Prostate cancer differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Frequency
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Frequency
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Oliguria
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Oliguria
|-
| rowspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Glomerular disease|Glomerular diseases]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[IgA nephropathy|IgA nephropathy]]<ref name="pmid12213946">{{cite journal| author=Donadio JV, Grande JP| title=IgA nephropathy. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2002 | volume= 347 | issue= 10 | pages= 738-48 | pmid=12213946 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra020109 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12213946  }}</ref><ref name="pmid21949093">{{cite journal| author=Suzuki H, Kiryluk K, Novak J, Moldoveanu Z, Herr AB, Renfrow MB et al.| title=The pathophysiology of IgA nephropathy. | journal=J Am Soc Nephrol | year= 2011 | volume= 22 | issue= 10 | pages= 1795-803 | pmid=21949093 | doi=10.1681/ASN.2011050464 | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21949093 }}</ref> [[IgA nephropathy|(Berger nephropathy)]]
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | '''Biopsy:'''
[[IgA]] deposited in a diffuse [[Granular cell|granular]] pattern in the [[mesangium]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy
*
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Alport syndrome|Hereditary nephritis]]<ref name="pmid11137428">{{cite journal| author=McCarthy PA, Maino DM| title=Alport syndrome: a review. | journal=Clin Eye Vis Care | year= 2000 | volume= 12 | issue= 3-4 | pages= 139-150 | pmid=11137428 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11137428 }}</ref><ref name="pmid8154501">{{cite journal| author=Bodziak KA, Hammond WS, Molitoris BA| title=Inherited diseases of the glomerular basement membrane. | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 1994 | volume= 23 | issue= 4 | pages= 605-18 | pmid=8154501 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8154501 }}</ref> [[Alport syndrome|(Alport syndrome)]]
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* Cataract
* Hearing loss
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* [[Pyuria]]
* Red cell [[casts]]
* Cylindrical [[casts]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |'''Biopsy:'''
* [[Monoclonal antibodies]] directed against alpha-3 (IV), alpha-4 (IV), and alpha-5 (IV) chains of [[Type-IV collagen|typ-e IV collage]]<nowiki/>n
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Genetics|Genetic]] analysis
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]]<ref name="pmid15213266">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yoshizawa N, Yamakami K, Fujino M, Oda T, Tamura K, Matsumoto K, Sugisaki T, Boyle MD |title=Nephritis-associated plasmin receptor and acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis: characterization of the antigen and associated immune response |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=15 |issue=7 |pages=1785–93 |date=July 2004 |pmid=15213266 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20708459">{{cite journal |vauthors=Oda T, Yoshizawa N, Yamakami K, Tamura K, Kuroki A, Sugisaki T, Sawanobori E, Higashida K, Ohtomo Y, Hotta O, Kumagai H, Miura S |title=Localization of nephritis-associated plasmin receptor in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis |journal=Hum. Pathol. |volume=41 |issue=9 |pages=1276–85 |date=September 2010 |pmid=20708459 |doi=10.1016/j.humpath.2010.02.006 |url=}}</ref>
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* [[Edema]]
* [[Anemia]]
* Increased [[Blood pressure|Blood Pressure]]
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* Urine samples for [[protein]] and [[blood]]
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'''Biopsy'''
* Irregularly thin and attenuated [[GBM]]
* Splitting of [[GBM]]
* Scarring
* [[Immunoglobulin G]] and [[C3 disease|C3]] in a diffuse [[Granule cell|granular]] pattern
* Starry sky pattern
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis|Focal segmental glomerular sclerosis]]<ref name="pmid18039119">{{cite journal| author=Kwoh C, Shannon MB, Miner JH, Shaw A| title=Pathogenesis of nonimmune glomerulopathies. | journal=Annu Rev Pathol | year= 2006 | volume= 1 | issue=  | pages= 349-74 | pmid=18039119 | doi=10.1146/annurev.pathol.1.110304.100119 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18039119  }}</ref><ref name="pmid17216262">{{cite journal |vauthors=Reidy K, Kaskel FJ |title=Pathophysiology of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis |journal=Pediatr. Nephrol. |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=350–4 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17216262 |pmc=1794138 |doi=10.1007/s00467-006-0357-2 |url=}}</ref>'''<ref name="pmid14750104">{{cite journal| author=D'Agati VD, Fogo AB, Bruijn JA, Jennette JC| title=Pathologic classification of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: a working proposal. | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 2004| volume= 43 | issue= 2 | pages= 368-82 | pmid=14750104 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14750104  }}</ref>'''
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* [[Nephrotic syndrome]]
* [[ESRD]]
* [[Pleural effusion]]
* [[Ascites]]
* [[Abdominal pain]]
**
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* [[Urinalysis]] reveals large amounts of protein, along with [[hyaline]] and broad waxy casts
* [[Hepatitis B]] or [[Hepatitis C|C]] infection
* [[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody]] titers, [[serum protein electrophoresis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |'''Biopsy'''
* Segmental solidification in the perihilar region and  peripheral areas, especially the [[tubular]] pole
* Coarsely [[Granule cell|granular]] deposits -of [[Immunoglobulin M|IgM]] and [[C3 glomerular disease|C3]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis]]<ref name="pmid9507491">{{cite journal| author=Couser WG| title=Pathogenesis of glomerular damage in glomerulonephritis. | journal=Nephrol Dial Transplant | year= 1998 | volume= 13 Suppl 1 | issue=  | pages= 10-5 | pmid=9507491 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9507491  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8959617">{{cite journal| author=Atkins RC, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Song Q, Lan HY| title=Modulators of crescentic glomerulonephritis. | journal=J Am Soc Nephrol | year= 1996 | volume= 7 | issue= 11 | pages= 2271-8 | pmid=8959617 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8959617  }}</ref><ref name="pmid12631105">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jennette JC |title=Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=1164–77 |date=March 2003 |pmid=12631105 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00843.x |url=}}</ref>
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* Abdominal pain
* Painful cutaneous nodules
* Migratory poly arthropathy
* [[Rhinosinusitis|Sinusitis]]
* [[Cough]]
* [[Hemoptysis]].
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* Low [[iron]]
* [[Eosinophilia]]
* Increased serum [[creatinine]] level
* Eleated [[Lactate dehydrogenase|LDH]] and [[Creatine kinase|CPK]]
* [[Proteinuria]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | Biopsy:
* Diffuse, proliferative, necrotizing [[Glomerular disease|glomerulonephritis]] with [[Glomerular disease|crescent]] formation
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Lupus nephritis]]<ref name="pmid25014039">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schwartz N, Goilav B, Putterman C |title=The pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of lupus nephritis |journal=Curr Opin Rheumatol |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=502–9 |date=September 2014 |pmid=25014039 |pmc=4221732 |doi=10.1097/BOR.0000000000000089 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22977215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Giannico G, Fogo AB |title=Lupus nephritis: is the kidney biopsy currently necessary in the management of lupus nephritis? |journal=Clin J Am Soc Nephrol |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=138–45 |year=2013 |pmid=22977215 |doi=10.2215/CJN.03400412 |url=}}</ref>
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* Foamy dark urine
* Weight gain
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* [[Hematuria]]
* [[Pyuria]]
* [[Proteinuria]]
* Cellular casts
* Low [[iron]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | Biopsy,
* Different pathologies, [[Lupus nephritis|CLICK HERE]] for more information.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Fabry's disease|Fabry disease]]
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* [[Hematuria]]
* [[Proteinuria]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | Biopsy
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | Biopsy
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
! colspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
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! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diagnosis method
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diagnosis method
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gold standard
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gold standard
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Tubulointerstitial diseases of the kidney|Tubulointerstitial diseases]]<ref name="BakerPusey2004">{{cite journal|last1=Baker|first1=R. J.|last2=Pusey|first2=C. D.|title=The changing profile of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis|journal=Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation|volume=19|issue=1|year=2004|pages=8–11|issn=0931-0509|doi=10.1093/ndt/gfg464}}</ref><ref>Kelly C, Tomaszewski J, Neilson E. Immunopathogenic mechanisms of tubulointerstitial injury. In: Tisher C, Brenner B, eds, Renal Pathology: With Clinical and Functional Correlations, 2nd Edn., Vol. 1. J. B. Lippincott & Co, Philadelphia, PA, 1994; 699–722</ref><ref>Dharmarajan TS, Yoo J, Russell RO, Boateng YA. Acute post streptococcal interstitial nephritis in an adult and review of the literature. Int Urol Nephrol 1999; 31:145</ref>
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Rash
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* [[Eosinophilia]]
* [[Eosinophiluria]]
* [[Isosthenuria]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy:
* [[Edema]] and infiltration by [[Monocyte|mononuclear cells]], (principally lymphocytes)
* [[Eosinophils]] are present, often in large numbers.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Renal biopsy
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephrolithiasis]]<ref name="pmid12649987">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hochreiter W, Knoll T, Hess B |title=[Pathophysiology, diagnosis and conservative therapy of non-calcium kidney calculi] |language=German |journal=Ther Umsch |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=89–97 |date=February 2003 |pmid=12649987 |doi=10.1024/0040-5930.60.2.89 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23392537">{{cite journal |vauthors=Trinchieri A |title=Diet and renal stone formation |journal=Minerva Med. |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=41–54 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23392537 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephrolithiasis]]<ref name="pmid12649987">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hochreiter W, Knoll T, Hess B |title=[Pathophysiology, diagnosis and conservative therapy of non-calcium kidney calculi] |language=German |journal=Ther Umsch |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=89–97 |date=February 2003 |pmid=12649987 |doi=10.1024/0040-5930.60.2.89 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23392537">{{cite journal |vauthors=Trinchieri A |title=Diet and renal stone formation |journal=Minerva Med. |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=41–54 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23392537 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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* Radiating pain to groin
*Radiating pain to groin
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* [[Hypercalciuria]]
*[[Hypercalciuria]]
* [[Hyperoxaluria]]
*[[Hyperoxaluria]]
* [[Hypocitraturia]]
*[[Hypocitraturia]]
* [[Hyperuricemia]]
*[[Hyperuricemia]]
* [[Hyperuricosuria]]
*[[Hyperuricosuria]]
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* Ultrasound: [[Hydronephrosis]] +/-
*Ultrasound: [[Hydronephrosis]] +/-
* [[Computed tomography|Abdominal CT scan]] without contrast
*[[Computed tomography|Abdominal CT scan]] without contrast
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Abdominal [[Computed tomography|CT scan]] without contrast
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Abdominal [[Computed tomography|CT scan]] without contrast
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Reflux nephropathy|Reflux nephropathy (hydronephrosis)]]
| rowspan="3" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Malignancy]]
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* [[Abdomen]] pain
* [[Chest pain]]
* [[Shortness of breath]]
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* Elevated [[WBC]] count
* Elevated [[BUN]]
* [[Hyperkalemia]]
 
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* Ultrasound: [[Hydronephrosis]] +/-
 
* Biopsy: [[Kidney]] scar
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |–
|-
| rowspan="4" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Malignancy]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Renal cell carcinoma|Renal cell carcinoma (RCC)]]<ref name="pmid16339096">{{cite journal| author=Cohen HT, McGovern FJ| title=Renal-cell carcinoma. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2005 | volume= 353 | issue= 23 | pages= 2477-90 | pmid=16339096 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra043172 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16339096  }}</ref><ref name="pmid20479778">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leveridge MJ, Bostrom PJ, Koulouris G, Finelli A, Lawrentschuk N |title=Imaging renal cell carcinoma with ultrasonography, CT and MRI |journal=Nat Rev Urol |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=311–25 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20479778 |doi=10.1038/nrurol.2010.63 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Renal cell carcinoma|Renal cell carcinoma (RCC)]]<ref name="pmid16339096">{{cite journal| author=Cohen HT, McGovern FJ| title=Renal-cell carcinoma. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2005 | volume= 353 | issue= 23 | pages= 2477-90 | pmid=16339096 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra043172 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16339096  }}</ref><ref name="pmid20479778">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leveridge MJ, Bostrom PJ, Koulouris G, Finelli A, Lawrentschuk N |title=Imaging renal cell carcinoma with ultrasonography, CT and MRI |journal=Nat Rev Urol |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=311–25 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20479778 |doi=10.1038/nrurol.2010.63 |url=}}</ref>
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
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* [[Flanks|Flank]] mass
*[[Flanks|Flank]] mass
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* [[Anemia]]
*[[Anemia]]
* [[Hematuria]]
*[[Hematuria]]
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* Both [[CT]] and [[MRI]] may be used to detect [[neoplastic]] masses that may define renal cell carcinoma or metastasis of the primary cancer. [[CT]] scan and use of intravenous (IV) contrast is generally used for work-up and follow-up of patients with [[Renal cell carcinoma|renal cell carcinom]]<nowiki/>a.
*Both [[CT]] and [[MRI]] may be used to detect [[neoplastic]] masses that may define renal cell carcinoma or metastasis of the primary cancer. [[CT]] scan and use of intravenous (IV) contrast is generally used for work-up and follow-up of patients with [[Renal cell carcinoma|renal cell carcinom]]<nowiki/>a.
* The histological pattern of renal cell [[carcinoma]] depends whether it is [[Papillary|papillary,]] [[chromophobe]] or [[collecting duct]] renal cell carcinoma.
*The histological pattern of renal cell [[carcinoma]] depends whether it is [[Papillary|papillary,]] [[chromophobe]] or [[collecting duct]] renal cell carcinoma.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |–
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephroblastoma]] ([[Wilms' tumor|Wilms tumor]])<ref name="pmid1978">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jolly RD, Stellwagen E, Babul J, Vodkaĭlo LV, Titov VL, Moldomusaev DM, Maianskiĭ AN |title=Mannosidosis of Angus Cattle: a prototype control program for some genetic diseases |journal=Adv Vet Sci Comp Med |volume=19 |issue=23 |pages=1–21 |date=November 1975 |pmid=1978 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid157385942">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stefanowicz J, Sierota D, Balcerska A, Stoba C |title=[Wilms' tumour of unfavorable histology--results of treatment with the SIOP 93-01 protocol at the Gdańsk centre. Preliminary report] |language=Polish |journal=Med Wieku Rozwoj |volume=8 |issue=2 Pt 1 |pages=197–200 |date=2004 |pmid=15738594 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Abdominal pain]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Anemia]]
* [[Hematuria]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Ultrasound is the best initial diagnostic study used in cases suspected with [[Wilms tumor]].<ref name="pmid61529362">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hartman DS, Sanders RC |title=Wilms' tumor versus neuroblastoma: usefulness of ultrasound in differentiation |journal=J Ultrasound Med |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=117–22 |date=April 1982 |pmid=6152936 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Doppler ultrasonography]] can help to detect invasion of [[renal vein]] and [[Inferior vena cava|IVC]] by the tumor.<ref name="pmid30036602">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Campo JF |title=Ultrasound of Wilms' tumor |journal=Pediatr Radiol |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=21–4 |date=1986 |pmid=3003660 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Findings on [[CT scan]]:<ref name="pmid4080660">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cahan LD |title=Failure of encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis procedure in moyamoya disease |journal=Pediatr Neurosci |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=58–62 |date=1985 |pmid=4080660 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**Heterogeneous soft-tissue density masses
**Abdominal lymph nodes and contralateral involvement
'''Biopsy:'''
* Primitive tubules and [[Glomerulus|glomeruli]] are often seen comprised of [[Cancer|neoplastic]] cells.
* Spindled cell [[stroma]] surrounding abortive tubules and [[Glomerulus|glomeruli]] is characteristic.
*The stroma may include:
**Striated [[muscle]] [[cartilage]]
**[[bone]]
**[[Adipose tissue|Fat tissue]]
**[[Fibrous connective tissue|Fibrous tissue.]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Bladder cancer]]<ref name="pmid21360040">{{cite journal| author=Pons F, Orsola A, Morote J, Bellmunt J| title=Variant forms of bladder cancer: basic considerations on treatment approaches. | journal=Curr Oncol Rep | year= 2011 | volume= 13 | issue= 3 | pages= 216-21 | pmid=21360040 | doi=10.1007/s11912-011-0161-4 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21360040  }}</ref><ref name="pmid10918764">{{cite journal |vauthors=Metts MC, Metts JC, Milito SJ, Thomas CR |title=Bladder cancer: a review of diagnosis and management |journal=J Natl Med Assoc |volume=92 |issue=6 |pages=285–94 |date=June 2000 |pmid=10918764 |pmc=2640522 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid182316182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rom M, Kuehhas FE, Djavan B |title=New findings in bladder and prostate cancer: highlights of the 22nd annual congress of the European association of urology, march 21-24, 2007, berlin, Germany |journal=Rev Urol |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=214–9 |date=2007 |pmid=18231618 |pmc=2199502 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Bladder cancer]]<ref name="pmid21360040">{{cite journal| author=Pons F, Orsola A, Morote J, Bellmunt J| title=Variant forms of bladder cancer: basic considerations on treatment approaches. | journal=Curr Oncol Rep | year= 2011 | volume= 13 | issue= 3 | pages= 216-21 | pmid=21360040 | doi=10.1007/s11912-011-0161-4 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21360040  }}</ref><ref name="pmid10918764">{{cite journal |vauthors=Metts MC, Metts JC, Milito SJ, Thomas CR |title=Bladder cancer: a review of diagnosis and management |journal=J Natl Med Assoc |volume=92 |issue=6 |pages=285–94 |date=June 2000 |pmid=10918764 |pmc=2640522 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid182316182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rom M, Kuehhas FE, Djavan B |title=New findings in bladder and prostate cancer: highlights of the 22nd annual congress of the European association of urology, march 21-24, 2007, berlin, Germany |journal=Rev Urol |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=214–9 |date=2007 |pmid=18231618 |pmc=2199502 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
Line 336: Line 112:
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Suprapubic pain
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Suprapubic pain
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Anemia]]
*[[Anemia]]
* [[Hematuria]]
*[[Hematuria]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Ultrasound]], [[Computed tomography|CT scan]], Biopsy
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Ultrasound]], [[Computed tomography|CT scan]], Biopsy
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy
Line 352: Line 128:
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Anemia]]
*[[Anemia]]
* [[Hematuria]]
*[[Hematuria]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Ultrasound]], [[Computed tomography|CT scan]], Biopsy
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Ultrasound]], [[Computed tomography|CT scan]], Biopsy
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Low back pain
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Fever
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Nausea/
Vomiting
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Dysuria
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Frequency
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Oliguria
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hypertension
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pitting edema
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lab Findings
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diagnosis method
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gold standard
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Familial|Familial diseases]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Polycystic kidney disease]]'''<ref name="pmid8321262">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gabow PA |title=Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=329 |issue=5 |pages=332–42 |date=July 1993 |pmid=8321262 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199307293290508 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16523049">{{cite journal |vauthors=Adeva M, El-Youssef M, Rossetti S, Kamath PS, Kubly V, Consugar MB, Milliner DM, King BF, Torres VE, Harris PC |title=Clinical and molecular characterization defines a broadened spectrum of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16523049 |doi=10.1097/01.md.0000200165.90373.9a |url=}}</ref>'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Palpable]] [[mass]] in the [[flank]]
* Palpable [[abdominal]] [[mass]] in the [[lumbar]] quadrant
* [[Palpable]] [[nodular]] [[hepatomegaly]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Hypocitraturia]] in 65% on patients
* [[Hyperuricemia]] in 20% of patients
* [[Hyperoxaluria]] in 20% of patients
* Low [[urine pH]]
* [[Hematuria]] ([[microscopic]] or [[macroscopic]])
* [[Proteinuria]] usually less than 1 g/day
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Ultrasound:
* Unilateral or bilateral [[cysts]]
[[CT-scans|CT]]:
* Hyperdense appearance,
* Septations
* Calcifications
[[Genetic]] testing demonstrates:
* Frame insertions/deletions
* Non-canonical [[splice]] site alterations
* Combined [[missense]] changes
Biopsy:
* Interstitial fibrosis
* Tubular atrophy
* Thickening and lamellation of tubular basement membranes
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Ultrasound]]
|-
| rowspan="3" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Vascular anomaly|Vascular diseases]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Renal vein thrombosis]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[U. Kuhlmann]], [[J. Steurer]], [[A. Bollinger]], [[G. Pouliadis]], [[J. Briner]] & [[W. Siegenthaler]]
| title = &#91;Incidence and clinical significance of thromboses and thrombo-embolic complications in nephrotic syndrome patients&#93;
| journal = [[Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift]]
| volume = 111
| issue = 27-28
| pages = 1034–1040
| year = 1981
| month = July
| pmid = 7268357
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[F. Llach]], [[S. Papper]] & [[S. G. Massry]]
| title = The clinical spectrum of renal vein thrombosis: acute and chronic
| journal = [[The American journal of medicine]]
| volume = 69
| issue = 6
| pages = 819–827
| year = 1980
| month = December
| pmid = 7446547
}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Asymptomatic
* [[Abdominal pain]]
* Acute in onset
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Elevation in serum [[lactate dehydrogenase]]
* [[Cholesterol]] levels for hyper-cholesterolemia
* [[Albumin]] levels for hypoalbuminemia
* Serum [[complement]] levels
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Ultrasound]]
* [[Venography]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |'''Renal venography:''' Gold standard
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Granulomatosis with polyangiitis|Wegner's granulomatosis polyangiitis]]<ref name="pmid27733943">{{cite journal| author=Pagnoux C| title=Updates in ANCA-associated vasculitis. | journal=Eur J Rheumatol | year= 2016 | volume= 3 | issue= 3 | pages= 122-133 | pmid=27733943 | doi=10.5152/eurjrheum.2015.0043 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27733943  }}</ref><ref name="pmid12541109">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee KS, Kim TS, Fujimoto K, Moriya H, Watanabe H, Tateishi U, Ashizawa K, Johkoh T, Kim EA, Kwon OJ |title=Thoracic manifestation of Wegener's granulomatosis: CT findings in 30 patients |journal=Eur Radiol |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=43–51 |year=2003 |pmid=12541109 |doi=10.1007/s00330-002-1422-2 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17133251">{{cite journal| author=Kallenberg CG, Heeringa P, Stegeman CA| title=Mechanisms of Disease: pathogenesis and treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitides. | journal=Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol | year= 2006 | volume= 2 | issue= 12 | pages= 661-70 | pmid=17133251 | doi=10.1038/ncprheum0355 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17133251  }}</ref><ref name="pmid93665842">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jennette JC, Falk RJ |title=Small-vessel vasculitis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=337 |issue=21 |pages=1512–23 |date=November 1997 |pmid=9366584 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199711203372106 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Upper respiratory tract infection|URTI]]
* [[CNS]] involvement
* [[Ophthalmic]] involvement
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Proteinuria]]
* Microscopic [[hematuria]]
* [[RBC casts]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | [[Computed tomography|CT]] chest:
* Multiple [[Pulmonary nodule|lung nodules]]
* [[Consolidation (medicine)|Consolidation]]
* [[Ground glass opacification on CT|Ground-glass opacities.]]
Biopsy:
* Subendothelial [[edema]]
* Microthrombosis, and
* [[Degranulation]] of [[neutrophils]].
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Henoch-Schönlein purpura]]<ref name="pmid9366584">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jennette JC, Falk RJ |title=Small-vessel vasculitis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=337 |issue=21 |pages=1512–23 |date=November 1997 |pmid=9366584 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199711203372106 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25557596">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen JY, Mao JH |title=Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis in children: incidence, pathogenesis and management |journal=World J Pediatr |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=29–34 |date=February 2015 |pmid=25557596 |doi=10.1007/s12519-014-0534-5 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Abdominal pain]]
* [[Rash]]
* [[Hematuria]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Proteinuria]]
* Microscopic [[hematuria]]
* [[Urinary casts|RBC casts]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy:
[[Immunoglobulin A|IgA]] deposited in a diffuse [[Granule cell|granular]] pattern in the [[mesangium]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Renal biopsy, and clinical syndrome
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Low back pain
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Fever
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Nausea/
Vomiting
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Dysuria
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Frequency
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Oliguria
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hypertension
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pitting edema
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lab Findings
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diagnosis method
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gold standard
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Urinary system|Lower urinary tract diseases]]
| rowspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Urinary system|Lower urinary tract diseases]]
Line 551: Line 144:
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Nocturia]]
*[[Nocturia]]
* Other voiding symptoms
*Other voiding symptoms
** Slow urinary stream
**Slow urinary stream
** Splitting or spraying of the [[Urinary system|urinary]] stream
**Splitting or spraying of the [[Urinary system|urinary]] stream
** Intermittent urinary stream
**Intermittent urinary stream
** Hesitancy
**Hesitancy
** Straining to void
**Straining to void
** Terminal dribbling
**Terminal dribbling
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Urinalysis to rule out [[Urinary tract infection|UTI]]
*Urinalysis to rule out [[Urinary tract infection|UTI]]
* Elevated [[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]]/[[Creatinine|Cr]]
*Elevated [[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]]/[[Creatinine|Cr]]
* High [[Prostate specific antigen|PSA]] values
*High [[Prostate specific antigen|PSA]] values
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Urine cytology to screen for bladder cancer
*Urine cytology to screen for bladder cancer
* Biopsy to rule out cancer
*Biopsy to rule out cancer
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy
|-
|-
Line 578: Line 171:
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Flanks|Flank]]
*[[Flanks|Flank]]
* [[Groin]] pain
*[[Groin]] pain
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Urine|Urine analysis]]
*[[Urine|Urine analysis]]


* High [[Creatinine|Cr]]
*High [[Creatinine|Cr]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Abdominppelvic [[Computed tomography|CT scan]] without contrast
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Abdominppelvic [[Computed tomography|CT scan]] without contrast
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Abdominppelvic [[Computed tomography|CT scan]] without contrast
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Abdominppelvic [[Computed tomography|CT scan]] without contrast
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
| rowspan="3" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Infectious disease|Infectious diseases]]
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Low back pain
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Fever
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Nausea/
Vomiting
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Dysuria
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Frequency
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Oliguria
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hypertension
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pitting edema
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lab Findings
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diagnosis method
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gold standard
|-
| rowspan="4" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Infectious disease|Infectious diseases]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pyelonephritis]]<ref name="pmid256858692">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pereira DJ, Schoolwerth AC, Pais VM |title=Cystinuria: current concepts and future directions |journal=Clin. Nephrol. |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=138–46 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25685869 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18092884">{{cite journal| author=Rosen DA, Hooton TM, Stamm WE, Humphrey PA, Hultgren SJ| title=Detection of intracellular bacterial communities in human urinary tract infection. | journal=PLoS Med | year= 2007 | volume= 4 | issue= 12 | pages= e329 | pmid=18092884 | doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0040329 | pmc=2140087 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18092884  }}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pyelonephritis]]<ref name="pmid256858692">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pereira DJ, Schoolwerth AC, Pais VM |title=Cystinuria: current concepts and future directions |journal=Clin. Nephrol. |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=138–46 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25685869 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18092884">{{cite journal| author=Rosen DA, Hooton TM, Stamm WE, Humphrey PA, Hultgren SJ| title=Detection of intracellular bacterial communities in human urinary tract infection. | journal=PLoS Med | year= 2007 | volume= 4 | issue= 12 | pages= e329 | pmid=18092884 | doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0040329 | pmc=2140087 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18092884  }}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Delirium]]
*[[Delirium]]
* [[Headache]]
*[[Headache]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Positive  [[leukocyte esterase]] test and [[nitrite test]].
*Positive  [[leukocyte esterase]] test and [[nitrite test]].
* Blood/urine cultures
*Blood/urine cultures
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|CT]] and [[ultrasound]]:
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|CT]] and [[ultrasound]]:
* Enlarged [[Kidney|kidneys]]
 
* Round swollen [[Kidney|kidneys]]
*Enlarged [[Kidney|kidneys]]
* Hypodense appearance
*Round swollen [[Kidney|kidneys]]
* [[Abscess|Abscesses]] may not be present
*Hypodense appearance
*[[Abscess|Abscesses]] may not be present
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
|-
|-
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Dyspareunia]]
*[[Dyspareunia]]
* Supra pubic tenderness
*Supra pubic tenderness
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Pyuria]]: > 5-10 [[White blood cells|WBC]]/hpf or 27 [[WBC]]/microliter
*[[Pyuria]]: > 5-10 [[White blood cells|WBC]]/hpf or 27 [[WBC]]/microliter
* Positive  [[leukocyte esterase]] test and [[nitrite test]].
*Positive  [[leukocyte esterase]] test and [[nitrite test]].
* Positive urine/blood cultures
*Positive urine/blood cultures
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Ultrasound|Ultrasound:]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Ultrasound|Ultrasound:]]
* Presence of gas in the bladder wall.
*Presence of gas in the bladder wall.


* Also, help to detect the presence of a [[tumor]] or a [[Stone massage|stone]].
*Also, help to detect the presence of a [[tumor]] or a [[Stone massage|stone]].
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Urine culture
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Urine culture
|-
|-
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Body aches
*Body aches
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Increased [[leukocytes]] (>10 per high power field) on [[Complete blood count|CBC]]
*Increased [[leukocytes]] (>10 per high power field) on [[Complete blood count|CBC]]
* Bacteria seen on [[urine culture]]
*Bacteria seen on [[urine culture]]
* Elevated [[C-reactive protein]]
*Elevated [[C-reactive protein]]
* Transiently elevated [[PSA]] ([[prostate specific antigen]]) levels
*Transiently elevated [[PSA]] ([[prostate specific antigen]]) levels
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Ultrasound|Ultrasound:]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Ultrasound|Ultrasound:]]
* Focal hypoechoic region located in the peripheral part of the [[prostate]]
*Focal hypoechoic region located in the peripheral part of the [[prostate]]
 
[[Computed tomography|CT scan:]]  
[[Computed tomography|CT scan:]]  
* Edema of the [[prostate gland]] with diffuse enlargement,.
 
*Edema of the [[prostate gland]] with diffuse enlargement,.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Urethritis]]<ref name="pmid1538163">{{cite journal |vauthors=McNagny SE, Parker RM, Zenilman JM, Lewis JS |title=Urinary leukocyte esterase test: a screening method for the detection of asymptomatic chlamydial and gonococcal infections in men |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=165 |issue=3 |pages=573–6 |year=1992 |pmid=1538163 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20353145">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brill JR |title=Diagnosis and treatment of urethritis in men |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=81 |issue=7 |pages=873–8 |year=2010 |pmid=20353145 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Urethral]] discharge
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Mucoid, [[mucopurulent]], or [[purulent]] [[discharge]]
* [[Gram staining|Gram stain]] of urethral secretions demonstrating ≥2 [[WBC]] per field
* Positive leukocyte esterase test.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
[[Computed tomography|CT scan]]:
* Diffuse, circumferential urothelial wall thickening and [[contrast]]-enhancement
* Periureteric or perinephric fat stranding.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Urine culture]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Urogenital|Urogenital trauma]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Inserted [[bladder]] or [[Ureteral disease|ureteral catheters]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* History of [[Physical trauma|trauma]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Hematuria]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Retrograde urethrogram (RUG)
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Retrograde urethrogram (RUG)
|}
|}


Latest revision as of 19:28, 27 January 2021

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Syed Musadiq Ali M.B.B.S.[2] Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [3] Amandeep Singh M.D.[4]

Overview

Prostate cancer must be differentiated from benign prostatic hypertrophy, renal cancer, renal stones, bladder cancer, and cystitis.

Differential diagnosis

Prostate cancer must be differentiated from:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]


Diseases Clinical manifestations Para-clinical findings Gold standard
Symptoms Physical examina
Lab Findings Diagnosi
Low back pain Fever Nausea/

Vomiting

Urinary symptoms Hypertension Pitting edema Other
Dysuria Frequency Oliguria
Disease Low back pain Fever Nausea/

Vomiting

Dysuria Frequency Oliguria Hypertension Pitting edema Other Lab Findings Diagnosis method Gold standard
Nephrolithiasis[16][17] + ± + ± ± ± – –
  • Radiating pain to groin
 Abdominal CT scan without contrast
Malignancy Renal cell carcinoma (RCC)[18][13] - - - - - - ± ± –
Bladder cancer[19][20][21] - - - - ± ± - - Suprapubic pain Ultrasound, CT scan, Biopsy Biopsy
Prostate cancer[22][23] ± - - - ± ± - - - Ultrasound, CT scan, Biopsy Biopsy
Lower urinary tract diseases Benign prostatic hyperplasia +/- - - + + - - -
  • Nocturia
  • Other voiding symptoms
    • Slow urinary stream
    • Splitting or spraying of the urinary stream
    • Intermittent urinary stream
    • Hesitancy
    • Straining to void
    • Terminal dribbling
  • Urinalysis to rule out UTI
  • Elevated BUN/Cr
  • High PSA values
  • Urine cytology to screen for bladder cancer
  • Biopsy to rule out cancer
 Biopsy
Urolithiasis[24][25][26] + +/- + + + + - - Abdominppelvic CT scan without contrast Abdominppelvic CT scan without contrast
Infectious diseases Pyelonephritis[27][28] + + + + + + - - CT and ultrasound: -
Cystitis[29][30] - - - + + + - - Ultrasound:
  • Presence of gas in the bladder wall.
  • Also, help to detect the presence of a tumor or a stone.
 Urine culture
Prostatitis[31][32] - + - + + + - -
  • Body aches
 Ultrasound:
  • Focal hypoechoic region located in the peripheral part of the prostate

CT scan:

-

References

  1. ↑ Worcester EM, Coe FL (June 2008). "Nephrolithiasis". Prim. Care. 35 (2): 369–91, vii. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2008.01.005. PMC 2518455. PMID 18486720.
  2. ↑ Semins MJ, Matlaga BR (February 2010). "Medical evaluation and management of urolithiasis". Ther Adv Urol. 2 (1): 3–9. doi:10.1177/1756287210369121. PMC 3126068. PMID 21789078.
  3. ↑ Venkatesh L, Hanumegowda RK (June 2017). "Acute Pyelonephritis - Correlation of Clinical Parameter with Radiological Imaging Abnormalities". J Clin Diagn Res. 11 (6): TC15–TC18. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2017/27247.10033. PMC 5535453. PMID 28764263.
  4. ↑ Garin EH, Olavarria F, Araya C, Broussain M, Barrera C, Young L (July 2007). "Diagnostic significance of clinical and laboratory findings to localize site of urinary infection". Pediatr. Nephrol. 22 (7): 1002–6. doi:10.1007/s00467-007-0465-7. PMID 17375337.
  5. ↑ Lee DG, Jeon SH, Lee CH, Lee SJ, Kim JI, Chang SG (April 2009). "Acute pyelonephritis: clinical characteristics and the role of the surgical treatment". J. Korean Med. Sci. 24 (2): 296–301. doi:10.3346/jkms.2009.24.2.296. PMC 2672131. PMID 19399273.
  6. ↑ Saeed K (2012). "Renal infarction". Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 5: 119–23. doi:10.2147/IJNRD.S33768. PMC 3437809. PMID 22969301.
  7. ↑ Mahamid M, Francis A, Abid A, Awawde M, Abu-Elhija O (2014). "Embolic renal infarction mimicking renal colic". Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 7: 157–9. doi:10.2147/IJNRD.S59745. PMC 4011809. PMID 24812524.
  8. ↑ Korzets Z, Plotkin E, Bernheim J, Zissin R (October 2002). "The clinical spectrum of acute renal infarction". Isr. Med. Assoc. J. 4 (10): 781–4. PMID 12389340.
  9. ↑ Brix AE (2002). "Renal papillary necrosis". Toxicol Pathol. 30 (6): 672–4. doi:10.1080/01926230290166760. PMID 12512867.
  10. ↑ Eknoyan G, Qunibi WY, Grissom RT, Tuma SN, Ayus JC (March 1982). "Renal papillary necrosis: an update". Medicine (Baltimore). 61 (2): 55–73. PMID 7038374.
  11. ↑ Ng CS, Wood CG, Silverman PM, Tannir NM, Tamboli P, Sandler CM (October 2008). "Renal cell carcinoma: diagnosis, staging, and surveillance". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 191 (4): 1220–32. doi:10.2214/AJR.07.3568. PMID 18806169.
  12. ↑ Ares Valdés Y, Amador Sandoval B, Morales JC, Alonso Domínguez F, Carballo Velásquez L, Fragas Valdés R, Shou Rodríguez A (September 2004). "[The role of CT scan in the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma]". Arch. Esp. Urol. (in Spanish; Castilian). 57 (7): 737–42. PMID 15536955.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Leveridge MJ, Bostrom PJ, Koulouris G, Finelli A, Lawrentschuk N (June 2010). "Imaging renal cell carcinoma with ultrasonography, CT and MRI". Nat Rev Urol. 7 (6): 311–25. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2010.63. PMID 20479778.
  14. ↑ Bratt O, Lilja H (January 2015). "Serum markers in prostate cancer detection". Curr Opin Urol. 25 (1): 59–64. doi:10.1097/MOU.0000000000000128. PMC 4315142. PMID 25393274.
  15. ↑ "Prostate Cancer (Prostate Carcinoma): Symptoms - National Library of Medicine - PubMed Health".
  16. ↑ Hochreiter W, Knoll T, Hess B (February 2003). "[Pathophysiology, diagnosis and conservative therapy of non-calcium kidney calculi]". Ther Umsch (in German). 60 (2): 89–97. doi:10.1024/0040-5930.60.2.89. PMID 12649987.
  17. ↑ Trinchieri A (February 2013). "Diet and renal stone formation". Minerva Med. 104 (1): 41–54. PMID 23392537.
  18. ↑ Cohen HT, McGovern FJ (2005). "Renal-cell carcinoma". N Engl J Med. 353 (23): 2477–90. doi:10.1056/NEJMra043172. PMID 16339096.
  19. ↑ Pons F, Orsola A, Morote J, Bellmunt J (2011). "Variant forms of bladder cancer: basic considerations on treatment approaches". Curr Oncol Rep. 13 (3): 216–21. doi:10.1007/s11912-011-0161-4. PMID 21360040.
  20. ↑ Metts MC, Metts JC, Milito SJ, Thomas CR (June 2000). "Bladder cancer: a review of diagnosis and management". J Natl Med Assoc. 92 (6): 285–94. PMC 2640522. PMID 10918764.
  21. ↑ Rom M, Kuehhas FE, Djavan B (2007). "New findings in bladder and prostate cancer: highlights of the 22nd annual congress of the European association of urology, march 21-24, 2007, berlin, Germany". Rev Urol. 9 (4): 214–9. PMC 2199502. PMID 18231618.
  22. ↑ Chung SD, Liu SP, Lin HC (2013). "Association between prostate cancer and urinary calculi: a population-based study". PLoS ONE. 8 (2): e57743. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057743. PMC 3581486. PMID 23451265.
  23. ↑ Rom M, Kuehhas FE, Djavan B (2007). "New findings in bladder and prostate cancer: highlights of the 22nd annual congress of the European association of urology, march 21-24, 2007, berlin, Germany". Rev Urol. 9 (4): 214–9. PMC 2199502. PMID 18231618.
  24. ↑ Hochreiter W, Knoll T, Hess B (February 2003). "[Pathophysiology, diagnosis and conservative therapy of non-calcium kidney calculi]". Ther Umsch (in German). 60 (2): 89–97. doi:10.1024/0040-5930.60.2.89. PMID 12649987.
  25. ↑ Flannigan R, Choy WH, Chew B, Lange D (June 2014). "Renal struvite stones--pathogenesis, microbiology, and management strategies". Nat Rev Urol. 11 (6): 333–41. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2014.99. PMID 24818849.
  26. ↑ Pereira DJ, Schoolwerth AC, Pais VM (March 2015). "Cystinuria: current concepts and future directions". Clin. Nephrol. 83 (3): 138–46. PMID 25685869.
  27. ↑ Pereira DJ, Schoolwerth AC, Pais VM (March 2015). "Cystinuria: current concepts and future directions". Clin. Nephrol. 83 (3): 138–46. PMID 25685869.
  28. ↑ Rosen DA, Hooton TM, Stamm WE, Humphrey PA, Hultgren SJ (2007). "Detection of intracellular bacterial communities in human urinary tract infection". PLoS Med. 4 (12): e329. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040329. PMC 2140087. PMID 18092884.
  29. ↑ Franco AV (2005). "Recurrent urinary tract infections". Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 19 (6): 861–73. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2005.08.003. PMID 16298166.
  30. ↑ Franco AV (2005). "Recurrent urinary tract infections". Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 19 (6): 861–73. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2005.08.003. PMID 16298166.
  31. ↑ John N. Krieger, Ulrich Dobrindt, Donald E. Riley & Eric Oswald (2011). "Acute Escherichia coli prostatitis in previously health young men: bacterial virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance, and clinical outcomes". Urology. 77 (6): 1420–1425. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2010.12.059. PMID 21459419. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  32. ↑ Sharp VJ, Takacs EB, Powell CR (2010). "Prostatitis: diagnosis and treatment". Am Fam Physician. 82 (4): 397–406. PMID 20704171.


References

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