Sandbox:Dildar
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dildar Hussain, MBBS [2]
Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
HCC Differnetial Table
Abbreviations: RUQ= Right upper quadrant of the abdomen, LUQ= Left upper quadrant, LLQ= Left lower quadrant, RLQ= Right lower quadrant, LFT= Liver function test, SIRS= Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, ERCP= Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, IV= Intravenous, N= Normal, AMA= Anti mitochondrial antibodies, LDH= Lactate dehydrogenase, GI= Gastrointestinal, CXR= Chest X ray, IgA= Immunoglobulin A, IgG= Immunoglobulin G, IgM= Immunoglobulin M, CT= Computed tomography, PMN= Polymorphonuclear cells, ESR= Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP= C-reactive protein, TS= Transferrin saturation, SF= Serum Ferritin, SMA= Superior mesenteric artery, SMV= Superior mesenteric vein, ECG= Electrocardiogram
Disease | Clinical manifestations | Diagnosis | Comments | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Symptoms | Signs | |||||||||||||||
Abdominal Pain | Fever | Rigors and chills | Nausea or vomiting | Jaundice | Constipation | Diarrhea | Weight loss | GI bleeding | Hypo-
tension |
Guarding | Rebound Tenderness | Bowel sounds | Lab Findings | Imaging | ||
Hepatocellular carcinoma/Metastasis | RUQ | + | − | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | − | + |
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|
Other symptoms: | |
Cholangiocarcinoma | RUQ | + | − | + | + | − | − | + | − | − | − | + | Normal |
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| |
Pancreatic carcinoma | MidEpigastric | − | − | + | + | + | − | + | − | − | − | + | Normal |
Skin manifestations may include: | ||
Focal nodular hyperplasia | Diffuse | ± | − | − | ± | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | Normal |
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|
|
Disease | Abdominal Pain | Fever | Rigors and chills | Nausea or vomiting | Jaundice | Constipation | Diarrhea | Weight loss | GI bleeding | Hypo-
tension |
Guarding | Rebound Tenderness | Bowel sounds | Lab Findings | Imaging | Comments |
Gallbladder cancer | Midepigastric | − | − | + | + | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | Normal |
|
||
Liver hemangioma | Intermittent RUQ | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | Normal |
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| |
Liver abscess | RUQ | + | − | + | + | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | Normal |
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Cirrhosis | RUQ+Bloating | + | − | + | + | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | Normal |
|
US
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Inflammatory lesions | RUQ | ± | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | Normal |
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US
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Classification
Historical Perspective
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Splenic Rupture from Other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Study of Choice
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Electrocardiogram
X-Ray
MRI
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Algorithms
Major molecular events in the pathogenesis of HCC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Genomic alterations | Epigenetic modifications | Growthfactor pathway alterations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gene Mutations | Gene Amplification | DNA methylation micro RNA | Micro RNA | LNC RNA | Major Signaling pathways | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
•TERT promoter •TP53 •CTNNB1 •AXIN1 •AXIN2 •ATM •RPS6KA3 •JAK1 •IL6R •IL6ST •ARID1 •ARID2 | •CCND1 •FGF19 •CDKNA2A •CDKNA2B •AXIN1 •IRF2 •MET | GSTP1 •E-Cadherin •CDKNA2 •RASSF1A •SOCS-3 •MIGMT | •MiR-155 •Mir-122 •Mir-224 •Mir-21 | •HULC •HEIH •Dreh •MVIH •HOTAIR •MDIG •LINE1 | •Wnt/β –catenin •Tyrosine kinase pathways EGF HGF/c-MET FGF VEGF •IGF •HIF •TGF β •Hedgehog | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The incidence of HCC has almost tripled since the early 1980s in the United States where it is the fastest rising cause of cancer-related deaths1. According to population based Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results registry data, the overall HCC age adjusted incidence rates for liver and intrahepatic ducts cancer is as high as 8 per 100,000 underling population in 2010 (Fig. 1) of which at least 6 per 100,000 related to HCC. Men are at approximately three times higher risk than women. Asian men (i.e., Chinese, Korean, Filipino, and Japanese) have the highest age-adjusted incidence rates. However, the largest proportional increases have occurred among Hispanics followed by blacks and non-Hispanic whites, whereas the lowest proportional increases have occurred among Asians. In contrast to Asians/Pacific Islanders, HCC incidence rates are reported to be higher among Hispanics born in the United States than among foreign-born Hispanics2. HCC incidence rates have increased in each successive birth cohort born between 1900 and 19593 (Fig. 2). In addition, the age distribution of HCC patients has shifted to younger ages, with the greatest proportional increases among individuals 45–60 years old (Fig. 2). There is a south to north gradient in the incidence and mortality of HCC; Southern states including Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi have some of the highest HCC incidence rates in the nation (Fig. 3). In one study, Texas Latino and especially South Texas Latinos had the highest age-adjusted HCC incidence rates (as high as 10.6/100,000)4.
Video codes
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Redirect
- REDIRECTEsophageal web
synonym website
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Image
Image to the right
Image and text to the right
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Gallery
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Histopathology of a pancreatic endocrine tumor (insulinoma). Source:https://librepathology.org/wiki/Neuroendocrine_tumour_of_the_pancreas[2]
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Histopathology of a pancreatic endocrine tumor (insulinoma). Chromogranin A immunostain. Source:https://librepathology.org/wiki/Neuroendocrine_tumour_of_the_pancreas[2]
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Histopathology of a pancreatic endocrine tumor (insulinoma). Insulin immunostain. Source:https://librepathology.org/wiki/Neuroendocrine_tumour_of_the_pancreas[2]
References
- ↑ "File:Jaundice08.jpg - Wikimedia Commons". External link in
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(help) - ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreas. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Neuroendocrine_tumour_of_the_pancreas