Salivary gland tumor overview: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Salivary gland | Salivary gland tumor is a tumor that forms in the tissues of a salivary gland. The salivary glands are classified as major and minor. The major salivary glands consist of the [[parotid]], [[submandibular]], and [[sublingual]] [[glands]]. The minor glands include small mucus-secreting glands located throughout the [[palate]], [[nasal]], and [[oral cavity]].<ref name="wiki"> Salivary gland neoplasm. Wikipedia(2015) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salivary_gland_neoplasm Accessed on November 8, 2015</ref > Malignant salivary gland neoplasms account for approximately 0.5% of all malignancies and approximately 3% to 5% of all head and neck tumors.<ref name="NIH"> Salivary gland cancer. National cancer Institute(2015) http://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/hp/salivary-gland-treatment-pdq#link/_403_toc Accessed on November 7, 2015</ref> | ||
Salivary gland tumor may be classified according to the World Health Organization into five groups: [[malignant]] [[epithelial]] tumors, [[benign]] [[epithelial]] [[tumors]], [[soft tissue]] [[tumors]], hematolymphoid [[tumors]], and secondary tumors.<ref name="wiki">Salivary gland neoplasm. Wikipedia(2015) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salivary_gland_neoplasm Accessed on November 8, 2015</ref> The pathophysiology of salivary gland tumors depends on the histological subtype.<ref name="librepathology"> Salivary glands. Libre pathology(2015) http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Salivary_glands Accessed on November 11, 2015</ref> There are no established causes of salivary gland tumors. The incidence of salivary gland tumors is approximately 2.5 to 3.0 individuals per 100,000 individuals worldwide. The incidence of salivary gland tumors is estimated to be 2000 to 2500 cases per year in the United States. The incidence of salivary gland tumors increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 64 years. Salivary gland tumors are more common in males than females. There is no racial predilection to the salivary gland tumors.<ref name="NIH">Salivary gland cancer. National cancer Institute(2015) http://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/hp/salivary-gland-treatment-pdq#link/_403_toc Accessed on November 7, 2015</ref> Common risk factors in the development of salivary gland tumors are age, [[radiation]] exposure, environment and occupational exposure, certain viruses, male gender, [[smoking]], and [[family history]].<ref name="CCS"> Salivary gland cancer. Canadian cancer society(2015)http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/salivary-gland/risks/?region=sk Accessed on November 8, 2015</ref> Symptoms of salivary gland tumor includes [[difficulty swallowing]], muscle [[weakness]] on one side of the face, a [[lump]] or [[swelling]] on or near the jaw or in the neck or mouth, [[numbness]] in part of the face, persistent pain in the area of a salivary gland, and trouble opening the mouth widely. The optimal therapy for salivary gland tumors depends on the stage at diagnosis. The mainstay of therapy for salivary gland [[tumors]] is surgery. External beam [[radiation therapy]] may be used following surgery, when [[surgery]] is not possible, or would cause significant complications. [[Chemotherapy]] is considered when [[radiation therapy]] or [[surgery]] is not possible. | |||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
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There are no established causes of salivary gland tumors. | There are no established causes of salivary gland tumors. | ||
==Differential Diagnosis== | ==Differential Diagnosis== | ||
Salivary gland tumor must be differentiated from other diseases that cause a salivary gland mass or enlargement such as salivary [[cysts]], cysts of the first [[branchial cleft]], salivary gland stones, [[sarcoid]] infiltration of the parotid gland, [[Sjogren's syndrome]], [[metastasis]] from other tumors, lymphoepithelial cysts, [[chronic]] sclerosing [[sialadenitis]], regional [[lymphadenopathy]], [[Bell's palsy]], and intraparotid [[facial nerve]] [[schwannoma]]. | Salivary gland tumor must be differentiated from other diseases that cause a salivary gland mass or enlargement such as salivary [[cysts]], cysts of the first [[branchial cleft]], salivary gland stones, [[sarcoid]] infiltration of the parotid gland, [[Sjogren's syndrome]], [[metastasis]] from other tumors, lymphoepithelial cysts, [[chronic]] sclerosing [[sialadenitis]], regional [[lymphadenopathy]], [[Bell's palsy]], and intraparotid [[facial nerve]] [[schwannoma]].<ref name="QuesnelLindsay2010">{{cite journal|last1=Quesnel|first1=Alicia M.|last2=Lindsay|first2=Robin W.|last3=Hadlock|first3=Tessa A.|title=When the bell tolls on Bell's palsy: finding occult malignancy in acute-onset facial paralysis|journal=American Journal of Otolaryngology|volume=31|issue=5|year=2010|pages=339–342|issn=01960709|doi=10.1016/j.amjoto.2009.04.003}}</ref><ref name="GrossCarlson2012">{{cite journal|last1=Gross|first1=Brian C.|last2=Carlson|first2=Matthew L.|last3=Moore|first3=Eric J.|last4=Driscoll|first4=Colin L.|last5=Olsen|first5=Kerry D.|title=The intraparotid facial nerve schwannoma: a diagnostic and management conundrum|journal=American Journal of Otolaryngology|volume=33|issue=5|year=2012|pages=497–504|issn=01960709|doi=10.1016/j.amjoto.2011.11.002}}</ref> | ||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
The incidence of salivary gland tumors is approximately 2.5 | The incidence of salivary gland tumors is approximately 2.5 to 3.0 cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide. The incidence of salivary gland tumors is estimated to be 2000 to 2500 cases per year in the United States. The incidence of salivary gland tumors increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 64 years. Salivary gland tumors are more common in males than females. There is no racial predilection to the salivary gland tumors.<ref name="NIH"> Salivary gland cancer. National cancer Institute(2015) http://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/hp/salivary-gland-treatment-pdq#link/_403_toc Accessed on November 7, 2015</ref> | ||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
Common risk factors in the development of salivary gland tumors are age, [[radiation]] exposure, environment and occupational exposure, certain viruses, male gender, smoking, and [[family history]].<ref name="CCS"> Salivary gland cancer. Canadian cancer society(2015)http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/salivary-gland/risks/?region=sk Accessed on November 8, 2015</ref> | Common risk factors in the development of salivary gland tumors are age, [[radiation]] exposure, environment and occupational exposure, certain viruses, male gender, smoking, and [[family history]].<ref name="CCS"> Salivary gland cancer. Canadian cancer society(2015)http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/salivary-gland/risks/?region=sk Accessed on November 8, 2015</ref> | ||
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According to the United States Preventive Services Task Force, screening for salivary gland tumors is not recommended.<ref name=screening>http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/BrowseRec/Search?s=salivary+gland+tumor Accessed on November 11, 2015.</ref> | According to the United States Preventive Services Task Force, screening for salivary gland tumors is not recommended.<ref name=screening>http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/BrowseRec/Search?s=salivary+gland+tumor Accessed on November 11, 2015.</ref> | ||
==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis== | ==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis== | ||
If left untreated, patients with salivary gland tumors may progress to develop [[metastasis]]. Common complications of salivary gland tumors include metastasis | If left untreated, patients with salivary gland tumors may progress to develop [[metastasis]]. Common complications of salivary gland tumors include metastasis, injury to the [[facial nerve]], and [[Frey's syndrome]]. Prognosis is generally good, and the 5 year mortality rate of patients with salivary gland cancer that has not spread at the time of diagnosis is 91%.<ref name="NIH"> Salivary gland cancer. National cancer institute(2015) http://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/hp/salivary-gland-treatment-pdq#link/_413_toc Accessed on November 11, 2015</ref><ref name="Licitra2003">{{cite journal|last1=Licitra|first1=L|title=Major and minor salivary glands tumours|journal=Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology|volume=45|issue=2|year=2003|pages=215–225|issn=10408428|doi=10.1016/S1040-8428(02)00005-7}}</ref> | ||
==Staging== | ==Staging== | ||
According to the [[TNM]] staging system by the American Joint Committee on Cancer, there are four stages of salivary gland cancers based on the [[tumor]] size, [[lymph nodes]] involved, and [[metastasis]]. | According to the [[TNM]] staging system by the American Joint Committee on Cancer, there are four stages of salivary gland cancers based on the [[tumor]] size, [[lymph nodes]] involved, and [[metastasis]].<ref name="NIH"> Salivary gland cancer. National cancer institute(2015) http://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/hp/salivary-gland-treatment-pdq#section/_13 Accessed on November 8, 2015</ref> | ||
==History and Symptoms== | ==History and Symptoms== | ||
Symptoms of salivary gland tumor includes | Symptoms of salivary gland tumor includes dysphagia, muscle [[weakness]] on one side of the face, a lump or swelling on or near the jaw or in the neck or mouth, [[numbness]] in part of the face, persistent pain in the area of a salivary gland, and trouble opening the mouth widely.<ref name="NIH"> Salivary gland cancer. National cancer institute(2015)http://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/hp/salivary-gland-treatment-pdq#link/_410_toc Accessed on November 8, 2015</ref><ref name="CCS"> Salivary gland cancer. Canadian cancer society(2015)http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/salivary-gland/diagnosis/?region=sk Accessed on November 8, 2015</ref> | ||
==Physical Examination== | ==Physical Examination== | ||
Common physical examination findings of salivary gland cancer include painless, firm [[swelling]] in one of the salivary gland, cervical [[lymphadenopathy]], [[ | Common physical examination findings of salivary gland cancer include painless, firm [[swelling]] in one of the salivary gland, cervical [[lymphadenopathy]], [[dysphagia]], trouble opening the mouth widely, difficulty moving one side of the face and muscle [[weakness]] on one side of the face suggestive of [[cranial nerve VII]] deficit, loss of [[corneal reflex]], localized or regional pain, [[numbness]], [[paresthesia]], [[causalgia]], or a loss of motor function suggestive of [[cranial nerve]] V deficit.<ref name="CCS"> Salivary gland cancer. Canadian cancer society(2015)http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/salivary-gland/signs-and-symptoms/?region=sk Accessed on November 8, 2015</ref> | ||
==Laboratory Findings== | ==Laboratory Findings== | ||
There are no established lab findings associated with salivary gland tumors. | There are no established lab findings associated with salivary gland tumors. | ||
==Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB)== | ==Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB)== | ||
[[Biopsy]] of the [[tumor]] tissue is diagnostic of salivary gland tumor. | [[Biopsy]] of the [[tumor]] tissue is diagnostic of salivary gland tumor.<ref name="wiki"> Salivary gland cancer. Wikipedia(2015) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salivary_gland_neoplasm Accessed on November 8, 2015</ref><ref name="NIH"> Salivary gland cancer. National cancer institute(2015) http://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/hp/salivary-gland-treatment-pdq#link/_410_toc Accessed on November 8, 2015</ref> | ||
==Head X ray== | ==Head X ray== | ||
X-rays of jaw and teeth may be | X-rays of jaw and teeth may be helpful in the diagnosis of salivary gland tumor. | ||
==CT== | ==CT== | ||
Head and neck CT scan may be | Head and neck CT scan may be diagnostic of salivary gland tumors. Findings on CT scan suggestive of salivary gland tumors include bony, local and, [[perineural]] invasion, and [[lymph node]] [[metastasis]].<ref name="LeeWong2008">{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Y.Y.P.|last2=Wong|first2=K.T.|last3=King|first3=A.D.|last4=Ahuja|first4=A.T.|title=Imaging of salivary gland tumours|journal=European Journal of Radiology|volume=66|issue=3|year=2008|pages=419–436|issn=0720048X|doi=10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.01.027}}</ref><ref name="HisatomiAsaumi2007">{{cite journal|last1=Hisatomi|first1=Miki|last2=Asaumi|first2=Jun-ichi|last3=Yanagi|first3=Yoshinobu|last4=Unetsubo|first4=Teruhisa|last5=Maki|first5=Yuu|last6=Murakami|first6=Jun|last7=Matsuzaki|first7=Hidenobu|last8=Honda|first8=Yasutoshi|last9=Konouchi|first9=Hironobu|title=Diagnostic value of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in the salivary gland tumors|journal=Oral Oncology|volume=43|issue=9|year=2007|pages=940–947|issn=13688375|doi=10.1016/j.oraloncology.2006.11.009}}</ref> | ||
==MRI== | ==MRI== | ||
[[Head]] and [[neck]] [[MRI]] may be | [[Head]] and [[neck]] [[MRI]] may be diagnostic of salivary gland tumors. Findings on head and neck [[MRI]] suggestive of salivary gland [[tumors]] include soft tissue infiltration, [[perineural invasion]], and [[intracranial]] extention.<ref name="CCS"> Salivary gland cancer. Canadian cancer society(2015)http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/salivary-gland/signs-and-symptoms/?region=sk Accessed on November 8, 2015</ref> | ||
==Ultrasound== | ==Ultrasound== | ||
Ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of salivary gland tumors. Findings on ultrasound suggestive of salivary gland tumors | Ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of salivary gland tumors. Findings on ultrasound suggestive of salivary gland tumors typically includes hypoechoic mass with lobulated distinct border with or without posterior acoustic enhancement. [[Ultrasound]] is also useful in guiding [[biopsy]] including FNAC and core [[biopsies]].<ref name="radio"> Salivary gland cancer. Radiopedia(2015)http://radiopaedia.org/articles/pleomorphic-adenoma-of-the-salivary-glands Accessed on November 8, 2015</ref> | ||
==Other Imaging Studies== | ==Other Imaging Studies== | ||
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There are no other diagnostic studies associated with salivary gland tumors. | There are no other diagnostic studies associated with salivary gland tumors. | ||
==Medical Therapy== | ==Medical Therapy== | ||
The optimal therapy for salivary gland tumors depends on the stage at diagnosis. The mainstay of therapy for salivary gland tumors is surgery. External beam [[radiation therapy]] may be used following [[surgery]], when surgery is not possible | The optimal therapy for salivary gland tumors depends on the stage at diagnosis. The mainstay of therapy for salivary gland tumors is surgery. External beam [[radiation therapy]] may be used following [[surgery]], when surgery is not possible (e.g. high risk of complication). [[Chemotherapy]] is considered when radiation therapy or surgery is not possible.<ref name="NIH"> Salivary gland cancer. National cancer institute(2015)http://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/hp/salivary-gland-treatment-pdq#section/_45 Accessed on November 8, 2015</ref><ref name="CCS"> Salivary gland cancer. Canadian cancer society(2015)http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/salivary-gland/treatment/?region=sk Accessed on November 8, 2015</ref> | ||
==Surgery== | ==Surgery== | ||
The mainstay of therapy for salivary gland tumor is [[surgery]]. | The mainstay of therapy for salivary gland tumor is [[surgery]].<ref name="NIH"> Salivary gland cancer. National cancer institute(2015)http://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/hp/salivary-gland-treatment-pdq#section/_45 Accessed on November 8, 2015</ref><ref name="CCS"> Salivary gland cancer. Canadian cancer society(2015)http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/salivary-gland/treatment/?region=sk Accessed on November 8, 2015</ref> | ||
==Primary Prevention== | ==Primary Prevention== | ||
Effective measures for the primary prevention of salivary gland tumors include avoiding some of the possible risk factors such as [[tobacco]], excess alcohol use | Effective measures for the primary prevention of salivary gland tumors include avoiding some of the possible risk factors such as [[tobacco]], and excess alcohol use. | ||
==Secondary Prevention== | ==Secondary Prevention== | ||
Secondary prevention strategies following salivary gland cancer include follow-up visits every 6-8 weeks for first year, every 2-3 months in the second year, every 3-4 months in the third year, and then every 6-12 months for life. | Secondary prevention strategies following salivary gland cancer include follow-up visits every 6-8 weeks for the first year, every 2-3 months in the second year, every 3-4 months in the third year, and then every 6-12 months for life.<ref name="CCS"> Salivary gland cancer. Canadian cancer society(2015)http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/salivary-gland/treatment/follow-up/?region=sk Accessed on November 8, 2015</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
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[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
[[Category:Rare cancers]] | [[Category:Rare cancers]] | ||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
[[Category:Oncology]] | |||
[[Category:Medicine]] | |||
[[Category:Gastroenterology]] | |||
[[Category:Surgery]] | |||
[[Category:Otolaryngology]] | |||
Latest revision as of 15:28, 27 November 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Simrat Sarai, M.D. [2]
Overview
Salivary gland tumor is a tumor that forms in the tissues of a salivary gland. The salivary glands are classified as major and minor. The major salivary glands consist of the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. The minor glands include small mucus-secreting glands located throughout the palate, nasal, and oral cavity.[1] Malignant salivary gland neoplasms account for approximately 0.5% of all malignancies and approximately 3% to 5% of all head and neck tumors.[2] Salivary gland tumor may be classified according to the World Health Organization into five groups: malignant epithelial tumors, benign epithelial tumors, soft tissue tumors, hematolymphoid tumors, and secondary tumors.[1] The pathophysiology of salivary gland tumors depends on the histological subtype.[3] There are no established causes of salivary gland tumors. The incidence of salivary gland tumors is approximately 2.5 to 3.0 individuals per 100,000 individuals worldwide. The incidence of salivary gland tumors is estimated to be 2000 to 2500 cases per year in the United States. The incidence of salivary gland tumors increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 64 years. Salivary gland tumors are more common in males than females. There is no racial predilection to the salivary gland tumors.[2] Common risk factors in the development of salivary gland tumors are age, radiation exposure, environment and occupational exposure, certain viruses, male gender, smoking, and family history.[4] Symptoms of salivary gland tumor includes difficulty swallowing, muscle weakness on one side of the face, a lump or swelling on or near the jaw or in the neck or mouth, numbness in part of the face, persistent pain in the area of a salivary gland, and trouble opening the mouth widely. The optimal therapy for salivary gland tumors depends on the stage at diagnosis. The mainstay of therapy for salivary gland tumors is surgery. External beam radiation therapy may be used following surgery, when surgery is not possible, or would cause significant complications. Chemotherapy is considered when radiation therapy or surgery is not possible.
Classification
Salivary gland tumor may be classified according to the World Health Organization into five groups: malignant epithelial tumors, benign epithelial tumors, soft tissue tumors, hematolymphoid tumors, and secondary tumors.[1]
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of salivary gland tumors depends on the histological subtype.[3]
Causes
There are no established causes of salivary gland tumors.
Differential Diagnosis
Salivary gland tumor must be differentiated from other diseases that cause a salivary gland mass or enlargement such as salivary cysts, cysts of the first branchial cleft, salivary gland stones, sarcoid infiltration of the parotid gland, Sjogren's syndrome, metastasis from other tumors, lymphoepithelial cysts, chronic sclerosing sialadenitis, regional lymphadenopathy, Bell's palsy, and intraparotid facial nerve schwannoma.[5][6]
Epidemiology and Demographics
The incidence of salivary gland tumors is approximately 2.5 to 3.0 cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide. The incidence of salivary gland tumors is estimated to be 2000 to 2500 cases per year in the United States. The incidence of salivary gland tumors increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 64 years. Salivary gland tumors are more common in males than females. There is no racial predilection to the salivary gland tumors.[2]
Risk Factors
Common risk factors in the development of salivary gland tumors are age, radiation exposure, environment and occupational exposure, certain viruses, male gender, smoking, and family history.[4]
Screening
According to the United States Preventive Services Task Force, screening for salivary gland tumors is not recommended.[7]
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
If left untreated, patients with salivary gland tumors may progress to develop metastasis. Common complications of salivary gland tumors include metastasis, injury to the facial nerve, and Frey's syndrome. Prognosis is generally good, and the 5 year mortality rate of patients with salivary gland cancer that has not spread at the time of diagnosis is 91%.[2][8]
Staging
According to the TNM staging system by the American Joint Committee on Cancer, there are four stages of salivary gland cancers based on the tumor size, lymph nodes involved, and metastasis.[2]
History and Symptoms
Symptoms of salivary gland tumor includes dysphagia, muscle weakness on one side of the face, a lump or swelling on or near the jaw or in the neck or mouth, numbness in part of the face, persistent pain in the area of a salivary gland, and trouble opening the mouth widely.[2][4]
Physical Examination
Common physical examination findings of salivary gland cancer include painless, firm swelling in one of the salivary gland, cervical lymphadenopathy, dysphagia, trouble opening the mouth widely, difficulty moving one side of the face and muscle weakness on one side of the face suggestive of cranial nerve VII deficit, loss of corneal reflex, localized or regional pain, numbness, paresthesia, causalgia, or a loss of motor function suggestive of cranial nerve V deficit.[4]
Laboratory Findings
There are no established lab findings associated with salivary gland tumors.
Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB)
Biopsy of the tumor tissue is diagnostic of salivary gland tumor.[1][2]
Head X ray
X-rays of jaw and teeth may be helpful in the diagnosis of salivary gland tumor.
CT
Head and neck CT scan may be diagnostic of salivary gland tumors. Findings on CT scan suggestive of salivary gland tumors include bony, local and, perineural invasion, and lymph node metastasis.[9][10]
MRI
Head and neck MRI may be diagnostic of salivary gland tumors. Findings on head and neck MRI suggestive of salivary gland tumors include soft tissue infiltration, perineural invasion, and intracranial extention.[4]
Ultrasound
Ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of salivary gland tumors. Findings on ultrasound suggestive of salivary gland tumors typically includes hypoechoic mass with lobulated distinct border with or without posterior acoustic enhancement. Ultrasound is also useful in guiding biopsy including FNAC and core biopsies.[11]
Other Imaging Studies
Other imaging studies for salivary gland tumor include PET scan and endoscopy.[4]
Other Diagnostic Studies
There are no other diagnostic studies associated with salivary gland tumors.
Medical Therapy
The optimal therapy for salivary gland tumors depends on the stage at diagnosis. The mainstay of therapy for salivary gland tumors is surgery. External beam radiation therapy may be used following surgery, when surgery is not possible (e.g. high risk of complication). Chemotherapy is considered when radiation therapy or surgery is not possible.[2][4]
Surgery
The mainstay of therapy for salivary gland tumor is surgery.[2][4]
Primary Prevention
Effective measures for the primary prevention of salivary gland tumors include avoiding some of the possible risk factors such as tobacco, and excess alcohol use.
Secondary Prevention
Secondary prevention strategies following salivary gland cancer include follow-up visits every 6-8 weeks for the first year, every 2-3 months in the second year, every 3-4 months in the third year, and then every 6-12 months for life.[4]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Salivary gland neoplasm. Wikipedia(2015) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salivary_gland_neoplasm Accessed on November 8, 2015
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Salivary gland cancer. National cancer Institute(2015) http://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/hp/salivary-gland-treatment-pdq#link/_403_toc Accessed on November 7, 2015
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Salivary glands. Libre pathology(2015) http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Salivary_glands Accessed on November 11, 2015
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Salivary gland cancer. Canadian cancer society(2015)http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/salivary-gland/risks/?region=sk Accessed on November 8, 2015
- ↑ Quesnel, Alicia M.; Lindsay, Robin W.; Hadlock, Tessa A. (2010). "When the bell tolls on Bell's palsy: finding occult malignancy in acute-onset facial paralysis". American Journal of Otolaryngology. 31 (5): 339–342. doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2009.04.003. ISSN 0196-0709.
- ↑ Gross, Brian C.; Carlson, Matthew L.; Moore, Eric J.; Driscoll, Colin L.; Olsen, Kerry D. (2012). "The intraparotid facial nerve schwannoma: a diagnostic and management conundrum". American Journal of Otolaryngology. 33 (5): 497–504. doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2011.11.002. ISSN 0196-0709.
- ↑ http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/BrowseRec/Search?s=salivary+gland+tumor Accessed on November 11, 2015.
- ↑ Licitra, L (2003). "Major and minor salivary glands tumours". Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 45 (2): 215–225. doi:10.1016/S1040-8428(02)00005-7. ISSN 1040-8428.
- ↑ Lee, Y.Y.P.; Wong, K.T.; King, A.D.; Ahuja, A.T. (2008). "Imaging of salivary gland tumours". European Journal of Radiology. 66 (3): 419–436. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.01.027. ISSN 0720-048X.
- ↑ Hisatomi, Miki; Asaumi, Jun-ichi; Yanagi, Yoshinobu; Unetsubo, Teruhisa; Maki, Yuu; Murakami, Jun; Matsuzaki, Hidenobu; Honda, Yasutoshi; Konouchi, Hironobu (2007). "Diagnostic value of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in the salivary gland tumors". Oral Oncology. 43 (9): 940–947. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2006.11.009. ISSN 1368-8375.
- ↑ Salivary gland cancer. Radiopedia(2015)http://radiopaedia.org/articles/pleomorphic-adenoma-of-the-salivary-glands Accessed on November 8, 2015