Rhinitis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Several studies have identified risk factors associated with some forms of rhinitis such as allergic rhinitis. However, the nonallergic (non-infectious) rhinitis still requires more research to better understand the disease and its associated risk factors.<ref name="pmid18588549">{{cite journal| author=Bousquet J, Fokkens W, Burney P, Durham SR, Bachert C, Akdis CA et al.| title=Important research questions in allergy and related diseases: nonallergic rhinitis: a GA2LEN paper. | journal=Allergy | year= 2008 | volume= 63 | issue= 7 | pages= 842-53 | pmid=18588549 | doi=10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01715.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18588549 }} </ref> | |||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
The risk factors for | The risk factors for allergic rhinitis include the following:<ref name="pmid25059756">{{cite journal| author=Baumann LM, Romero KM, Robinson CL, Hansel NN, Gilman RH, Hamilton RG et al.| title=Prevalence and risk factors for allergic rhinitis in two resource-limited settings in Peru with disparate degrees of urbanization. | journal=Clin Exp Allergy | year= 2015 | volume= 45 | issue= 1 | pages= 192-9 | pmid=25059756 | doi=10.1111/cea.12379 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25059756 }} </ref><ref name="pmid24303994">{{cite journal| author=Song N, Shamssain M, Mohammed S, Zhang J, Wu J, Fu C et al.| title=Prevalence, severity and risk factors of asthma, rhinitis and eczema in a large group of Chinese schoolchildren. | journal=J Asthma | year= 2014 | volume= 51 | issue= 3 | pages= 232-42 | pmid=24303994 | doi=10.3109/02770903.2013.867973 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24303994 }} </ref> | ||
* The presence of other allergic diseases such as asthma, eczema | * The presence of other allergic diseases such as [[asthma]], [[eczema]] | ||
* Parental rhinitis | * Parental rhinitis | ||
* Allergic sensitization to common household aeroallergens | * Allergic sensitization to common household aeroallergens | ||
* Obesity/being overweight | * [[Obesity]]/being overweight | ||
* Elevated exhaled Nitric oxide | * Elevated exhaled [[Nitric oxide]] | ||
* High total serum IgE | * High total [[serum]] [[IgE]] | ||
* Exposure to parental [[smoking]] | |||
* Exposure to pets | |||
* Genetic predisposition<ref name="pmid22092947">{{cite journal| author=Katelaris CH, Lee BW, Potter PC, Maspero JF, Cingi C, Lopatin A et al.| title=Prevalence and diversity of allergic rhinitis in regions of the world beyond Europe and North America. | journal=Clin Exp Allergy | year= 2012 | volume= 42 | issue= 2 | pages= 186-207 | pmid=22092947 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03891.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22092947 }} </ref> | |||
* Exposure to fossil fuel and traffic related pollutants<ref name="pmid22092947">{{cite journal| author=Katelaris CH, Lee BW, Potter PC, Maspero JF, Cingi C, Lopatin A et al.| title=Prevalence and diversity of allergic rhinitis in regions of the world beyond Europe and North America. | journal=Clin Exp Allergy | year= 2012 | volume= 42 | issue= 2 | pages= 186-207 | pmid=22092947 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03891.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22092947 }} </ref> | |||
* Increased dampness and poor ventilation from tightly insulated modern homes (increases sensitization and allergy to molds)<ref name="pmid22092947">{{cite journal| author=Katelaris CH, Lee BW, Potter PC, Maspero JF, Cingi C, Lopatin A et al.| title=Prevalence and diversity of allergic rhinitis in regions of the world beyond Europe and North America. | journal=Clin Exp Allergy | year= 2012 | volume= 42 | issue= 2 | pages= 186-207 | pmid=22092947 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03891.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22092947 }} </ref> | |||
* Early introduction of infants to formula/food<ref name="pmid11449200">{{cite journal| author=Skoner DP| title=Allergic rhinitis: definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, detection, and diagnosis. | journal=J Allergy Clin Immunol | year= 2001 | volume= 108 | issue= 1 Suppl | pages= S2-8 | pmid=11449200 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11449200 }} </ref> | |||
Risk factors for infectious rhinitis include:<ref name="pmid24415465">{{cite journal| author=Passioti M, Maggina P, Megremis S, Papadopoulos NG| title=The common cold: potential for future prevention or cure. | journal=Curr Allergy Asthma Rep | year= 2014 | volume= 14 | issue= 2 | pages= 413 | pmid=24415465 | doi=10.1007/s11882-013-0413-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24415465 }} </ref> | |||
* Young age | |||
* Daycare attendance | |||
* Exposure to tobacco smoke/air pollutants | |||
* Deficient immunity | |||
* Crowding conditions | |||
Increased risk of occupational rhinitis has been found in the following professions:<ref name="pmid25430949">{{cite journal| author=Stevens WW, Grammer LC| title=Occupational rhinitis: an update. | journal=Curr Allergy Asthma Rep | year= 2015 | volume= 15 | issue= 1 | pages= 487 | pmid=25430949 | doi=10.1007/s11882-014-0487-8 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25430949 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9215937">{{cite journal| author=Hytönen M, Kanerva L, Malmberg H, Martikainen R, Mutanen P, Toikkanen J| title=The risk of occupational rhinitis. | journal=Int Arch Occup Environ Health | year= 1997 | volume= 69 | issue= 6 | pages= 487-90 | pmid=9215937 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9215937 }} </ref> | |||
* Furriers | |||
* Bakers | |||
* Livestock breeders | |||
* Food-processing workers | |||
* Veterinarians | |||
* Farmers | |||
* Electronic product assemblers | |||
* Boat builders | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
[[Category:Needs content]] | [[Category:Needs content]] | ||
[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
[[Category:Bacterial diseases]] | [[Category:Bacterial diseases]] | ||
[[Category:Pulmonology]] | [[Category:Pulmonology]] | ||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
[[Category:Infectious disease]] | [[Category:Infectious disease]] | ||
[[Category:Otolaryngology]] | |||
[[Category:Immunology]] | |||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Fatimo Biobaku M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
Several studies have identified risk factors associated with some forms of rhinitis such as allergic rhinitis. However, the nonallergic (non-infectious) rhinitis still requires more research to better understand the disease and its associated risk factors.[1]
Risk Factors
The risk factors for allergic rhinitis include the following:[2][3]
- The presence of other allergic diseases such as asthma, eczema
- Parental rhinitis
- Allergic sensitization to common household aeroallergens
- Obesity/being overweight
- Elevated exhaled Nitric oxide
- High total serum IgE
- Exposure to parental smoking
- Exposure to pets
- Genetic predisposition[4]
- Exposure to fossil fuel and traffic related pollutants[4]
- Increased dampness and poor ventilation from tightly insulated modern homes (increases sensitization and allergy to molds)[4]
- Early introduction of infants to formula/food[5]
Risk factors for infectious rhinitis include:[6]
- Young age
- Daycare attendance
- Exposure to tobacco smoke/air pollutants
- Deficient immunity
- Crowding conditions
Increased risk of occupational rhinitis has been found in the following professions:[7][8]
- Furriers
- Bakers
- Livestock breeders
- Food-processing workers
- Veterinarians
- Farmers
- Electronic product assemblers
- Boat builders
References
- ↑ Bousquet J, Fokkens W, Burney P, Durham SR, Bachert C, Akdis CA; et al. (2008). "Important research questions in allergy and related diseases: nonallergic rhinitis: a GA2LEN paper". Allergy. 63 (7): 842–53. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01715.x. PMID 18588549.
- ↑ Baumann LM, Romero KM, Robinson CL, Hansel NN, Gilman RH, Hamilton RG; et al. (2015). "Prevalence and risk factors for allergic rhinitis in two resource-limited settings in Peru with disparate degrees of urbanization". Clin Exp Allergy. 45 (1): 192–9. doi:10.1111/cea.12379. PMID 25059756.
- ↑ Song N, Shamssain M, Mohammed S, Zhang J, Wu J, Fu C; et al. (2014). "Prevalence, severity and risk factors of asthma, rhinitis and eczema in a large group of Chinese schoolchildren". J Asthma. 51 (3): 232–42. doi:10.3109/02770903.2013.867973. PMID 24303994.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Katelaris CH, Lee BW, Potter PC, Maspero JF, Cingi C, Lopatin A; et al. (2012). "Prevalence and diversity of allergic rhinitis in regions of the world beyond Europe and North America". Clin Exp Allergy. 42 (2): 186–207. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03891.x. PMID 22092947.
- ↑ Skoner DP (2001). "Allergic rhinitis: definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, detection, and diagnosis". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 108 (1 Suppl): S2–8. PMID 11449200.
- ↑ Passioti M, Maggina P, Megremis S, Papadopoulos NG (2014). "The common cold: potential for future prevention or cure". Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 14 (2): 413. doi:10.1007/s11882-013-0413-5. PMID 24415465.
- ↑ Stevens WW, Grammer LC (2015). "Occupational rhinitis: an update". Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 15 (1): 487. doi:10.1007/s11882-014-0487-8. PMID 25430949.
- ↑ Hytönen M, Kanerva L, Malmberg H, Martikainen R, Mutanen P, Toikkanen J (1997). "The risk of occupational rhinitis". Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 69 (6): 487–90. PMID 9215937.