Sandbox:Chandra: Difference between revisions

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===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
There following are some of the Common causes of Central Cyanosis:<ref name="pmid1523025">{{cite journal |vauthors=DiMaio AM, Singh J |title=The infant with cyanosis in the emergency room |journal=Pediatr. Clin. North Am. |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=987–1006 |date=October 1992 |pmid=1523025 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
There following are some of the Common causes of Central Cyanosis:<ref name="pmid1523025">{{cite journal |vauthors=DiMaio AM, Singh J |title=The infant with cyanosis in the emergency room |journal=Pediatr. Clin. North Am. |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=987–1006 |date=October 1992 |pmid=1523025 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid2407997">{{cite journal |vauthors=Driscoll DJ |title=Evaluation of the cyanotic newborn |journal=Pediatr. Clin. North Am. |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |date=February 1990 |pmid=2407997 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid22482063">{{cite journal |vauthors=Izraelit A, Ten V, Krishnamurthy G, Ratner V |title=Neonatal cyanosis: diagnostic and management challenges |journal=ISRN Pediatr |volume=2011 |issue= |pages=175931 |date= 2011 |pmid=22482063 |pmc=3317242 |doi=10.5402/2011/175931 |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid21462449">{{cite journal |vauthors=Serino G, Giacomazzi F |title=[Pulmonary arterial hypertension in adult patients with congenital heart disease] |language=Italian |journal=Pediatr Med Chir |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=274–9 |date= 2010 |pmid=21462449 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid7073040">{{cite journal |vauthors=Curry S |title=Methemoglobinemia |journal=Ann Emerg Med |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=214–21 |date=April 1982 |pmid=7073040 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
*'''Conditions associated with decreased concentration of inspired oxygen (FiO2):'''
*'''Conditions associated with decreased concentration of inspired oxygen (FiO2):'''
**[[Smoke inhalation]] most commonly from house fires
**[[Smoke inhalation]] most commonly from house fires

Revision as of 16:42, 21 February 2018


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]

Overview

Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].

OR

Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].

OR

The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].

OR

The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.

Causes

Life-threatening Causes

  • Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of disease name, however complications resulting from untreated disease name is common.
  • Life-threatening causes of [symptom/manifestation] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
  • [Cause] is a life-threatening cause of [disease].

Common Causes

There following are some of the Common causes of Central Cyanosis:[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]



[Disease name] may be caused by:

  • [Cause1]
  • [Cause2]
  • [Cause3]


OR


  • [Disease name] is caused by an infection with [pathogen name].
  • [Pathogen name] is caused by [pathogen name].

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of disease name include:

  • [Cause1]
  • [Cause2]
  • [Cause3]

Genetic Causes

  • [Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene name] gene.

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes



Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [3]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [4]

central cyanosis causes

  • Conditions associated with decreased concentration of inspired oxygen (FiO2):
    • Smoke inhalation most commonly from house fires
    • Carbon monoxide poisoning
    • Hydrogen cyanide poisoning
    • Intentional or unintensional exposure to asphyxiating gases (eg, Propane, methane, butane, hydrogen sulphide)
  • Decresed atmospheric pressure: High altitude
  • Disorders associated with impairment of chest wall or lung expansion:
  • Hypoventilation:
    • Upper airway obstruction:
      • Foreign body aspiration
      • Pertussis/Croup
      • Epiglottitis
      • Tracheitis mostly bacterial
      • Traumatic disruption (burns, fractures)
      • Congenital airway abnormalities:
        • Choanal atresia
        • Laryngotracheomalacia
        • Macroglossia
        • Micrognathia or retrognathia (eg, Pierre-Robin syndrome)
    • Neurologic abnormalities:
      • CNS depression
      • Severe head trauma
      • Apnea of prematurity
      • Infections (eg, meningitis, encephalitis)
      • Intraventricular hemorrhage
      • Seizures
      • Cyanotic breath holding spells
      • Coma
    • Neuromuscular disorders:
      • Myasthenia gravis
      • Injury to the phrenic nerve
      • Type 1 spinal muscular dystrophy (Wernig-Hoffman disease)
    • Metabolic disorders:
      • Severe hypoglycemia
      • In born errors of metabolism
  • Ventilation/perfusion mismatch:
    • Asthma
    • Pulmonary embolism
    • Atelectasis
    • Alveolar capillary dysplasia
    • emphysema or COPD
    • Pulmonary edema
    • Pulmonary hypoplasia
    • Pulmonary hemorrhage
    • Respiratory distress syndrome (Hyaline membrane disease)
    • Transient tachypnea of the newborn
  • Conditions causing impaired oxygen diffusion:
    • Pulmonary fibrosis
    • Pulmonary edema
  • Pneumonia
  • Bronchiolitis
  • Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Empyema
  • Circulatory causes:
    • Cyanotic congenital heart diseases (Right to left shunts):
      • Decreased pulmonary flow:
        • Tetralogy of fallot
        • Tricuspid valve anomalies
          • Tricuspid atresia
          • Tricuspid stenosis
          • Ebstein's anomaly
        • Pulmonary stenosis (critical valvular)
        • Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum
      • Increased pulmonary flow:
        • TGA (Transposition of great arteries, most common dextro type)
        • Truncus arteriosus
        • TAPVC (Total anamalous pulmonary venous connection)
      • Heart failure: Condition that present with cyanosis and severe heart failure include:
        • Left sided obstructive lesion (HLHS)
        • Coarctation of aorta
        • Critical valvular aortic stenosis
    • Eisenmenger syndrome
    • Pulmonary causes:
      • Pulmonary hypertension
      • Pulmonary edema
      • Pulmonary hemorrhage
      • Pulmonary embolism
      • Pulmonary arterio venous malformations
      • Multiple small intrapulmonary shunts
    • Shock
    • Sepsis
    • Acute chest syndrome
  • Hematologic abnormalities:
    • Methemoglobinemia (congenital or acquired)
    • Sulfhemoglobinemia (acquired)
    • Hemoglobin mutations with low oxygen affinity: Hb Kansas. Hb Beth israel, Hb Saint Mande, Hb Bruxells
    • Polycythemia
  • Brief resolved unexplained events (BRUE)
  1. ↑ DiMaio AM, Singh J (October 1992). "The infant with cyanosis in the emergency room". Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 39 (5): 987–1006. PMID 1523025.
  2. ↑ Driscoll DJ (February 1990). "Evaluation of the cyanotic newborn". Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 37 (1): 1–23. PMID 2407997.
  3. ↑ Izraelit A, Ten V, Krishnamurthy G, Ratner V (2011). "Neonatal cyanosis: diagnostic and management challenges". ISRN Pediatr. 2011: 175931. doi:10.5402/2011/175931. PMC 3317242. PMID 22482063.
  4. ↑ Serino G, Giacomazzi F (2010). "[Pulmonary arterial hypertension in adult patients with congenital heart disease]". Pediatr Med Chir (in Italian). 32 (6): 274–9. PMID 21462449.
  5. ↑ Curry S (April 1982). "Methemoglobinemia". Ann Emerg Med. 11 (4): 214–21. PMID 7073040.
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