarkoidos nl:Sarcoïdose no:Sarkoidose nn:sarkoidose sq:Sarkoidoza fi:Sarkoidoosi sv:Sarkoidos

  1. Oswald-Richter K, Sato H, Hajizadeh R, Shepherd BE, Sidney J, Sette A; et al. (2010). "Mycobacterial ESAT-6 and katG are recognized by sarcoidosis CD4+ T cells when presented by the American sarcoidosis susceptibility allele, DRB1*1101". J Clin Immunol. 30 (1): 157–66. doi:10.1007/s10875-009-9311-y. PMC 2821522. PMID 19536643.
  2. Judson MA, Boan AD, Lackland DT (2012). "The clinical course of sarcoidosis: presentation, diagnosis, and treatment in a large white and black cohort in the United States". Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 29 (2): 119–27. PMID 23461074.
  3. Levin AM, Iannuzzi MC, Montgomery CG, Trudeau S, Datta I, McKeigue P; et al. (2013). "Association of ANXA11 genetic variation with sarcoidosis in African Americans and European Americans". Genes Immun. 14 (1): 13–8. doi:10.1038/gene.2012.48. PMC 3595044. PMID 23151485.