Sandbox Myopathy

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Differentiating Various Muscle Weakness

Disease	Symptoms									History	Physical Examination	Diagnosis
	Age of onset	Muscle weakness		Fever	Muscle pain	Gait abnormality	Neuropathy	Myoglobinuria	Other features			Laboratory Findings		Creatine Kinase	Muscle Biopsy	Electromyogram
		Proximal	DIstal
Medications
Corticosteroids	Variable	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	Central obesity Excessive sweating Insomnia Reduced libido  Amenorrhea Infertility  Psychological disturbances	+ History of medications	Facial and sphincter muscles usually are spared	+ ACTH Stimulation test 24-hour urine cortisol Low dose dexamethasone suppression test		-	-	-
Statins	60+	+	-	-	+	-	-	-/+(rhabdomyolysis)	N/A	Positive medication history	Tenderness Muscle aches	↑↑ liver enzymes		↑↑	Necrosis Degeneration, and regeneration of fibers Phagocytic infiltration	-
Alcohol	Variable	+	-	-	-	+	+/-	-	Swelling Tender Erythema and induration	Alcohol intoxication	Change in mental status Telangiectasia Peripheral neuropathy	nonspecific and are normal in many patients		Normal or ↑↑	Normal	Normal
Endocrine
Cushing's disease	25 -45	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	Decreased libido Obesity/weight gain Plethora Round face Menstrual changes Hirsutism Hypertension Ecchymoses Lethargy, depression Dorsal fat pad Abnormal glucose tolerance	N/A	Facial and sphincter muscles usually are spared Overweight Straie Moon face HTN Hyperpigmentation	+ ACTH Stimulation test 24-hour urine cortisol Low dose dexamethasone suppression test		Normal	Atrophy of type 2 muscle fibers, especially type 2B	Normal
Adrenal insufficiency	30-50 years	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	Signs of glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and, androgen deficiency.	Signs of postural hypotension History of tuberculosis History of malignancy History of other autoimmune disease	Hypotension  Hyperpigmentation  Auricular-cartilage calcification  Vitiligo	Electrolyte abnormalities Hypoglycemia		Normal	Normal	Normal
Hyperaldosteronism with myopathy	50	+	+	-	-	-	-	+ Rhabdomyolysis	Palpitations Hypertension	Episodes of heart beats	Hyperpigmentation	Hypokalemia		Normal	Normal	Normal
Hyperthyroidism	40	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	Signs of hyperthyroidism	Sweating Tremor' H/o of weight loss	Sweating Tremor' Swelling on neck examination	Decreased TSH		↑↑	Non specific	Myotonic
Hypothyroidism	>55	+	-	-	+	-	-	+ Rhabdomyolysis	Signs of hypothyroidism	H/o weight gain	Myoedema  Muscle pseudohypertrophy	Increased TSH		↑↑	Nonspecific	Normal
Diabetic infraction	45	+	-	+	+	-	+	-	Cramps Sudden onset of pain Anterior thigh muscles are most commonly involved	H/O long standing diabetes	Swelling Tenderness	Elevation of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate Leukocytosis		Normal	Necrosis Edema	Normal
Inflammatory / Rheumatologic
Dermatomyositis	40s-50s Can affect childreen	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	Rash Dyspnea Weight loss Cough		Heliotrope rash on face and hands Telangectasia Erythema Mechanic's hands Gottron's sign ( violaceous scaly eruption )	↑↑ ESR ↑↑ CRP		↑↑	Perimysial mononuclear infiltrate	Muscle inflammation and damage
Polymyositis	> 18 years	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	Similar to dermatomyositis without mucous and skin involvement	N/A	N/A			↑↑	Endomysial mononuclear infiltrate Patchy necrosis
Inclusion body myositis	50s	+	+											↑↑
Fibomyalgia	40-50s	+	-	-	-	-	++	-	Anxiety or depression features Fatigue Sleep disturbance Numbness Muscle spasms	History of depressive disorder	Tenderness in the soft tissue anatomical location	Normal		Normal	Normal	Normal
Polymyalgia Rheumatica	50s	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	Weight loss	History of joints stiffness which is worse in the morning	Restricted shoulder motion	↑ CRP ↑ ESR		Normal	Normal	Normal
Genetic
Becker muscular dystrophy	<13yrs	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	Milder form of Duchenne	Growth delay Age of onset of symptoms is much delayed than duchenne		Decreased amount of dystrophin.		↑↑	Muscle fibril degeneration, regeneration Isolated fiber hypertrophy Muscle replacement with fat and connective tissue	Myopathic changes
Duchenne muscular dystrophy	<13 yrs	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	Calf psedohypertrophy Cardiomyopathy Kyphoscoliosis Cognitive impairment	Early onset	+Grower sign	Errors in the Xp21 gene. Absence of dystrophin.		↑↑
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophies	<15 yrs	+	-	-	+	+	-	-	Calf hypertrophy Scapular winging Cardiomyopathy Cardiac arrhythmias Respiratory muscle weakness	Autosomal dominant		LMNA gene CAV3 gene		↑↑	-
Myotonic dystrophy type 1		+	+	-	-	+	-	-	Myotonia Cataracts Diabetes mellitus Frontal balding Cardiac arrhythmias Cholecystitis Pregnancy Eyelid ptosis
Infectious
Lyme disease	Variable	+	-	+	+	+/-	+	-	Erythema Migrans Flu-like symptoms Lyme arthritis Neurological manifestations	+ Tick bite Hiking/Tip	Target-like lesions HSM	Clinical diagnosis +Serology		-	-	-
Infulenza	Variable	-	-	+	+	+	-	+	Fever Malaise Rhinorrhea Muscle pain worse with movement		Muscle weakness, tenderness, and swelling.	↑↑ Liver enzymes +PCR		↑↑	-	-
Polio	<5 yrs	+	-	-	-	+	+	-	Asymmetrical paralysis Muscle atrophy Tremors Skeletal deformities		Normal Meningeal signs Asymmetrical flaccid paralysis Pharyngeal paralysis	Isolation from pharyngealsecretions, CSF +Serology		-	-	Neurological pattern
Syphilis	Variable	-	-	-	-	+	+	-	Chancre Lymphadenopathy Condylomata lata Neuro syphilis Cardiovascular syphilis	History of risk factors (MSM, unprotected sex, multiple sex partners)	Non-tender chancre in primary syphilis. Followed by rash Generalized lymphadenopathy in secondary syphilis	Darkfield examinations VDRL RPR FTA-ABS		-	-	-
Pyomyositis	Variable	+/-	+/-	+	+	-	-	-	Fever Malaise Psoas abscess	Immunocopmprimised	Muscles are painful, swollen, tender, and indurated. Depending on the site of involvement, it may mimic appendicitis (psoas muscle), septic arthritis of the hip (iliacus muscle), or epidural abscess (piriformis muscle).	Leukocytosis Elevated ESR		-	-	-
Neurologic
ALS																Neuropathic
Stroke	>65	+	+	-	-	+	+	-	Dysphagia Unilateral/Bilateral weakness	H/o HTN, dyslipedemia DM	Weakness of the involved arm			Normal	Normal	Neuropathic
GBS	18 -350	+	+	-	-	+	-	-	Ascending paralysis	Precedes a gastrointestinal disease	Weakness of lower extremities followed by upper extremities	Cytologic albumin ratio		Normal	Normal	Neuropathic
Multiple Sclerosis
Neuro-muscular
Botulisim
Lambert-Eaton myaes
Myasthenia gravis
Paraneoplastic
Metabolic
Glycogen storage disease	Variable	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	AR Faituge Hypoglycemia	Exercise intolerance	Hypotonia Hepatomeagly	Lactic acidosis Elevated liver enzymes Ketosis		↑↑	Normal	Normal