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| * [[Pyelonephritis]] | | * [[Pyelonephritis]] |
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| ==Benign prostatic hypertrophy==
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| *The main difference between [[BPH]] and [[prostate cancer]] is that even though the [[prostate gland]] is enlarged in both, in [[BPH]] it is a [[benign]] or noncancerous condition<ref name="pmid22792684">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chang RT, Kirby R, Challacombe BJ |title=Is there a link between BPH and prostate cancer? |journal=Practitioner |volume=256 |issue=1750 |pages=13–6, 2 |date=April 2012 |pmid=22792684 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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| *[[BPH]] is very common especially as a man ages and his [[prostate]] begins to grow. When this happens, it puts pressure on the [[urethra]] resulting in the following symptoms:
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| *An urgent need to [[urinate]]
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| *Having the need to urinate many times during the day and night
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| *Hesitancy or troubling starting a urine flow
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| *Weak or dribbling urine stream
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| *[[Digital rectal exam]] and elevated blood test called [[prostate]] specific antigen or [[PSA]], can confirm if it might be [[BPH]].
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| *[[BPH]] does not cause [[prostate cancer]] and unlike [[prostate cancer]], it cannot spread to other areas of the body.
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| ==Renal Cancer==
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| *[[Renal cell carcinoma]] doesn’t usually cause any symptoms<ref name="pmid16336324">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barocas DA, Rabbani F, Scherr DS, Vaughan ED |title=A population-based study of renal cell carcinoma and prostate cancer in the same patients |journal=BJU Int. |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=33–6 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16336324 |doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05880.x |url=}}</ref>
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| *As the [[disease]] gets more serious, you might have warning signs like:
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| **[[Lump]] on your side, belly, or lower back
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| **[[Blood]] in your pee
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| **Low [[back pain]] on one side
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| **Losing weight for no clear reason
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| **Not feeling hungry
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| **[[Fever]]
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| **Feeling tired
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| **Not enough [[red blood cells]] ([[anemia]])
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| **Night sweats
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| **High levels of [[calcium]] in your blood
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| **High blood pressure
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| ==Renal Stones==
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| *[[Kidney stone]] usually remains symptomless until it moves into the ureter<ref name="pmid23451265">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chung SD, Liu SP, Lin HC |title=Association between prostate cancer and urinary calculi: a population-based study |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=e57743 |date=2013 |pmid=23451265 |pmc=3581486 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0057743 |url=}}</ref>
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| *When symptoms of kidney stones become apparent, they commonly include:
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| **Severe pain in the [[groin]] and/or side
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| **[[Blood]] in urine
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| **[[Vomiting]] and nausea
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| **[[White blood cells]] or [[pus]] in the urine
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| **Reduced amount of [[urine]] excreted
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| **Burning sensation during urination
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| **Persistent urge to urinate
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| **[[Fever]] and chills if there is an [[infection]]
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| ==Bladder Cancer==
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| *[[Bladder cancer]] is often painless<ref name="pmid18231618">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rom M, Kuehhas FE, Djavan B |title=New findings in bladder and prostate cancer: highlights of the 22nd annual congress of the European association of urology, march 21-24, 2007, berlin, Germany |journal=Rev Urol |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=214–9 |date=2007 |pmid=18231618 |pmc=2199502 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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| *The most significant sign of a [[malignancy]] is urinary [[bleeding]], either overt (known as gross [[hematuria]]) or detected with [[blood]] or imaging tests (microscopic [[hematuria]]).
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| *The [[bleeding]] may be consistent or intermittent.
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| *While blood in urine may be distressing, it is neither diagnostic of [[cancer]] nor predictive of the severity of a [[malignancy]].
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| *The signs and symptoms of [[bladder cancer]] can vary based on the size and location of the tumor as well as the stage of the disease.
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| *In addition to [[bleeding]], other symptoms may include:
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| **A persistent urge to urinate (urinary urgency)
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| **Frequent [[urination]] (urinary frequency)
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| **Back or [[abdominal pain]]
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| **Loss of [[appetite]]
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| **Unexplained [[weight loss]]
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| ==Cystitis==
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| *[[Cystitis]] refers to an [[inflammation]] of the [[bladder]], in most cases caused when upward moving [[bowel]] [[bacteria]] invades the [[bladder]] and begins to grow<ref name="pmid28046120">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fan CY, Huang WY, Lin KT, Lin CS, Chao HL, Yang JF, Lin CL, Kao CH |title=Lower Urinary Tract Infection and Subsequent Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=e0168254 |date=2017 |pmid=28046120 |pmc=5207623 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0168254 |url=}}</ref>
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| *The following are common signs and symptoms of [[cystitis]]:
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| **Traces of [[blood]] in the [[urine]]
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| **Dark, cloudy, or strong-smelling urine
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| **[[Pain]] just above the [[pubic bone]], in the [[lower back]], or in the [[abdomen]]
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| **[[Burning]] sensation when [[urinating]]
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| **Urinating frequently or feeling the need to [[urinate]] frequently
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| **Elderly individuals may feel weak and feverish but have none of the other symptoms.They may also present with [[altered mental status]].
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| **There is a frequent need to urinate, but only small amounts of [[urine]] are passed each time.
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| ==Glomerulonephritis==
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| *[[Glomerulonephritis]] is a disorder of [[glomeruli]] (clusters of microscopic [[blood]] vessels in the [[kidneys]] with small pores through which [[blood]] is filtered)<ref name="pmid29394927">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heaf JG, Hansen A, Laier GH |title=Quantification of cancer risk in glomerulonephritis |journal=BMC Nephrol |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=27 |date=February 2018 |pmid=29394927 |pmc=5797419 |doi=10.1186/s12882-018-0828-2 |url=}}</ref>
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| *It is characterized by body [[tissue]] swelling (edema), high [[blood pressure]], and the presence of [[red blood cells]] in the [[urine]].
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| *[[Glomerulonephritis]] can be caused by various disorders, such as [[infections]], an inherited [[genetic disorder]], or [[autoimmune disorders]].
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| *Diagnosis is based on tests of blood and urine and sometimes [[imaging tests]], a [[biopsy]] of the [[kidneys]], or both.
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| *People often need to restrict salt and protein intake and take [[diuretics]] or [[antibiotics]] until [[kidney]] function improves.
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| *[[Acute]] [[glomerulonephritis]] may appear suddenly, following a [[throat]] or [[skin]] [[infection]].
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| *Symptoms include:
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| **puffiness of the [[face]] on waking up
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| **urine that is brown or contains traces of [[blood]]
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| **decreased urination
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| **fluid in the [[lungs]] leading to [[coughing]] and [[shortness of breath]]
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| **high [[blood pressure]]
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| *[[Chronic]] [[glomerulonephritis]] develops over a long time, often without obvious symptoms. However, complete [[kidney failure]] can result.
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| ==Prostatitis==
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| *[[Prostatitis]] is a [[painful]] condition in which the [[prostate]] is [[inflamed]], [[swollen]], and [[tender]]. It can be caused by a [[bacterial infection]] or just simply be [[inflamed]].<ref name="pmid26620738">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rybicki BA, Kryvenko ON, Wang Y, Jankowski M, Trudeau S, Chitale DA, Gupta NS, Rundle A, Tang D |title=Racial differences in the relationship between clinical prostatitis, presence of inflammation in benign prostate and subsequent risk of prostate cancer |journal=Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=145–50 |date=June 2016 |pmid=26620738 |pmc=4865439 |doi=10.1038/pcan.2015.54 |url=}}</ref>
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| *Symptoms includes:
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| **[[Pain]] in the [[perineum]] (the area between the [[rectum]] and the [[testicles]])
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| **[[Pain]] on [[defecation]]
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| **[[Aches]] and [[pains]] in the [[joints]] or [[muscles]] and the [[lower back]]
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| **[[Blood]] in the urine
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| **[[Pain]] or [[burning]] during urination
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| **Painful [[ejaculation]]
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| ==Pyelonephritis==
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| *[[Pyelonephritis]] denotes infection of the [[renal parenchyma]]. <ref name="pmid29696626">{{cite journal |vauthors=Doat S, Marous M, Rebillard X, Trétarre B, Lamy PJ, Soares P, Delbos O, Thuret R, Segui B, Cénée S, Menegaux F |title=Prostatitis, other genitourinary infections and prostate cancer risk: Influence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs? Results from the EPICAP study |journal=Int. J. Cancer |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=April 2018 |pmid=29696626 |doi=10.1002/ijc.31565 |url=}}</ref>
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| *Symptoms of [[pyelonephritis]] include:
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| **local pain ([[costovertebral]] [[tenderness]], back or [[flank pain]])
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| **systemic signs of [[infection]] (chills, [[fever]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]])
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| **[[Suprapubic]] discomfort or [[hematuria]] may also be reported.
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| *These symptoms may or may not be associated with symptoms of [[cystitis]] ([[dysuria]], [[frequency]], [[urgency]], new [[incontinence]]).
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| ==References== | | ==References== |