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To go to the COVID-19 project topics list, click '''[[COVID-19 Project Topics|here]]'''.
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'''COVID-19-associated hepatic injury Microchapters'''
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==Complications==
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===[[Anorexia associated with COVID-19]]===
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*According to a recent study by Pan et al, 48.5% presented with digestive symptoms as their chief complaint. [[Anorexia]] was the most common (83.8%) of digestive symptoms associated with SARS-Cov2 infection. With COVID-19 primarily being a respiratory disease, surprisingly around 3% cases had just the digestive symptoms but no respiratory symptoms.<ref name="pmid32287140">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pan L, Mu M, Yang P, Sun Y, Wang R, Yan J, Li P, Hu B, Wang J, Hu C, Jin Y, Niu X, Ping R, Du Y, Li T, Xu G, Hu Q, Tu L |title=Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients With Digestive Symptoms in Hubei, China: A Descriptive, Cross-Sectional, Multicenter Study |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=115 |issue=5 |pages=766–773 |date=May 2020 |pmid=32287140 |pmc=7172492 |doi=10.14309/ajg.0000000000000620 |url=}}</ref>
[[COVID-19-associated hepatic injury|Home]]
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====Natural history====
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[[COVID-19-associated hepatic injury (patient information)|Patient Information]]
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====History of anorexia associated with COVID-19====
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====Diagnosis====
[[COVID-19-associated hepatic injury overview|Overview]]
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'''Laboratory Findings'''
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[[COVID-19-associated hepatic injury historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]
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====Treatment====
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[[COVID-19-associated hepatic injury classification|Classification]]
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===[[Oral musical lesions associated with COVID-19]]===
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*Recently, according to Carreras-Presas et al.  [[oral]] [[Vesicular and bullous lesions|vesiculobullous lesions]] associated with COVID-19 infection have been reported in three patients.<ref name="pmid32521067">{{cite journal |vauthors=Al-Khatib A |title=Oral manifestations in COVID-19 patients |journal=Oral Dis |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=June 2020 |pmid=32521067 |doi=10.1111/odi.13477 |url=}}</ref>
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====Pathophysiology====
[[COVID-19-associated hepatic injury pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]
*An abundant Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 ([[ACE2]]) receptor expression on epithelial cells of the [[oral cavity]] plays a pivotal role in allowing COVID-19 virus to enter the [[epithelial cells]] and cause infection. There is a  strong association between ACE-2 and 2019-nCoV S protein. The presence of coronavirus in human saliva is attributed to the same reason.<ref name="pmid32474389">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baghizadeh Fini M |title=Oral saliva and COVID-19 |journal=Oral Oncol. |volume=108 |issue= |pages=104821 |date=May 2020 |pmid=32474389 |pmc=7250788 |doi=10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104821 |url=}}</ref>
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====Natural history====
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[[COVID-19-associated hepatic injury causes|Causes]]
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====History of oral musical lesions associated with COVID-19====
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====Diagnosis====
[[COVID-19-associated hepatic injury differential diagnosis|Differentiating COVID-19-associated hepatic injury from other Diseases]]
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[[COVID-19-associated hepatic injury epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]
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'''Laboratory Findings'''
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[[COVID-19-associated hepatic injury risk factors|Risk Factors]]
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====Treatment====
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[[COVID-19-associated hepatic injury screening|Screening]]
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[[COVID-19-associated hepatic injury natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]
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===Dysgeusia associated with COVID-19===
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*[[Dysgeusia]]
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Diagnosis
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===Hepatic injury associated with COVID-19===
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*Several studies have reported the incidence of liver injury in [[COVID-19]] infected patients.
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====Pathophysiology====
[[COVID-19-associated hepatic injury diagnostic study of choice|Diagnostic Study of Choice]]
*The exact mechanism of liver injury is still unclear. There are a few proposed mechanisms by which the SARS-CoV2 virus can infect liver cells causing damage, leading to a rise in hepatic enzymes.
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**Hepatic injury directly caused by the viral infection of the liver as the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in stool gives rise to the notion of viral exposure in the liver. <ref name="pmid32145190">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang C, Shi L, Wang FS |title=Liver injury in COVID-19: management and challenges |journal=Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=428–430 |date=May 2020 |pmid=32145190 |pmc=7129165 |doi=10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30057-1 |url=}}</ref>
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**A preliminary study suggested that Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 ([[ACE2]]) receptor expression is enriched in [[cholangiocytes]] and not in [[hepatocytes]], indicating that SARS-CoV-2 might directly bind to ACE2-positive cholangiocytes to dysregulate liver function. The studies have not yet answered about the specific mechanisms of [[cholangiocyte]] injury, and how [[hepatocyte]] injury occurs as it lacks ACE2 receptor.<ref name="pmid32243269">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee IC, Huo TI, Huang YH |title=Gastrointestinal and liver manifestations in patients with COVID-19 |journal=J Chin Med Assoc |volume=83 |issue=6 |pages=521–523 |date=June 2020 |pmid=32243269 |pmc=7176263 |doi=10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000319 |url=}}</ref><ref name="KumarSharma2020">{{cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Pramod|last2=Sharma|first2=Mithun|last3=Kulkarni|first3=Anand|last4=Rao|first4=Padaki N.|title=Pathogenesis of Liver Injury in Coronavirus Disease 2019|journal=Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology|year=2020|issn=09736883|doi=10.1016/j.jceh.2020.05.006}}</ref>


====Natural history====
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* According to the data available to date, patients with severe disease had increased incidence of abnormal liver function. By Guan et al. of 1099 COVID-19 positive patients, 2.3% had a preexisting liver injury, but elevated levels of [[AST]] were observed in 18.2% of the patients with non-severe disease and 39·4% patients with severe disease. Other studies with a lesser sample size had similar findings reported.<ref name="pmid32145190">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang C, Shi L, Wang FS |title=Liver injury in COVID-19: management and challenges |journal=Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=428–430 |date=May 2020 |pmid=32145190 |pmc=7129165 |doi=10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30057-1 |url=}}</ref>
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[[COVID-19-associated hepatic injury history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]]
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====Diagnosis====
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[[COVID-19-associated hepatic injury physical examination|Physical Examination]]
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'''Laboratory Findings'''
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[[COVID-19-associated hepatic injury laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]]
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====Treatment====
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[[COVID-19-associated hepatic injury electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]]
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[[COVID-19-associated hepatic injury x ray|X-ray]]
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==References==
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{{Reflist|2}}
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[[COVID-19-associated hepatic injury echocardiography and ultrasound|Echocardiography and Ultrasound]]
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[[COVID-19-associated hepatic injury CT scan|CT scan]]
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[[COVID-19-associated hepatic injury MRI|MRI]]
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[[COVID-19-associated hepatic injury other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]]
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[[COVID-19-associated hepatic injury other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
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Treatment
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[[COVID-19-associated hepatic injury medical therapy|Medical Therapy]]
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[[COVID-19-associated hepatic injury interventions|Interventions]]
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[[COVID-19-associated hepatic injury surgery|Surgery]]
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[[COVID-19-associated hepatic injury primary prevention|Primary Prevention]]
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[[COVID-19-associated hepatic injury secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]]
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[[COVID-19-associated hepatic injury cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]]
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[[COVID-19-associated hepatic injury future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]
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Case Studies
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[[COVID-19-associated hepatic injury case study one|Case #1]]
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{{PAGENAME}} On the Web
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[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&db=pubmed&term={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}} Most recent articles]
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[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?ie=UTF-8&oe=utf-8&q={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}&qt_s=Search&sa=N&tab=ps Most cited articles]
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[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=search&db=pubmed&term={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}%20AND%20systematic%5Bsb%5D  Review articles]
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[http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&q={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}+more:health_continuing_education&cx=disease_for_health_professionals&sa=N&oi=coopctx&resnum=0&ct=col3&cd=2 CME Programs]
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[http://www.google.com/search?q={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}+ppt&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a Powerpoint slides]
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[http://images.google.com/images?q={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}&ie=UTF-8&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&sa=N&tab=wi Images]
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of {{PAGENAME}}
:[http://goldminer.arrs.org/search.php?query={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}} All Images]
:[http://goldminer.arrs.org/search.php?query={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}} X-ray}}}} X-rays]
:[http://goldminer.arrs.org/search.php?query={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}} Ultrasound}}}} Echo & Ultrasound]
:[http://goldminer.arrs.org/search.php?query={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}} CT}}}} CT Images]
:[http://goldminer.arrs.org/search.php?query={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}} MRI}}}} MRI]
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[http://clinicaltrials.gov/search/open/condition={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}} Ongoing Trials  at Clinical Trials.gov]
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[http://www.guideline.gov/search/searchresults.aspx?Type=3&txtSearch={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}&num=20 US National Guidelines Clearinghouse]
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[http://www.nice.org.uk/search/guidancesearchresults.jsp?keywords={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}&searchType=guidance NICE Guidance]
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[http://google2.fda.gov/search?q={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}&x=0&y=0&client=FDA&site=FDA&lr=&proxystylesheet=FDA&output=xml_no_dtd&getfields=* FDA on {{PAGENAME}}]
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[http://www.cdc.gov/search.do?queryText={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}&searchButton.x=33&searchButton.y=6&action=search CDC on {{PAGENAME}}]
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[http://news.google.com/news?q={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}&ie=UTF-8&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&sa=N&tab=wn {{PAGENAME}} in the news]
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[http://blogsearch.google.com/blogsearch?q={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}&ie=UTF-8&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&sa=N&tab=wb Blogs on {{PAGENAME}}]
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[http://maps.google.com/maps?q={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|map+top+hospital+Psoriasis}}}}&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&hl=en&tab=wl Directions to Hospitals Treating Psoriasis]
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[http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla%3Aen-US%3Aofficial&hs=QWo&q={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}+AND+risk+score+OR+risk+calculator&btnG=Search Risk calculators and risk factors for {{PAGENAME}}]
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Revision as of 12:12, 26 June 2020

COVID-19-associated hepatic injury Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating COVID-19-associated hepatic injury from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

Echocardiography and Ultrasound

CT scan

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Interventions

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Sandbox:Javaria On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Sandbox:Javaria

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Sandbox:Javaria

CDC on Sandbox:Javaria

Sandbox:Javaria in the news

Blogs on Sandbox:Javaria

Directions to Hospitals Treating Psoriasis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Sandbox:Javaria

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