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==Common Risk Factors==
==Common Risk Factors==
 
:* '''Retinoblastoma occurs in heritable and nonheritable forms'''.
*'''Heredity''': Studies show that about 1/3 cases of retinoblastoma are caused by the Rb1 gene mutation. The rest 2/3 cases occur as a result of a random gene mutation. Each child of a parent with familial bilateral retinoblastoma has a 50% risk of inheriting the retinoblastoma gene. Patients with sporadic heritable retinoblastoma carry the gene for retinoblastoma and can also pass the gene on to their children even though they did not inherit the gene from their parents. Children who inherit the retinoblastoma gene have a 90% risk of developing retinoblastoma.  
:: A child is thought to have the heritable form of retinoblastoma when one of the following is true:
*'''Parental occupation''': A study investigated the role of parental occupation in retinoblastoma and according to it, parental employment in the military [odds ratio (or) 2.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-8.8, P = 0.04] and in the metal industry (or infinity, 95% CI 1.4-infinity, P = 0.02) was associated with sporadic heritable retinoblastoma (N = 67). For nonheritable retinoblastoma (N = 115), a significant association was observed for a job cluster consisting mostly of welders and machinists (OR 4.0, 95% CI 1.1-22.1, P = 0.04) and occupations of maternal grandparents were also studied and an association was observed with farming and nonheritable retinoblastoma (OR 10.0, 95% CI 1.4-433, P = 0.02)and in this study, many comparisons were made and the number of significant findings did not exceed that expected by chance.<ref name="pmid2224847">{{cite journal |author=Bunin GR, Petrakova A, Meadows AT, Emanuel BS, Buckley JD, Woods WG, Hammond GD |title=Occupations of parents of children with retinoblastoma: a report from the Children's Cancer Study Group |journal=[[Cancer Research]] |volume=50 |issue=22 |pages=7129–33 |year=1990 |month=November |pmid=2224847 |doi= |url=http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2224847 |accessdate=2012-05-02}}</ref> But another study did not support the hypothesis that parental occupational exposure is an important aetiological factor for retinoblastoma.<ref name="pmid19770353">{{cite journal |author=MacCarthy A, Bunch KJ, Fear NT, King JC, Vincent TJ, Murphy MF |title=Paternal occupation and retinoblastoma: a case-control study based on data for Great Britain 1962-1999 |journal=[[Occupational and Environmental Medicine]] |volume=66 |issue=10 |pages=644–9 |year=2009 |month=October |pmid=19770353 |doi=10.1136/oem.2007.037218 |url=http://oem.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=19770353 |accessdate=2012-05-02}}</ref> 
:::* There is a family history of retinoblastoma.
*'''Age''': Most children diagnosed with retinoblastoma are younger than 3 years old.
:::* There is a certain mutation (change) in the RB1 gene. The mutation in the RB1 gene may be passed from the parent to the child or it may occur at the time of conception.
*'''Post conception events''': Sporadic non heritable form of the disease results from post-conception events like gestational exposure to [[X-rays]] and [[morning sickness]] medication and low maternal education level. <ref name="pmid2790788">{{cite journal |author=Bunin GR, Meadows AT, Emanuel BS, Buckley JD, Woods WG, Hammond GD |title=Pre- and postconception factors associated with sporadic heritable and nonheritable retinoblastoma |journal=[[Cancer Research]] |volume=49 |issue=20 |pages=5730–5 |year=1989 |month=October |pmid=2790788 |doi=|url=http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2790788 |accessdate=2012-05-02}}</ref>
:::* There is more than one tumor in the eye or there is a tumor in both eyes.
:::* There is a tumor in one eye and the child is younger than 1 year.
:: After diagnosis and treatment in a child with heritable retinoblastoma, new tumors may continue to form for a few years. Regular eye exams to check for new tumors are usually done every 2 to 4 months for at least 28 months.
::* Nonheritable retinoblastoma is retinoblastoma that is not the heritable form. Most cases of retinoblastoma are the nonheritable form.


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 15:22, 4 September 2015

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

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Overview

Retinoblastoma is a cancer of the retina.

Common Risk Factors

  • Retinoblastoma occurs in heritable and nonheritable forms.
A child is thought to have the heritable form of retinoblastoma when one of the following is true:
  • There is a family history of retinoblastoma.
  • There is a certain mutation (change) in the RB1 gene. The mutation in the RB1 gene may be passed from the parent to the child or it may occur at the time of conception.
  • There is more than one tumor in the eye or there is a tumor in both eyes.
  • There is a tumor in one eye and the child is younger than 1 year.
After diagnosis and treatment in a child with heritable retinoblastoma, new tumors may continue to form for a few years. Regular eye exams to check for new tumors are usually done every 2 to 4 months for at least 28 months.
  • Nonheritable retinoblastoma is retinoblastoma that is not the heritable form. Most cases of retinoblastoma are the nonheritable form.

See also

References


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