Prostate cancer differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
| Line 81: | Line 81: | ||
==Glomerulonephritis== | ==Glomerulonephritis== | ||
*Glomerulonephritis is a disorder of glomeruli (clusters of microscopic blood vessels in the kidneys with small pores through which blood is filtered). | *Glomerulonephritis is a disorder of glomeruli (clusters of microscopic blood vessels in the kidneys with small pores through which blood is filtered)<ref name="pmid29394927">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heaf JG, Hansen A, Laier GH |title=Quantification of cancer risk in glomerulonephritis |journal=BMC Nephrol |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=27 |date=February 2018 |pmid=29394927 |pmc=5797419 |doi=10.1186/s12882-018-0828-2 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*It is characterized by body tissue swelling (edema), high blood pressure, and the presence of red blood cells in the urine. | *It is characterized by body tissue swelling (edema), high blood pressure, and the presence of red blood cells in the urine. | ||
*Glomerulonephritis can be caused by various disorders, such as infections, an inherited genetic disorder, or autoimmune disorders. | *Glomerulonephritis can be caused by various disorders, such as infections, an inherited genetic disorder, or autoimmune disorders. | ||
Revision as of 16:30, 27 December 2018
|
Prostate cancer Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Prostate cancer differential diagnosis On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Prostate cancer differential diagnosis |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Prostate cancer differential diagnosis |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Prostate cancer must be differentiated from benign prostatic hypertrophy, renal cancer, renal stones, bladder cancer, and cystitis.
Differential diagnosis
Prostate cancer must be differentiated from:
- Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
- Renal cancer
- Renal stones
- Bladder cancer
- Cystitis
- Glomerulonephritis
- Prostatitis
- Pyelonephritis
Benign prostatic hypertrophy
- The main difference between BPH and prostate cancer is that even though the prostate gland is enlarged in both, in BPH it is a benign or noncancerous condition[1]
- BPH is very common especially as a man ages and his prostate begins to grow. When this happens, it puts pressure on the urethra resulting in the following symptoms:
- An urgent need to urinate
- Having the need to urinate many times during the day and night
- Hesitancy or troubling starting a urine flow
- Weak or dribbling urine stream
- Digital rectal exam and elevated blood test called prostate specific antigen or PSA, can confirm if it might be BPH.
- BPH does not cause prostate cancer and unlike prostate cancer, it cannot spread to other areas of the body.
Renal Cancer
- Renal cell carcinoma doesn’t usually cause any symptoms[2]
- As the disease gets more serious, you might have warning signs like:
- Lump on your side, belly, or lower back
- Blood in your pee
- Low back pain on one side
- Losing weight for no clear reason
- Not feeling hungry
- Fever
- Feeling tired
- Not enough red blood cells (anemia)
- Night sweats
- High levels of calcium in your blood
- High blood pressure
Renal Stones
- Kidney stone usually remains symptomless until it moves into the ureter[3]
- When symptoms of kidney stones become apparent, they commonly include:
- Severe pain in the groin and/or side
- Blood in urine
- Vomiting and nausea
- White blood cells or pus in the urine
- Reduced amount of urine excreted
- Burning sensation during urination
- Persistent urge to urinate
- Fever and chills if there is an infection
Bladder Cancer
- Bladder cancer is often painless[4]
- The most significant sign of a malignancy is urinary bleeding, either overt (known as gross hematuria) or detected with blood or imaging tests (microscopic hematuria).
- The bleeding may be consistent or intermittent.
- While blood in urine may be distressing, it is neither diagnostic of cancer nor predictive of the severity of a malignancy.
- The signs and symptoms of bladder cancer can vary based on the size and location of the tumor as well as the stage of the disease.
- In addition to bleeding, other symptoms may include:
- A persistent urge to urinate (urinary urgency)
- Frequent urination (urinary frequency)
- Back or abdominal pain
- Loss of appetite
- Unexplained weight loss
Cystitis
- Cystitis refers to an inflammation of the bladder, in most cases caused when upward moving bowel bacteria invades the bladder and begins to grow[5]
- The following are common signs and symptoms of cystitis:
- Traces of blood in the urine
- Dark, cloudy, or strong-smelling urine
- Pain just above the pubic bone, in the lower back, or in the abdomen
- Burning sensation when urinating
- Urinating frequently or feeling the need to urinate frequently
- Elderly individuals may feel weak and feverish but have none of the other symptoms.They may also present with altered mental status.
- There is a frequent need to urinate, but only small amounts of urine are passed each time.
Glomerulonephritis
- Glomerulonephritis is a disorder of glomeruli (clusters of microscopic blood vessels in the kidneys with small pores through which blood is filtered)[6]
- It is characterized by body tissue swelling (edema), high blood pressure, and the presence of red blood cells in the urine.
- Glomerulonephritis can be caused by various disorders, such as infections, an inherited genetic disorder, or autoimmune disorders.
- Diagnosis is based on tests of blood and urine and sometimes imaging tests, a biopsy of the kidneys, or both.
- People often need to restrict salt and protein intake and take diuretics or antibiotics until kidney function improves.
- Acute glomerulonephritis may appear suddenly, following a throat or skin infection.
- Symptoms include:
- puffiness of the face on waking up
- urine that is brown or contains traces of blood
- decreased urination
- fluid in the lungs leading to coughing and shortness of breath
- high blood pressure
- Chronic glomerulonephritis develops over a long time, often without obvious symptoms. However, complete kidney failure can result.
References
- ↑ Chang RT, Kirby R, Challacombe BJ (April 2012). "Is there a link between BPH and prostate cancer?". Practitioner. 256 (1750): 13–6, 2. PMID 22792684.
- ↑ Barocas DA, Rabbani F, Scherr DS, Vaughan ED (January 2006). "A population-based study of renal cell carcinoma and prostate cancer in the same patients". BJU Int. 97 (1): 33–6. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05880.x. PMID 16336324.
- ↑ Chung SD, Liu SP, Lin HC (2013). "Association between prostate cancer and urinary calculi: a population-based study". PLoS ONE. 8 (2): e57743. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057743. PMC 3581486. PMID 23451265.
- ↑ Rom M, Kuehhas FE, Djavan B (2007). "New findings in bladder and prostate cancer: highlights of the 22nd annual congress of the European association of urology, march 21-24, 2007, berlin, Germany". Rev Urol. 9 (4): 214–9. PMC 2199502. PMID 18231618.
- ↑ Fan CY, Huang WY, Lin KT, Lin CS, Chao HL, Yang JF, Lin CL, Kao CH (2017). "Lower Urinary Tract Infection and Subsequent Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study". PLoS ONE. 12 (1): e0168254. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168254. PMC 5207623. PMID 28046120.
- ↑ Heaf JG, Hansen A, Laier GH (February 2018). "Quantification of cancer risk in glomerulonephritis". BMC Nephrol. 19 (1): 27. doi:10.1186/s12882-018-0828-2. PMC 5797419. PMID 29394927.