Sandbox:Chandra: Difference between revisions

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===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
There following are some of the Common causes of Central Cyanosis:<ref name="pmid1523025">{{cite journal |vauthors=DiMaio AM, Singh J |title=The infant with cyanosis in the emergency room |journal=Pediatr. Clin. North Am. |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=987–1006 |date=October 1992 |pmid=1523025 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid2407997">{{cite journal |vauthors=Driscoll DJ |title=Evaluation of the cyanotic newborn |journal=Pediatr. Clin. North Am. |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |date=February 1990 |pmid=2407997 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid22482063">{{cite journal |vauthors=Izraelit A, Ten V, Krishnamurthy G, Ratner V |title=Neonatal cyanosis: diagnostic and management challenges |journal=ISRN Pediatr |volume=2011 |issue= |pages=175931 |date= 2011 |pmid=22482063 |pmc=3317242 |doi=10.5402/2011/175931 |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid21462449">{{cite journal |vauthors=Serino G, Giacomazzi F |title=[Pulmonary arterial hypertension in adult patients with congenital heart disease] |language=Italian |journal=Pediatr Med Chir |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=274–9 |date= 2010 |pmid=21462449 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid7073040">{{cite journal |vauthors=Curry S |title=Methemoglobinemia |journal=Ann Emerg Med |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=214–21 |date=April 1982 |pmid=7073040 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
There following are some of the Common causes of Central Cyanosis:<ref name="pmid1523025">{{cite journal |vauthors=DiMaio AM, Singh J |title=The infant with cyanosis in the emergency room |journal=Pediatr. Clin. North Am. |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=987–1006 |date=October 1992 |pmid=1523025 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid2407997">{{cite journal |vauthors=Driscoll DJ |title=Evaluation of the cyanotic newborn |journal=Pediatr. Clin. North Am. |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |date=February 1990 |pmid=2407997 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid25604592">{{cite journal |vauthors=Frank DB, Hanna BD |title=Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease and Eisenmenger syndrome: current practice in pediatrics |journal=Minerva Pediatr. |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=169–85 |date=April 2015 |pmid=25604592 |pmc=4382100 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid22482063">{{cite journal |vauthors=Izraelit A, Ten V, Krishnamurthy G, Ratner V |title=Neonatal cyanosis: diagnostic and management challenges |journal=ISRN Pediatr |volume=2011 |issue= |pages=175931 |date= 2011 |pmid=22482063 |pmc=3317242 |doi=10.5402/2011/175931 |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid21462449">{{cite journal |vauthors=Serino G, Giacomazzi F |title=[Pulmonary arterial hypertension in adult patients with congenital heart disease] |language=Italian |journal=Pediatr Med Chir |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=274–9 |date= 2010 |pmid=21462449 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid7073040">{{cite journal |vauthors=Curry S |title=Methemoglobinemia |journal=Ann Emerg Med |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=214–21 |date=April 1982 |pmid=7073040 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid15342970">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ash-Bernal R, Wise R, Wright SM |title=Acquired methemoglobinemia: a retrospective series of 138 cases at 2 teaching hospitals |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=83 |issue=5 |pages=265–73 |date=September 2004 |pmid=15342970 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid28722923">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kondamudi NP, Dulebohn SC |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=28722923 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
*'''Conditions associated with decreased concentration of inspired oxygen (FiO2):'''
*'''Conditions associated with decreased concentration of inspired oxygen (FiO2):'''
**[[Smoke inhalation]] most commonly from house fires
**[[Smoke inhalation]] most commonly from house fires
Line 143: Line 143:
===Genetic Causes===
===Genetic Causes===
*[Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene name] gene.
*[Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene name] gene.
===Causes by Organ System===
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" |'''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | No underlying causes
__NOTOC__
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CK}}
== central cyanosis causes==
*'''Conditions associated with decreased concentration of inspired oxygen (FiO2):'''
**Smoke inhalation most commonly from house fires
**Carbon monoxide poisoning
**Hydrogen cyanide poisoning
**Intentional or unintensional exposure to asphyxiating gases (eg, Propane, methane, butane, hydrogen sulphide)
*'''Decresed atmospheric pressure: High altitude'''
*'''Disorders associated with impairment of chest wall or lung expansion:'''
**External compression
**[[Pneumothorax]]
**[[Hemothorax]]
**[[Flail chest]]
*'''Hypoventilation:'''
**'''Upper airway obstruction:'''
***Foreign body aspiration
***Pertussis/Croup
***Epiglottitis
***Tracheitis mostly bacterial
***Traumatic disruption (burns, fractures)
***Congenital airway abnormalities:
****Choanal atresia
****Laryngotracheomalacia
****Macroglossia
****Micrognathia or retrognathia (eg, Pierre-Robin syndrome)
**'''Neurologic abnormalities:'''
***CNS depression
***Severe head trauma
***Apnea of prematurity
***Infections (eg, meningitis, encephalitis)
***Intraventricular hemorrhage
***Seizures
***Cyanotic breath holding spells
***Coma
**'''Neuromuscular disorders:'''
*** Myasthenia gravis
***Injury to the phrenic nerve
***Type 1 spinal muscular dystrophy (Wernig-Hoffman disease)
**'''Metabolic disorders:'''
***Severe hypoglycemia
***In born errors of metabolism
*'''Ventilation/perfusion mismatch:'''
**Asthma
**Pulmonary embolism
**Atelectasis
**Alveolar capillary dysplasia
**emphysema or COPD
**Pulmonary edema
**Pulmonary hypoplasia
**Pulmonary hemorrhage
**Respiratory distress syndrome (Hyaline membrane disease)
**Transient tachypnea of the newborn
*'''Conditions causing impaired oxygen diffusion:'''
**Pulmonary fibrosis
**Pulmonary edema
*Pneumonia
*Bronchiolitis
*Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
*Cystic fibrosis
*Empyema
*'''Circulatory causes:'''
**'''Cyanotic congenital heart diseases (Right to left shunts):'''
***'''Decreased pulmonary flow:'''
****Tetralogy of fallot
****Tricuspid valve anomalies
*****Tricuspid atresia
*****Tricuspid stenosis
*****Ebstein's anomaly
****Pulmonary stenosis (critical valvular)
****Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum
***'''Increased pulmonary flow:'''
****TGA (Transposition of great arteries, most common dextro type)
****Truncus arteriosus
****TAPVC (Total anamalous pulmonary venous connection)
***'''Heart failure:''' Condition that present with cyanosis and  severe heart failure include:
****Left sided obstructive lesion (HLHS)
****Coarctation of aorta
****Critical valvular aortic stenosis
**'''Eisenmenger syndrome'''
**'''Pulmonary causes:'''
***Pulmonary hypertension
***Pulmonary edema
***Pulmonary hemorrhage
***Pulmonary embolism
***Pulmonary arterio venous malformations
***Multiple small intrapulmonary shunts
**'''Shock'''
**'''Sepsis'''
**'''Acute chest syndrome'''
*'''Hematologic abnormalities:'''
**Methemoglobinemia (congenital or acquired)
**Sulfhemoglobinemia (acquired)
**Hemoglobin mutations with low oxygen affinity: Hb Kansas. Hb Beth israel, Hb Saint Mande, Hb Bruxells
**Polycythemia
*Brief resolved unexplained events (BRUE)
|}
<references />

Revision as of 17:12, 21 February 2018


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]

Overview

Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].

OR

Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].

OR

The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].

OR

The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.

Causes

Life-threatening Causes

  • Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of disease name, however complications resulting from untreated disease name is common.
  • Life-threatening causes of [symptom/manifestation] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
  • [Cause] is a life-threatening cause of [disease].

Common Causes

There following are some of the Common causes of Central Cyanosis:[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]



[Disease name] may be caused by:

  • [Cause1]
  • [Cause2]
  • [Cause3]


OR


  • [Disease name] is caused by an infection with [pathogen name].
  • [Pathogen name] is caused by [pathogen name].

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of disease name include:

  • [Cause1]
  • [Cause2]
  • [Cause3]

Genetic Causes

  • [Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene name] gene.
  1. ↑ DiMaio AM, Singh J (October 1992). "The infant with cyanosis in the emergency room". Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 39 (5): 987–1006. PMID 1523025.
  2. ↑ Driscoll DJ (February 1990). "Evaluation of the cyanotic newborn". Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 37 (1): 1–23. PMID 2407997.
  3. ↑ Frank DB, Hanna BD (April 2015). "Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease and Eisenmenger syndrome: current practice in pediatrics". Minerva Pediatr. 67 (2): 169–85. PMC 4382100. PMID 25604592.
  4. ↑ Izraelit A, Ten V, Krishnamurthy G, Ratner V (2011). "Neonatal cyanosis: diagnostic and management challenges". ISRN Pediatr. 2011: 175931. doi:10.5402/2011/175931. PMC 3317242. PMID 22482063.
  5. ↑ Serino G, Giacomazzi F (2010). "[Pulmonary arterial hypertension in adult patients with congenital heart disease]". Pediatr Med Chir (in Italian). 32 (6): 274–9. PMID 21462449.
  6. ↑ Curry S (April 1982). "Methemoglobinemia". Ann Emerg Med. 11 (4): 214–21. PMID 7073040.
  7. ↑ Ash-Bernal R, Wise R, Wright SM (September 2004). "Acquired methemoglobinemia: a retrospective series of 138 cases at 2 teaching hospitals". Medicine (Baltimore). 83 (5): 265–73. PMID 15342970.
  8. ↑ Kondamudi NP, Dulebohn SC. PMID 28722923. Missing or empty |title= (help)
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