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Vitamin D deficiency Microchapters

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Differentiating Vitamin D deficiency from other Diseases

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sadaf Sharfaei M.D.[2]

Overview

Common causes of vitamin D deficiency are inadequate vitamin D skin production, less dietary vitamin D intake and impaired absorption. Other causes of vitamin D deficiency include vitamin D loss, abnormal metabolism, resistance to vitamin D and medication. [1]

Causes

Vitamin D deficiency may be caused by: [1]

  • Inadequate vitamin D skin production
  • Inadequate vitamin D dietary intake
  • Vitamin D loss
  • Malabsorption
  • Impaired metabolism
  • Resistance to Vitamin D
  • Medication

Common causes

  • Antiepileptic medication [2]
  • Glucocorticoid [3]
  • Inadequate sun exposure including dark skin and clothing [4]
  • Inadequate vitamin D dietary intake

Less common cause

  • Autosomal-dominant hypophosphatemic rickets
  • Celiac disease
  • Chronic kidney disease: impaired renal 1α-hydroxylation [5]
  • Crohn disease [6][7]
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Impaired enterohepatic circulation
  • Nephrotic syndrome
  • Post gastric bypass surgery
  • Primary hyperparathyroidism
  • Rifampin
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Severe liver failure: impaired hepatic 25-hydroxylation
  • Short bowel syndrome
  • St John's wort
  • Tuberculosis
  • Type I hereditary vitamin D–dependent rickets
  • Type II hereditary vitamin D–dependent rickets
  • Vitamin D-resistant rickets
  • Whipple disease
  • X-linked familial hypophosphatemia

Causes by organ system

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in alphabetical order

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3

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Hossein-nezhad A, Holick MF (2013). "Vitamin D for health: a global perspective". Mayo Clin Proc. 88 (7): 720–55. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.05.011. PMC 3761874. PMID 23790560.
  2. Pack AM, Morrell MJ (2004). "Epilepsy and bone health in adults". Epilepsy Behav. 5 Suppl 2: S24–9. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2003.11.029. PMID 15123008.
  3. Zhou C, Assem M, Tay JC, Watkins PB, Blumberg B, Schuetz EG; et al. (2006). "Steroid and xenobiotic receptor and vitamin D receptor crosstalk mediates CYP24 expression and drug-induced osteomalacia". J Clin Invest. 116 (6): 1703–12. doi:10.1172/JCI27793. PMC 1459072. PMID 16691293.
  4. Holick MF (2012). "Vitamin D: extraskeletal health". Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 38 (1): 141–60. doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2012.03.013. PMID 22525849.
  5. Ali FN, Arguelles LM, Langman CB, Price HE (2009). "Vitamin D deficiency in children with chronic kidney disease: uncovering an epidemic". Pediatrics. 123 (3): 791–6. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-0634. PMID 19255004.
  6. Pappa HM, Gordon CM, Saslowsky TM, Zholudev A, Horr B, Shih MC; et al. (2006). "Vitamin D status in children and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease". Pediatrics. 118 (5): 1950–61. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0841. PMC 3205440. PMID 17079566.
  7. Lo CW, Paris PW, Clemens TL, Nolan J, Holick MF (1985). "Vitamin D absorption in healthy subjects and in patients with intestinal malabsorption syndromes". Am J Clin Nutr. 42 (4): 644–9. PMID 4050723.


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