Rabies epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
m (Bot: Removing from Primary care)
 
(28 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Rabies}}
{{Rabies}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{HK}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
The epidemiology of rabies addresses several questions: what animals have rabies and in what regions of the country, how many people get rabies and from what animals, and what are the best strategies for preventing rabies in people and animals? Epidemiologic information is often presented as statistical data (e.g., numbers or percentages in graphs and on maps). For example, in 2001, 7,437 cases of rabies were reported in the United States. Raccoons accounted for almost 40% of reported cases.
According to the [[World Health Organization]] ([[World Health Organization|WHO]]), human rabies is present in 150 countries and territories and on all continents, except for Antarctica. India has been known to have the highest [[incidence]] of rabies. Twenty-three cases of human rabies have been reported in the United States in the past decade (2008-2017). Many territories, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, Taiwan, Japan, Hawaii, Mauritius, Barbados and Guam, are free of rabies. Worldwide, 55,000 human deaths occur annually from rabies, with 56 % of deaths estimated to occur in Asia and 44 % in Africa.
 
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Prevalence===
===Prevalence===
'''Worldwide'''
'''Worldwide'''
* Canine rabies is known to be endemic in parts of Africa, Asia, and Central and South America
* According to the [[World Health Organization]] ([[World Health Organization|WHO]]), human rabies is present in 150 countries and territories and on all continents, except for Antarctica
* Canine rabies is known to be [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] in parts of Africa, Asia, and Central and South America. Dogs account for over 99 % of all rabies transmission to humans<ref name="urlapps.who.int">{{cite web |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85346/1/9789240690943_eng.pdf |title=apps.who.int |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25881058">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hampson K, Coudeville L, Lembo T, Sambo M, Kieffer A, Attlan M, Barrat J, Blanton JD, Briggs DJ, Cleaveland S, Costa P, Freuling CM, Hiby E, Knopf L, Leanes F, Meslin FX, Metlin A, Miranda ME, Müller T, Nel LH, Recuenco S, Rupprecht CE, Schumacher C, Taylor L, Vigilato MA, Zinsstag J, Dushoff J |title=Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies |journal=PLoS Negl Trop Dis |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=e0003709 |year=2015 |pmid=25881058 |pmc=4400070 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003709 |url=}}</ref>
* The following map represents the global estimate of dog-transmitted rabies, based on [[World Health Organization|WHO]] estimates:
[[Image:Presence_dog_transmitted_human_Rabies_2014.png|500px|center|'''Global presence of dog-transmitted rabies''', source:World Health Organization]]
<br style="clear:left">
 
'''United States'''
'''United States'''
According to [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]], rabies is rare in the United States:<ref name="urlCDC - Rabies Surveillance in the U.S.: Human Rabies - Rabies2">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/location/usa/surveillance/human_rabies.html |title=CDC - Rabies Surveillance in the U.S.: Human Rabies - Rabies |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* Human rabies cases in the United States are rare, with only 1 to 3 cases reported annually
* Human rabies cases in the United States are rare, with only 1 to 3 cases reported annually
* Twenty-three cases of human rabies have been reported in the United States in the past decade (2008-2017). Eight of these were contracted outside of the U.S. and its territories
* Twenty-three cases of human rabies have been reported in the United States in the past decade (2008-2017). Eight of these were contracted outside of the U.S. and its territories
Line 17: Line 23:
=== Incidence ===
=== Incidence ===
'''Worldwide'''
'''Worldwide'''
* A rabies [[epidemic]] occurs every 10 years in China<ref name="pmid16485502">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang YZ, Xiong CL, Xiao DL, Jiang RJ, Wang ZX, Zhang LZ, Fu ZF |title=Human rabies in China |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=1983–4 |year=2005 |pmid=16485502 |pmc=3367615 |doi=10.3201/eid1112.040775 |url=}}</ref>
* India is reported to have the highest [[incidence]] of rabies<ref name="urlWHO | Human rabies in India: a problem needing more attention2">{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/92/4/14-136044/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Human rabies in India: a problem needing more attention |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* In Ethopia, the estimated annual [[incidence]] in humans is 2.33 cases per 100,000 individuals<ref name="urlIncidence of Rabies in Humans and Domestic Animals and Peoples Awareness in North Gondar Zone, Ethiopia">{{cite web |url=http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002216 |title=Incidence of Rabies in Humans and Domestic Animals and People's Awareness in North Gondar Zone, Ethiopia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> 
* The following table outlines the [[incidence]] of rabies in developing countries, according to [[World Health Organization|WHO]]:<ref name="urlWHO | Epidemiology and burden of disease">{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/rabies/epidemiology/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Epidemiology and burden of disease |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Country
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Number of rabies cases
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Major genotype of Rabies virus
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Reporting year
|-
|Angola
|151
|Genotype 1, 2, 3, 4
|2010
|-
|Botswana
|1794
|Genotype 1, 2, 3, 4
|2011
|-
|Kenya
|3
|Genotype 1, 2, 3, 4
|2013
|-
|Kyrgyzstan
|1
|Genotype 1
|2012
|-
|Lesotho
|15
|Genotype 1, 2, 3, 4
|2012
|-
|Madagascar
|2
|Genotype 1 (European bat Lyssavirus type 1 -EBLV-1, also reported)
|2011
|-
|Morocco
|19
|Genotype 1
|2012
|-
|Mozambique
|72
|Genotype 1, 2, 3, 4
|2011
|-
|Namibia
|13
|Genotype 1, 2, 3, 4
|2010-11
|-
|Nepal
|12
|Genotype 1
|2012
|-
|South Africa
|12
|Genotype 1, 2, 3, 4
|2012
|-
|Swaziland
|38
|Genotype 1, 2, 3, 4
|2011
|-
|Tajikistan
|13
|Genotype 1
|2011
|-
|Tunisia
|6
|Genotype 1
|2013
|-
|Vietnam
|102
|Genotype 1
|2013
|-
|Yemen
|30
|Genotype 1
|2014
|-
|Zambia
|5
|Genotype 1, 2, 3, 4
|2012
|-
|Zimbabwe
|2
|Genotype 1, 2, 3, 4
|2012
|}


'''United States'''
'''United States'''
The following table outlines the cases of rabies in humans in the United States and Puerto Rico from January 2008 through September 2017 by mode of exposure and rabies virus (RV) variant responsible for infection:<ref name="urlCDC - Rabies Surveillance in the U.S.: Human Rabies - Rabies">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/location/usa/surveillance/human_rabies.html |title=CDC - Rabies Surveillance in the U.S.: Human Rabies - Rabies |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |'''Date of onset'''
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |'''Date of death'''
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |'''State'''
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |'''Age'''
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |'''Gender'''
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |'''Exposure'''
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |'''Virus variant'''
|-
|5-May-17
|5-May-17
|21-May-17
|21-May-17
Line 204: Line 320:
|Fox,Tb related
|Fox,Tb related
|}
|}
'''Legend:''' Dr = ''Desmodus rotundus''. Ln = ''Lasionycteris noctivagans.'' My sp = ''Myotis'' species. Ps = ''Perimyotis subflavus''.Tb = ''Tadarida brasiliensis''


The English Channel, dog licensing, killing of stray dogs, muzzling and other measures contributed to the eradication of rabies from the United Kingdom in the early 20th century. More recently, large-scale vaccination of cats, dogs and ferrets has been successful in combatting rabies in some developed countries.
=== Developed countries ===
 
* Many territories, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, Taiwan, Japan, Hawaii, Mauritius, Barbados and Guam, are free of rabies, although there may be a very low prevalence of rabies among bats in the UK
The rabies virus survives in wide-spread, varied, rural fauna reservoirs. However, in Asia, parts of Latin America and large parts of Africa, dogs remain the principal host. Mandatory vaccination of animals is less effective in rural areas. Especially in developing countries, pets may not be privately kept and their destruction may be unacceptable. Oral vaccines can be safely distributed in baits, and this has successfully reduced rabies in rural areas of France, Ontario, Texas, Florida and elsewhere. Vaccination campaigns may be expensive, and a cost-benefit analysis can lead those responsible to opt for policies of containment rather than elimination of the disease.
* New Zealand and Australia have never had rabies.[http://epix.hazard.net/topics/animal/rabies.htm] However, in Australia, the Australian Bat Lyssavirus occurs normally in both insectivorous and fruit eating bats (flying foxes) from most mainland states. Scientists believe it is present in bat populations throughout the range of flying foxes in Australia
 
Many territories, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, Taiwan, Japan, Hawaii, Mauritius, Barbados and Guam, are free of rabies, although there may be a very low prevalence of rabies among bats in the UK; see below.
 
New Zealand and Australia have never had rabies.[http://epix.hazard.net/topics/animal/rabies.htm] However, in Australia, the Australian Bat Lyssavirus occurs normally in both insectivorous and fruit eating bats (flying foxes) from most mainland states. Scientists believe it is present in bat populations throughout the range of flying foxes in Australia.
 
Additional information can be obtained from the World Health Organization (http://www.who.int/rabies/rabnet/en/), the Pan American Health Organization (http://www.paho.org/english/ad/dpc/vp/rabia.htm), the Rabies Bulletin-Europe (http://www.rbe.fli.bund.de), the World Organization for Animal Health (http://www.oie.int/eng/en_index.htm), local health authorities of the country, the embassy, or the local consulate’s office in the United States. Lists are provided only as a guide, because up to date information may not be available, surveillance standards vary, and reporting status can change suddenly as a result of disease re-introduction or emergence.


''Countries and political units reporting no indigenous cases of rabies during 2005:''
''Countries and political units reporting no indigenous cases of rabies during 2005:''
Line 219: Line 330:
[[Image:Table rabies.jpg|left|frame|Countries and political units reporting no indigenous cases of rabies during 2005]]
[[Image:Table rabies.jpg|left|frame|Countries and political units reporting no indigenous cases of rabies during 2005]]
<br clear="left" />
<br clear="left" />
=== Age ===
* Worldwide, children under 15 years of age have a higher rabies exposure risk, and most exposures are from dog bites<ref name="urlWHO | Rabies2">{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Rabies |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>


=== Case-mortality rate ===
=== Case-mortality rate ===
* Worldwide, 55,000 human deaths occur annually from rabies<ref name="urlWHO | Rabies">{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Rabies |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* Worldwide, 55,000 human deaths occur annually from rabies, with 56 % of deaths estimated to occur in Asia and 44 % in Africa<ref name="urlWHO | Rabies">{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Rabies |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* An estimated 31,000 human deaths due to rabies occur annually in Asia, with the majority (around 20,000 occuring in India)<ref name="urlWHO | Rabies3">{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Rabies |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlWHO | Human rabies in India: a problem needing more attention">{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/92/4/14-136044/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Human rabies in India: a problem needing more attention |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10578630">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dutta JK |title=Human rabies in India: epidemiological features, management and current methods of prevention |journal=Trop Doct |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=196–201 |year=1999 |pmid=10578630 |doi=10.1177/004947559902900404 |url=}}</ref>
* More than 99% of all human deaths from rabies occur in Africa, Asia, South America and India which report thirty thousand deaths annually.<ref name="WHO_stats">{{cite web | title = Rabies vaccine | work = WHO - Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals | url = http://www.who.int/vaccines/en/rabies.shtml | accessdate = 2006-04-20}}</ref> One of the sources of recent flourishing of rabies in the East Asia is the pet boom. China introduced the "One-dog policy" in November 2006 to control the problem.<ref>[http://www.thestar.com/News/article/238729 The Toronto Star "China cracks down on rabid dog menace"]</ref>
* More than 99% of all human deaths from rabies occur in Africa, Asia, South America and India which report thirty thousand deaths annually.<ref name="WHO_stats">{{cite web | title = Rabies vaccine | work = WHO - Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals | url = http://www.who.int/vaccines/en/rabies.shtml | accessdate = 2006-04-20}}</ref> One of the sources of recent flourishing of rabies in the East Asia is the pet boom. China introduced the "One-dog policy" in November 2006 to control the problem.<ref>[http://www.thestar.com/News/article/238729 The Toronto Star "China cracks down on rabid dog menace"]</ref>
* The number of human rabies deaths in the United States attributed to rabies has been steadily declining since the 1970’s thanks to animal control and vaccination programs, successful outreach programs, and the availability of modern rabies biologics
* The number of human rabies deaths in the United States attributed to rabies has been steadily declining since the 1970’s thanks to animal control and [[vaccination]] programs, successful outreach programs, and the availability of modern rabies biologics
{| class="wikitable"
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Region
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Country
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Case-mortality rate per 100,000 patients
|-
|Asia
|Bangladesh
|1.1 - 1.8
|-
|
|Bhutan
|2.7 - 7.5
|-
|
|Cambodia
|2.8 - 11.5
|}


=== Non-human rabies ===  
=== Non-human rabies ===  
[[Image:Reported l.gif|thumb|left|300px|Cases of animal rabies in the United States in 2001]]  
[[Image:Reported l.gif|thumb|center|500px|Cases of animal rabies in the United States in 2001]]
 
=====Wild Animals=====
=====Wild Animals=====


Line 237: Line 370:
Domestic species accounted for 6.8% of all rabid animals reported in the United States in 2001. The number of reported rabid domestic animals decreased 2.4% from the 509 cases reported in 2000 to 497 in 2001.
Domestic species accounted for 6.8% of all rabid animals reported in the United States in 2001. The number of reported rabid domestic animals decreased 2.4% from the 509 cases reported in 2000 to 497 in 2001.


In 2001, cases of rabies in cats increased 8.4%, whereas those in dogs, cattle, horses, sheep and goats, and swine decreased 21.9%, 1.2%, 1.9% and 70.0% respectively compared with those reported in 2000. Rabies cases in cats continue to be more than twice as numerous as those in dogs or cattle. Pennsylvania reported the largest number of rabid domestic animals (46) for any state, followed by New York (43).
In 2001, cases of rabies in cats increased 8.4%, whereas those in dogs, cattle, horses, sheep and goats, and swine decreased 21.9%, 1.2%, 1.9% and 70.0% respectively compared with those reported in 2000. Rabies cases in cats continue to be more than twice as numerous as those in dogs or cattle. Pennsylvania reported the largest number of rabid domestic animals for any state, followed by New York.
 
Successful vaccination programs that began in the 1940s caused a decline in dog rabies in this country. But, as the number of cases of rabies in dogs decreased, rabies in wild animals increased, as shown in the graph below.


==References==
==References==
Line 245: Line 376:
{{WH}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Viral diseases]]
[[Category:Viral diseases]]
[[Category:Mononegavirales]]
[[Category:Mononegavirales]]
Line 253: Line 384:
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Latest revision as of 23:56, 29 July 2020

Rabies Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Rabies from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

Echocardiography and Ultrasound

CT

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Rabies epidemiology and demographics On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Rabies epidemiology and demographics

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Rabies epidemiology and demographics

CDC on Rabies epidemiology and demographics

Rabies epidemiology and demographics in the news

Blogs on Rabies epidemiology and demographics

Directions to Hospitals Treating Rabies

Risk calculators and risk factors for Rabies epidemiology and demographics

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [2]

Overview

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), human rabies is present in 150 countries and territories and on all continents, except for Antarctica. India has been known to have the highest incidence of rabies. Twenty-three cases of human rabies have been reported in the United States in the past decade (2008-2017). Many territories, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, Taiwan, Japan, Hawaii, Mauritius, Barbados and Guam, are free of rabies. Worldwide, 55,000 human deaths occur annually from rabies, with 56 % of deaths estimated to occur in Asia and 44 % in Africa.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Prevalence

Worldwide

  • According to the World Health Organization (WHO), human rabies is present in 150 countries and territories and on all continents, except for Antarctica
  • Canine rabies is known to be endemic in parts of Africa, Asia, and Central and South America. Dogs account for over 99 % of all rabies transmission to humans[1][2]
  • The following map represents the global estimate of dog-transmitted rabies, based on WHO estimates:
Global presence of dog-transmitted rabies, source:World Health Organization
Global presence of dog-transmitted rabies, source:World Health Organization


United States

According to CDC, rabies is rare in the United States:[3]

  • Human rabies cases in the United States are rare, with only 1 to 3 cases reported annually
  • Twenty-three cases of human rabies have been reported in the United States in the past decade (2008-2017). Eight of these were contracted outside of the U.S. and its territories
  • In 2001, 49 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico reported 7,437 cases of rabies in animals and no cases in humans, according to CDC (Hawaii is the only state that has never reported an indigenously acquired rabies case in humans or animals). The total number of reported cases increased by 0.92% from those reported in 2000 (7,369 cases).

Incidence

Worldwide

  • A rabies epidemic occurs every 10 years in China[4]
  • India is reported to have the highest incidence of rabies[5]
  • In Ethopia, the estimated annual incidence in humans is 2.33 cases per 100,000 individuals[6] 
  • The following table outlines the incidence of rabies in developing countries, according to WHO:[7]
Country Number of rabies cases Major genotype of Rabies virus Reporting year
Angola 151 Genotype 1, 2, 3, 4 2010
Botswana 1794 Genotype 1, 2, 3, 4 2011
Kenya 3 Genotype 1, 2, 3, 4 2013
Kyrgyzstan 1 Genotype 1 2012
Lesotho 15 Genotype 1, 2, 3, 4 2012
Madagascar 2 Genotype 1 (European bat Lyssavirus type 1 -EBLV-1, also reported) 2011
Morocco 19 Genotype 1 2012
Mozambique 72 Genotype 1, 2, 3, 4 2011
Namibia 13 Genotype 1, 2, 3, 4 2010-11
Nepal 12 Genotype 1 2012
South Africa 12 Genotype 1, 2, 3, 4 2012
Swaziland 38 Genotype 1, 2, 3, 4 2011
Tajikistan 13 Genotype 1 2011
Tunisia 6 Genotype 1 2013
Vietnam 102 Genotype 1 2013
Yemen 30 Genotype 1 2014
Zambia 5 Genotype 1, 2, 3, 4 2012
Zimbabwe 2 Genotype 1, 2, 3, 4 2012

United States

The following table outlines the cases of rabies in humans in the United States and Puerto Rico from January 2008 through September 2017 by mode of exposure and rabies virus (RV) variant responsible for infection:[8]

Date of onset Date of death State Age Gender Exposure Virus variant
5-May-17 21-May-17 VA 65 F Bite Dog, India
25-Nov-15 1-Dec-15 PR 54 M Bite Dog-mongoose, Caribbean
17-Sep-15 3-Oct-15 WY 77 F Contact Bat, Ln
30-Jul-15 24-Aug-15 MA 65 M Bite, Philippines Dog, Philippines
12-Sep-14 26-Sep-14 MO 52 M Unknown Bat, Ps
16-May-13 11-Jun-13 TX 28 M Unknown, Guatemala Dog, Guatemala
31-Jan-13 27-Feb-13 MD 49 M Kidney transplant Raccoon, eastern United States
6-Jul-12 31-Jul-12 CA 34 M Bite Bat,Tb
22-Dec-11 23-Jan-12 MA 63 M Contact Bat, My sp
3-Dec-11 19-Dec-11 SC 46 F Unknown Bat,Tb
1-Sep-11 14-Oct-11 MA 40 M Contact, Brazil Dog, Brazil
21-Aug-11 1-Sep-11 NC 20 M Unknown (organ donor)§ Raccoon, eastern United States
14-Aug-11 31-Aug-11 NY 25 M Contact, Afghanistan Dog, Afghanistan
30-Jun-11 20-Jul-11 NJ 73 F Bite, Haiti Dog, Haiti
30-Apr-11 Survived CA 8 F Unknown Unknown
24-Dec-10 10-Jan-11 WI 70 M Unknown Bat, Ps
2-Aug-10 21-Aug-10 LA 19 M Bite, Mexico Bat, Dr
23-Oct-09 20-Nov-09 VA 42 M Contact, India Dog, India
20-Oct-09 11-Nov-09 MI 55 M Contact Bat, Ln
5-Oct-09 20-Oct-09 IN 43 M Unknown Bat, Ps
25-Feb-09 Survived TX 17 F Contact Bat, unknown
19-Nov-08 30-Nov-08 MO 55 M Bite Bat, Ln
16-Mar-08 18-Mar-08 CA 16 M Bite, Mexico Fox,Tb related

Legend: Dr = Desmodus rotundus. Ln = Lasionycteris noctivagans. My sp = Myotis species. Ps = Perimyotis subflavus.Tb = Tadarida brasiliensis

Developed countries

  • Many territories, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, Taiwan, Japan, Hawaii, Mauritius, Barbados and Guam, are free of rabies, although there may be a very low prevalence of rabies among bats in the UK
  • New Zealand and Australia have never had rabies.[3] However, in Australia, the Australian Bat Lyssavirus occurs normally in both insectivorous and fruit eating bats (flying foxes) from most mainland states. Scientists believe it is present in bat populations throughout the range of flying foxes in Australia

Countries and political units reporting no indigenous cases of rabies during 2005:

Countries and political units reporting no indigenous cases of rabies during 2005


Age

  • Worldwide, children under 15 years of age have a higher rabies exposure risk, and most exposures are from dog bites[9]

Case-mortality rate

  • Worldwide, 55,000 human deaths occur annually from rabies, with 56 % of deaths estimated to occur in Asia and 44 % in Africa[10]
  • An estimated 31,000 human deaths due to rabies occur annually in Asia, with the majority (around 20,000 occuring in India)[11][12][13]
  • More than 99% of all human deaths from rabies occur in Africa, Asia, South America and India which report thirty thousand deaths annually.[14] One of the sources of recent flourishing of rabies in the East Asia is the pet boom. China introduced the "One-dog policy" in November 2006 to control the problem.[15]
  • The number of human rabies deaths in the United States attributed to rabies has been steadily declining since the 1970’s thanks to animal control and vaccination programs, successful outreach programs, and the availability of modern rabies biologics
Region Country Case-mortality rate per 100,000 patients
Asia Bangladesh 1.1 - 1.8
Bhutan 2.7 - 7.5
Cambodia 2.8 - 11.5

Non-human rabies

Cases of animal rabies in the United States in 2001
Wild Animals

Wild animals accounted for 93% of reported cases of rabies in 2001. Raccoons continued to be the most frequently reported rabid wildlife species (37.2% of all animal cases during 2001), followed by skunks (30.7%), bats (17.2%), foxes (5.9%), and other wild animals, including rodents and lagomorphs (0.7%). Reported cases in raccoons and foxes decreased 0.4% and 3.5% respectively from the totals reported in 2000. Reported cases in skunks, and bats increased 2.6%, and 3.3% respectively from the totals reported in 2000.

Outbreaks of rabies infections in terrestrial mammals like raccoons, skunks, foxes, and coyotes are found in broad geographic regions across the United States. Geographic boundaries of currently recognized reservoirs for rabies in terrestrial mammals are shown on the map below.

Domestic Animals

Domestic species accounted for 6.8% of all rabid animals reported in the United States in 2001. The number of reported rabid domestic animals decreased 2.4% from the 509 cases reported in 2000 to 497 in 2001.

In 2001, cases of rabies in cats increased 8.4%, whereas those in dogs, cattle, horses, sheep and goats, and swine decreased 21.9%, 1.2%, 1.9% and 70.0% respectively compared with those reported in 2000. Rabies cases in cats continue to be more than twice as numerous as those in dogs or cattle. Pennsylvania reported the largest number of rabid domestic animals for any state, followed by New York.

References

  1. ↑ "apps.who.int" (PDF).
  2. ↑ Hampson K, Coudeville L, Lembo T, Sambo M, Kieffer A, Attlan M, Barrat J, Blanton JD, Briggs DJ, Cleaveland S, Costa P, Freuling CM, Hiby E, Knopf L, Leanes F, Meslin FX, Metlin A, Miranda ME, Müller T, Nel LH, Recuenco S, Rupprecht CE, Schumacher C, Taylor L, Vigilato MA, Zinsstag J, Dushoff J (2015). "Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies". PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 9 (4): e0003709. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003709. PMC 4400070. PMID 25881058.
  3. ↑ "CDC - Rabies Surveillance in the U.S.: Human Rabies - Rabies".
  4. ↑ Zhang YZ, Xiong CL, Xiao DL, Jiang RJ, Wang ZX, Zhang LZ, Fu ZF (2005). "Human rabies in China". Emerging Infect. Dis. 11 (12): 1983–4. doi:10.3201/eid1112.040775. PMC 3367615. PMID 16485502.
  5. ↑ "WHO | Human rabies in India: a problem needing more attention".
  6. ↑ "Incidence of Rabies in Humans and Domestic Animals and People's Awareness in North Gondar Zone, Ethiopia".
  7. ↑ "WHO | Epidemiology and burden of disease".
  8. ↑ "CDC - Rabies Surveillance in the U.S.: Human Rabies - Rabies".
  9. ↑ "WHO | Rabies".
  10. ↑ "WHO | Rabies".
  11. ↑ "WHO | Rabies".
  12. ↑ "WHO | Human rabies in India: a problem needing more attention".
  13. ↑ Dutta JK (1999). "Human rabies in India: epidemiological features, management and current methods of prevention". Trop Doct. 29 (4): 196–201. doi:10.1177/004947559902900404. PMID 10578630.
  14. ↑ "Rabies vaccine". WHO - Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals. Retrieved 2006-04-20.
  15. ↑ The Toronto Star "China cracks down on rabid dog menace"

Template:WH Template:WS

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Rabies_epidemiology_and_demographics&oldid=1642735"