Prostate cancer differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 19:28, 27 January 2021

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Syed Musadiq Ali M.B.B.S.[2] Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [3] Amandeep Singh M.D.[4]

Overview

Prostate cancer must be differentiated from benign prostatic hypertrophy, renal cancer, renal stones, bladder cancer, and cystitis.

Differential diagnosis

Prostate cancer must be differentiated from:^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]

		Symptoms						Physical examina			Lab Findings	Diagnosi
Diseases		Clinical manifestations									Para-clinical findings		Gold standard
		Symptoms						Physical examina			Para-clinical findings
		Low back pain	Fever	Nausea/ Vomiting	Urinary symptoms			Hypertension	Pitting edema	Other
		Low back pain	Fever	Nausea/ Vomiting	Dysuria	Frequency	Oliguria	Hypertension	Pitting edema	Other
Disease		Low back pain	Fever	Nausea/ Vomiting	Dysuria	Frequency	Oliguria	Hypertension	Pitting edema	Other	Lab Findings	Diagnosis method	Gold standard
Nephrolithiasis^[16]^[17]		+	±	+	±	±	±	–	–	Radiating pain to groin	Hypercalciuria Hyperoxaluria Hypocitraturia Hyperuricemia Hyperuricosuria	Ultrasound: Hydronephrosis +/- Abdominal CT scan without contrast	Abdominal CT scan without contrast
Malignancy	Renal cell carcinoma (RCC)^[18]^[13]	-	-	-	-	-	-	±	±	Flank mass	Anemia Hematuria	Both CT and MRI may be used to detect neoplastic masses that may define renal cell carcinoma or metastasis of the primary cancer. CT scan and use of intravenous (IV) contrast is generally used for work-up and follow-up of patients with renal cell carcinoma. The histological pattern of renal cell carcinoma depends whether it is papillary, chromophobe or collecting duct renal cell carcinoma.	–
	Bladder cancer^[19]^[20]^[21]	-	-	-	-	±	±	-	-	Suprapubic pain	Anemia Hematuria	Ultrasound, CT scan, Biopsy	Biopsy
	Prostate cancer^[22]^[23]	±	-	-	-	±	±	-	-	-	Anemia Hematuria	Ultrasound, CT scan, Biopsy	Biopsy
Lower urinary tract diseases	Benign prostatic hyperplasia	+/-	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	Nocturia Other voiding symptoms Slow urinary stream Splitting or spraying of the urinary stream Intermittent urinary stream Hesitancy Straining to void Terminal dribbling	Urinalysis to rule out UTI Elevated BUN/Cr High PSA values	Urine cytology to screen for bladder cancer Biopsy to rule out cancer	Biopsy
Lower urinary tract diseases	Urolithiasis^[24]^[25]^[26]	+	+/-	+	+	+	+	-	-	Flank Groin pain	Urine analysis High Cr	Abdominppelvic CT scan without contrast	Abdominppelvic CT scan without contrast
Infectious diseases	Pyelonephritis^[27]^[28]	+	+	+	+	+	+	-	-	Delirium Headache	Positive leukocyte esterase test and nitrite test. Blood/urine cultures	CT and ultrasound: Enlarged kidneys Round swollen kidneys Hypodense appearance Abscesses may not be present	-
	Cystitis^[29]^[30]	-	-	-	+	+	+	-	-	Dyspareunia Supra pubic tenderness	Pyuria: > 5-10 WBC/hpf or 27 WBC/microliter Positive leukocyte esterase test and nitrite test. Positive urine/blood cultures	Ultrasound: Presence of gas in the bladder wall. Also, help to detect the presence of a tumor or a stone.	Urine culture
	Prostatitis^[31]^[32]	-	+	-	+	+	+	-	-	Body aches	Increased leukocytes (>10 per high power field) on CBC Bacteria seen on urine culture Elevated C-reactive protein Transiently elevated PSA (prostate specific antigen) levels	Ultrasound: Focal hypoechoic region located in the peripheral part of the prostate CT scan: Edema of the prostate gland with diffuse enlargement,.	-

References

↑ Worcester EM, Coe FL (June 2008). "Nephrolithiasis". Prim. Care. 35 (2): 369–91, vii. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2008.01.005. PMC 2518455. PMID 18486720.
↑ Semins MJ, Matlaga BR (February 2010). "Medical evaluation and management of urolithiasis". Ther Adv Urol. 2 (1): 3–9. doi:10.1177/1756287210369121. PMC 3126068. PMID 21789078.
↑ Venkatesh L, Hanumegowda RK (June 2017). "Acute Pyelonephritis - Correlation of Clinical Parameter with Radiological Imaging Abnormalities". J Clin Diagn Res. 11 (6): TC15–TC18. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2017/27247.10033. PMC 5535453. PMID 28764263.
↑ Garin EH, Olavarria F, Araya C, Broussain M, Barrera C, Young L (July 2007). "Diagnostic significance of clinical and laboratory findings to localize site of urinary infection". Pediatr. Nephrol. 22 (7): 1002–6. doi:10.1007/s00467-007-0465-7. PMID 17375337.
↑ Lee DG, Jeon SH, Lee CH, Lee SJ, Kim JI, Chang SG (April 2009). "Acute pyelonephritis: clinical characteristics and the role of the surgical treatment". J. Korean Med. Sci. 24 (2): 296–301. doi:10.3346/jkms.2009.24.2.296. PMC 2672131. PMID 19399273.
↑ Saeed K (2012). "Renal infarction". Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 5: 119–23. doi:10.2147/IJNRD.S33768. PMC 3437809. PMID 22969301.
↑ Mahamid M, Francis A, Abid A, Awawde M, Abu-Elhija O (2014). "Embolic renal infarction mimicking renal colic". Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 7: 157–9. doi:10.2147/IJNRD.S59745. PMC 4011809. PMID 24812524.
↑ Korzets Z, Plotkin E, Bernheim J, Zissin R (October 2002). "The clinical spectrum of acute renal infarction". Isr. Med. Assoc. J. 4 (10): 781–4. PMID 12389340.
↑ Brix AE (2002). "Renal papillary necrosis". Toxicol Pathol. 30 (6): 672–4. doi:10.1080/01926230290166760. PMID 12512867.
↑ Eknoyan G, Qunibi WY, Grissom RT, Tuma SN, Ayus JC (March 1982). "Renal papillary necrosis: an update". Medicine (Baltimore). 61 (2): 55–73. PMID 7038374.
↑ Ng CS, Wood CG, Silverman PM, Tannir NM, Tamboli P, Sandler CM (October 2008). "Renal cell carcinoma: diagnosis, staging, and surveillance". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 191 (4): 1220–32. doi:10.2214/AJR.07.3568. PMID 18806169.
↑ Ares Valdés Y, Amador Sandoval B, Morales JC, Alonso Domínguez F, Carballo Velásquez L, Fragas Valdés R, Shou Rodríguez A (September 2004). "[The role of CT scan in the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma]". Arch. Esp. Urol. (in Spanish; Castilian). 57 (7): 737–42. PMID 15536955.
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 Leveridge MJ, Bostrom PJ, Koulouris G, Finelli A, Lawrentschuk N (June 2010). "Imaging renal cell carcinoma with ultrasonography, CT and MRI". Nat Rev Urol. 7 (6): 311–25. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2010.63. PMID 20479778.
↑ Bratt O, Lilja H (January 2015). "Serum markers in prostate cancer detection". Curr Opin Urol. 25 (1): 59–64. doi:10.1097/MOU.0000000000000128. PMC 4315142. PMID 25393274.
↑ "Prostate Cancer (Prostate Carcinoma): Symptoms - National Library of Medicine - PubMed Health".
↑ Hochreiter W, Knoll T, Hess B (February 2003). "[Pathophysiology, diagnosis and conservative therapy of non-calcium kidney calculi]". Ther Umsch (in German). 60 (2): 89–97. doi:10.1024/0040-5930.60.2.89. PMID 12649987.
↑ Trinchieri A (February 2013). "Diet and renal stone formation". Minerva Med. 104 (1): 41–54. PMID 23392537.
↑ Cohen HT, McGovern FJ (2005). "Renal-cell carcinoma". N Engl J Med. 353 (23): 2477–90. doi:10.1056/NEJMra043172. PMID 16339096.
↑ Pons F, Orsola A, Morote J, Bellmunt J (2011). "Variant forms of bladder cancer: basic considerations on treatment approaches". Curr Oncol Rep. 13 (3): 216–21. doi:10.1007/s11912-011-0161-4. PMID 21360040.
↑ Metts MC, Metts JC, Milito SJ, Thomas CR (June 2000). "Bladder cancer: a review of diagnosis and management". J Natl Med Assoc. 92 (6): 285–94. PMC 2640522. PMID 10918764.
↑ Rom M, Kuehhas FE, Djavan B (2007). "New findings in bladder and prostate cancer: highlights of the 22nd annual congress of the European association of urology, march 21-24, 2007, berlin, Germany". Rev Urol. 9 (4): 214–9. PMC 2199502. PMID 18231618.
↑ Chung SD, Liu SP, Lin HC (2013). "Association between prostate cancer and urinary calculi: a population-based study". PLoS ONE. 8 (2): e57743. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057743. PMC 3581486. PMID 23451265.
↑ Rom M, Kuehhas FE, Djavan B (2007). "New findings in bladder and prostate cancer: highlights of the 22nd annual congress of the European association of urology, march 21-24, 2007, berlin, Germany". Rev Urol. 9 (4): 214–9. PMC 2199502. PMID 18231618.
↑ Hochreiter W, Knoll T, Hess B (February 2003). "[Pathophysiology, diagnosis and conservative therapy of non-calcium kidney calculi]". Ther Umsch (in German). 60 (2): 89–97. doi:10.1024/0040-5930.60.2.89. PMID 12649987.
↑ Flannigan R, Choy WH, Chew B, Lange D (June 2014). "Renal struvite stones--pathogenesis, microbiology, and management strategies". Nat Rev Urol. 11 (6): 333–41. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2014.99. PMID 24818849.
↑ Pereira DJ, Schoolwerth AC, Pais VM (March 2015). "Cystinuria: current concepts and future directions". Clin. Nephrol. 83 (3): 138–46. PMID 25685869.
↑ Pereira DJ, Schoolwerth AC, Pais VM (March 2015). "Cystinuria: current concepts and future directions". Clin. Nephrol. 83 (3): 138–46. PMID 25685869.
↑ Rosen DA, Hooton TM, Stamm WE, Humphrey PA, Hultgren SJ (2007). "Detection of intracellular bacterial communities in human urinary tract infection". PLoS Med. 4 (12): e329. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040329. PMC 2140087. PMID 18092884.
↑ Franco AV (2005). "Recurrent urinary tract infections". Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 19 (6): 861–73. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2005.08.003. PMID 16298166.
↑ Franco AV (2005). "Recurrent urinary tract infections". Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 19 (6): 861–73. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2005.08.003. PMID 16298166.
↑ John N. Krieger, Ulrich Dobrindt, Donald E. Riley & Eric Oswald (2011). "Acute Escherichia coli prostatitis in previously health young men: bacterial virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance, and clinical outcomes". Urology. 77 (6): 1420–1425. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2010.12.059. PMID 21459419. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Sharp VJ, Takacs EB, Powell CR (2010). "Prostatitis: diagnosis and treatment". Am Fam Physician. 82 (4): 397–406. PMID 20704171.

References

Template:WH Template:WS

[pmid18486720-1] Worcester EM, Coe FL (June 2008). "Nephrolithiasis". Prim. Care. 35 (2): 369–91, vii. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2008.01.005. PMC 2518455. PMID 18486720.

[pmid21789078-2] Semins MJ, Matlaga BR (February 2010). "Medical evaluation and management of urolithiasis". Ther Adv Urol. 2 (1): 3–9. doi:10.1177/1756287210369121. PMC 3126068. PMID 21789078.

[pmid28764263-3] Venkatesh L, Hanumegowda RK (June 2017). "Acute Pyelonephritis - Correlation of Clinical Parameter with Radiological Imaging Abnormalities". J Clin Diagn Res. 11 (6): TC15–TC18. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2017/27247.10033. PMC 5535453. PMID 28764263.

[pmid17375337-4] Garin EH, Olavarria F, Araya C, Broussain M, Barrera C, Young L (July 2007). "Diagnostic significance of clinical and laboratory findings to localize site of urinary infection". Pediatr. Nephrol. 22 (7): 1002–6. doi:10.1007/s00467-007-0465-7. PMID 17375337.

[pmid19399273-5] Lee DG, Jeon SH, Lee CH, Lee SJ, Kim JI, Chang SG (April 2009). "Acute pyelonephritis: clinical characteristics and the role of the surgical treatment". J. Korean Med. Sci. 24 (2): 296–301. doi:10.3346/jkms.2009.24.2.296. PMC 2672131. PMID 19399273.

[pmid22969301-6] Saeed K (2012). "Renal infarction". Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 5: 119–23. doi:10.2147/IJNRD.S33768. PMC 3437809. PMID 22969301.

[pmid24812524-7] Mahamid M, Francis A, Abid A, Awawde M, Abu-Elhija O (2014). "Embolic renal infarction mimicking renal colic". Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 7: 157–9. doi:10.2147/IJNRD.S59745. PMC 4011809. PMID 24812524.

[pmid12389340-8] Korzets Z, Plotkin E, Bernheim J, Zissin R (October 2002). "The clinical spectrum of acute renal infarction". Isr. Med. Assoc. J. 4 (10): 781–4. PMID 12389340.

[pmid12512867-9] Brix AE (2002). "Renal papillary necrosis". Toxicol Pathol. 30 (6): 672–4. doi:10.1080/01926230290166760. PMID 12512867.

[pmid7038374-10] Eknoyan G, Qunibi WY, Grissom RT, Tuma SN, Ayus JC (March 1982). "Renal papillary necrosis: an update". Medicine (Baltimore). 61 (2): 55–73. PMID 7038374.

[pmid18806169-11] Ng CS, Wood CG, Silverman PM, Tannir NM, Tamboli P, Sandler CM (October 2008). "Renal cell carcinoma: diagnosis, staging, and surveillance". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 191 (4): 1220–32. doi:10.2214/AJR.07.3568. PMID 18806169.

[pmid15536955-12] Ares Valdés Y, Amador Sandoval B, Morales JC, Alonso Domínguez F, Carballo Velásquez L, Fragas Valdés R, Shou Rodríguez A (September 2004). "[The role of CT scan in the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma]". Arch. Esp. Urol. (in Spanish; Castilian). 57 (7): 737–42. PMID 15536955.

[pmid20479778-13] 13.0 ^13.1 Leveridge MJ, Bostrom PJ, Koulouris G, Finelli A, Lawrentschuk N (June 2010). "Imaging renal cell carcinoma with ultrasonography, CT and MRI". Nat Rev Urol. 7 (6): 311–25. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2010.63. PMID 20479778.

[pmid25393274-14] Bratt O, Lilja H (January 2015). "Serum markers in prostate cancer detection". Curr Opin Urol. 25 (1): 59–64. doi:10.1097/MOU.0000000000000128. PMC 4315142. PMID 25393274.

[urlProstate_Cancer_(Prostate_Carcinoma):_Symptoms_-_National_Library_of_Medicine_-_PubMed_Health-15] "Prostate Cancer (Prostate Carcinoma): Symptoms - National Library of Medicine - PubMed Health".

[pmid12649987-16] Hochreiter W, Knoll T, Hess B (February 2003). "[Pathophysiology, diagnosis and conservative therapy of non-calcium kidney calculi]". Ther Umsch (in German). 60 (2): 89–97. doi:10.1024/0040-5930.60.2.89. PMID 12649987.

[pmid23392537-17] Trinchieri A (February 2013). "Diet and renal stone formation". Minerva Med. 104 (1): 41–54. PMID 23392537.

[pmid16339096-18] Cohen HT, McGovern FJ (2005). "Renal-cell carcinoma". N Engl J Med. 353 (23): 2477–90. doi:10.1056/NEJMra043172. PMID 16339096.

[pmid21360040-19] Pons F, Orsola A, Morote J, Bellmunt J (2011). "Variant forms of bladder cancer: basic considerations on treatment approaches". Curr Oncol Rep. 13 (3): 216–21. doi:10.1007/s11912-011-0161-4. PMID 21360040.

[pmid10918764-20] Metts MC, Metts JC, Milito SJ, Thomas CR (June 2000). "Bladder cancer: a review of diagnosis and management". J Natl Med Assoc. 92 (6): 285–94. PMC 2640522. PMID 10918764.

[pmid182316182-21] Rom M, Kuehhas FE, Djavan B (2007). "New findings in bladder and prostate cancer: highlights of the 22nd annual congress of the European association of urology, march 21-24, 2007, berlin, Germany". Rev Urol. 9 (4): 214–9. PMC 2199502. PMID 18231618.

[pmid23451265-22] Chung SD, Liu SP, Lin HC (2013). "Association between prostate cancer and urinary calculi: a population-based study". PLoS ONE. 8 (2): e57743. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057743. PMC 3581486. PMID 23451265.

[pmid18231618-23] Rom M, Kuehhas FE, Djavan B (2007). "New findings in bladder and prostate cancer: highlights of the 22nd annual congress of the European association of urology, march 21-24, 2007, berlin, Germany". Rev Urol. 9 (4): 214–9. PMC 2199502. PMID 18231618.

[pmid126499872-24] Hochreiter W, Knoll T, Hess B (February 2003). "[Pathophysiology, diagnosis and conservative therapy of non-calcium kidney calculi]". Ther Umsch (in German). 60 (2): 89–97. doi:10.1024/0040-5930.60.2.89. PMID 12649987.

[pmid24818849-25] Flannigan R, Choy WH, Chew B, Lange D (June 2014). "Renal struvite stones--pathogenesis, microbiology, and management strategies". Nat Rev Urol. 11 (6): 333–41. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2014.99. PMID 24818849.

[pmid25685869-26] Pereira DJ, Schoolwerth AC, Pais VM (March 2015). "Cystinuria: current concepts and future directions". Clin. Nephrol. 83 (3): 138–46. PMID 25685869.

[pmid256858692-27] Pereira DJ, Schoolwerth AC, Pais VM (March 2015). "Cystinuria: current concepts and future directions". Clin. Nephrol. 83 (3): 138–46. PMID 25685869.

[pmid18092884-28] Rosen DA, Hooton TM, Stamm WE, Humphrey PA, Hultgren SJ (2007). "Detection of intracellular bacterial communities in human urinary tract infection". PLoS Med. 4 (12): e329. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040329. PMC 2140087. PMID 18092884.

[pmid16298166-29] Franco AV (2005). "Recurrent urinary tract infections". Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 19 (6): 861–73. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2005.08.003. PMID 16298166.

[pmid162981662-30] Franco AV (2005). "Recurrent urinary tract infections". Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 19 (6): 861–73. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2005.08.003. PMID 16298166.

[31] John N. Krieger, Ulrich Dobrindt, Donald E. Riley & Eric Oswald (2011). "Acute Escherichia coli prostatitis in previously health young men: bacterial virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance, and clinical outcomes". Urology. 77 (6): 1420–1425. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2010.12.059. PMID 21459419. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid20704171-32] Sharp VJ, Takacs EB, Powell CR (2010). "Prostatitis: diagnosis and treatment". Am Fam Physician. 82 (4): 397–406. PMID 20704171.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
 [[Image:Home_logo1.png|right|250px|link=https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Prostate_cancer]]
-{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{sali}}
+{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{sali}} {{HK}} {{ADS}}
 ==Overview==
 Prostate cancer must be differentiated from [[benign prostatic hypertrophy]], [[renal cancer]], [[renal stones]], [[bladder cancer]], and [[cystitis]].
 ==Differential diagnosis==
-Prostate cancer must be differentiated from:
+Prostate cancer must be differentiated from:<ref name="pmid18486720">{{cite journal |vauthors=Worcester EM, Coe FL |title=Nephrolithiasis |journal=Prim. Care |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=369–91, vii |date=June 2008 |pmid=18486720 |pmc=2518455 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2008.01.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21789078">{{cite journal |vauthors=Semins MJ, Matlaga BR |title=Medical evaluation and management of urolithiasis |journal=Ther Adv Urol |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=3–9 |date=February 2010 |pmid=21789078 |pmc=3126068 |doi=10.1177/1756287210369121 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28764263">{{cite journal |vauthors=Venkatesh L, Hanumegowda RK |title=Acute Pyelonephritis - Correlation of Clinical Parameter with Radiological Imaging Abnormalities |journal=J Clin Diagn Res |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=TC15–TC18 |date=June 2017 |pmid=28764263 |pmc=5535453 |doi=10.7860/JCDR/2017/27247.10033 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17375337">{{cite journal |vauthors=Garin EH, Olavarria F, Araya C, Broussain M, Barrera C, Young L |title=Diagnostic significance of clinical and laboratory findings to localize site of urinary infection |journal=Pediatr. Nephrol. |volume=22 |issue=7 |pages=1002–6 |date=July 2007 |pmid=17375337 |doi=10.1007/s00467-007-0465-7 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19399273">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee DG, Jeon SH, Lee CH, Lee SJ, Kim JI, Chang SG |title=Acute pyelonephritis: clinical characteristics and the role of the surgical treatment |journal=J. Korean Med. Sci. |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=296–301 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19399273 |pmc=2672131 |doi=10.3346/jkms.2009.24.2.296 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22969301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Saeed K |title=Renal infarction |journal=Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis |volume=5 |issue= |pages=119–23 |date=2012 |pmid=22969301 |pmc=3437809 |doi=10.2147/IJNRD.S33768 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24812524">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mahamid M, Francis A, Abid A, Awawde M, Abu-Elhija O |title=Embolic renal infarction mimicking renal colic |journal=Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis |volume=7 |issue= |pages=157–9 |date=2014 |pmid=24812524 |pmc=4011809 |doi=10.2147/IJNRD.S59745 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12389340">{{cite journal |vauthors=Korzets Z, Plotkin E, Bernheim J, Zissin R |title=The clinical spectrum of acute renal infarction |journal=Isr. Med. Assoc. J. |volume=4 |issue=10 |pages=781–4 |date=October 2002 |pmid=12389340 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12512867">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brix AE |title=Renal papillary necrosis |journal=Toxicol Pathol |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=672–4 |date=2002 |pmid=12512867 |doi=10.1080/01926230290166760 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7038374">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eknoyan G, Qunibi WY, Grissom RT, Tuma SN, Ayus JC |title=Renal papillary necrosis: an update |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=55–73 |date=March 1982 |pmid=7038374 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18806169">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ng CS, Wood CG, Silverman PM, Tannir NM, Tamboli P, Sandler CM |title=Renal cell carcinoma: diagnosis, staging, and surveillance |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=191 |issue=4 |pages=1220–32 |date=October 2008 |pmid=18806169 |doi=10.2214/AJR.07.3568 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15536955">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ares Valdés Y, Amador Sandoval B, Morales JC, Alonso Domínguez F, Carballo Velásquez L, Fragas Valdés R, Shou Rodríguez A |title=[The role of CT scan in the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Arch. Esp. Urol. |volume=57 |issue=7 |pages=737–42 |date=September 2004 |pmid=15536955 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20479778">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leveridge MJ, Bostrom PJ, Koulouris G, Finelli A, Lawrentschuk N |title=Imaging renal cell carcinoma with ultrasonography, CT and MRI |journal=Nat Rev Urol |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=311–25 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20479778 |doi=10.1038/nrurol.2010.63 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25393274">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bratt O, Lilja H |title=Serum markers in prostate cancer detection |journal=Curr Opin Urol |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=59–64 |date=January 2015 |pmid=25393274 |pmc=4315142 |doi=10.1097/MOU.0000000000000128 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlProstate Cancer (Prostate Carcinoma): Symptoms - National Library of Medicine - PubMed Health">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024422/ |title=Prostate Cancer (Prostate Carcinoma): Symptoms - National Library of Medicine - PubMed Health |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
-* [[Benign prostatic hypertrophy]] (BPH)
-* [[Renal cancer]]
-* [[Renal stones]]
-* [[Bladder cancer]]
-* [[Cystitis]]
-* [[Glomerulonephritis]]
-* [[Prostatitis]]
-* [[Pyelonephritis]]
-! rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Prostate pathology
+*[[Benign prostatic hypertrophy]] (BPH)
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Prostatitis]]
+*[[Renal cancer]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[Renal stones]]
-* Bacterial infection
+*[[Bladder cancer]]
-* Prior history of [[prostatitis]]
+*[[Cystitis]]
-* [[Urinary catheterization]]
+*[[Glomerulonephritis]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*[[Prostatitis]]
-* [[Perineal]] pain
+*[[Pyelonephritis]]
-* [[Lower back pain]]
-* Suprapubic pain
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+{|
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+! colspan="2" rowspan="5" |Diseases
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Clinical manifestations'''
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Para-clinical findings
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+! rowspan="5" |'''Gold standard'''
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+|-
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Symptoms'''
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Physical examina
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+|-
-* Enlarged [[prostate]]
+! rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lab Findings
-* [[Rectal pain]]
+! rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diagnosi
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+|-
-* [[Leukocytosis]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Low back pain
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+! colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Fever
-* [[Bacteriuria]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Nausea/
-* [[Pyuria]]
+Vomiting
-* [[Microscopic hematuria]]
+! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Urinary symptoms
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hypertension
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+! colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pitting edema
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+|-
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Dysuria
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Frequency
-* Edema of the [[prostate gland]] with diffuse enlargement
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Oliguria
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Low back pain
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Fever
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Nausea/
+Vomiting
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Dysuria
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Frequency
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Oliguria
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hypertension
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pitting edema
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lab Findings
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diagnosis method
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gold standard
+|-
+| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephrolithiasis]]<ref name="pmid12649987">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hochreiter W, Knoll T, Hess B |title=[Pathophysiology, diagnosis and conservative therapy of non-calcium kidney calculi] |language=German |journal=Ther Umsch |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=89–97 |date=February 2003 |pmid=12649987 |doi=10.1024/0040-5930.60.2.89 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23392537">{{cite journal |vauthors=Trinchieri A |title=Diet and renal stone formation |journal=Minerva Med. |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=41–54 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23392537 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |–
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |–
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+*Radiating pain to groin
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+*[[Hypercalciuria]]
+*[[Hyperoxaluria]]
+*[[Hypocitraturia]]
+*[[Hyperuricemia]]
+*[[Hyperuricosuria]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+*Ultrasound: [[Hydronephrosis]] +/-
+*[[Computed tomography|Abdominal CT scan]] without contrast
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Abdominal [[Computed tomography|CT scan]] without contrast
+|-
+| rowspan="3" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Malignancy]]
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Renal cell carcinoma|Renal cell carcinoma (RCC)]]<ref name="pmid16339096">{{cite journal| author=Cohen HT, McGovern FJ| title=Renal-cell carcinoma. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2005 | volume= 353 | issue= 23 | pages= 2477-90 | pmid=16339096 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra043172 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16339096  }}</ref><ref name="pmid20479778">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leveridge MJ, Bostrom PJ, Koulouris G, Finelli A, Lawrentschuk N |title=Imaging renal cell carcinoma with ultrasonography, CT and MRI |journal=Nat Rev Urol |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=311–25 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20479778 |doi=10.1038/nrurol.2010.63 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+*[[Flanks|Flank]] mass
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+*[[Anemia]]
+*[[Hematuria]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+*Both [[CT]] and [[MRI]] may be used to detect [[neoplastic]] masses that may define renal cell carcinoma or metastasis of the primary cancer. [[CT]] scan and use of intravenous (IV) contrast is generally used for work-up and follow-up of patients with [[Renal cell carcinoma|renal cell carcinom]]<nowiki/>a.
+*The histological pattern of renal cell [[carcinoma]] depends whether it is [[Papillary|papillary,]] [[chromophobe]] or [[collecting duct]] renal cell carcinoma.
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |–
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Bladder cancer]]<ref name="pmid21360040">{{cite journal| author=Pons F, Orsola A, Morote J, Bellmunt J| title=Variant forms of bladder cancer: basic considerations on treatment approaches. | journal=Curr Oncol Rep | year= 2011 | volume= 13 | issue= 3 | pages= 216-21 | pmid=21360040 | doi=10.1007/s11912-011-0161-4 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21360040  }}</ref><ref name="pmid10918764">{{cite journal |vauthors=Metts MC, Metts JC, Milito SJ, Thomas CR |title=Bladder cancer: a review of diagnosis and management |journal=J Natl Med Assoc |volume=92 |issue=6 |pages=285–94 |date=June 2000 |pmid=10918764 |pmc=2640522 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid182316182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rom M, Kuehhas FE, Djavan B |title=New findings in bladder and prostate cancer: highlights of the 22nd annual congress of the European association of urology, march 21-24, 2007, berlin, Germany |journal=Rev Urol |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=214–9 |date=2007 |pmid=18231618 |pmc=2199502 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Suprapubic pain
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+*[[Anemia]]
+*[[Hematuria]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Ultrasound]], [[Computed tomography|CT scan]], Biopsy
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Prostate cancer]]<ref name="pmid23451265">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chung SD, Liu SP, Lin HC |title=Association between prostate cancer and urinary calculi: a population-based study |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=e57743 |date=2013 |pmid=23451265 |pmc=3581486 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0057743 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18231618">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rom M, Kuehhas FE, Djavan B |title=New findings in bladder and prostate cancer: highlights of the 22nd annual congress of the European association of urology, march 21-24, 2007, berlin, Germany |journal=Rev Urol |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=214–9 |date=2007 |pmid=18231618 |pmc=2199502 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+*[[Anemia]]
+*[[Hematuria]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Ultrasound]], [[Computed tomography|CT scan]], Biopsy
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy
+|-
+| rowspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Urinary system|Lower urinary tract diseases]]
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+*[[Nocturia]]
+*Other voiding symptoms
+**Slow urinary stream
+**Splitting or spraying of the [[Urinary system|urinary]] stream
+**Intermittent urinary stream
+**Hesitancy
+**Straining to void
+**Terminal dribbling
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+*Urinalysis to rule out [[Urinary tract infection|UTI]]
+*Elevated [[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]]/[[Creatinine|Cr]]
+*High [[Prostate specific antigen|PSA]] values
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+*Urine cytology to screen for bladder cancer
+*Biopsy to rule out cancer
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Urolithiasis]]<ref name="pmid126499872">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hochreiter W, Knoll T, Hess B |title=[Pathophysiology, diagnosis and conservative therapy of non-calcium kidney calculi] |language=German |journal=Ther Umsch |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=89–97 |date=February 2003 |pmid=12649987 |doi=10.1024/0040-5930.60.2.89 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24818849">{{cite journal |vauthors=Flannigan R, Choy WH, Chew B, Lange D |title=Renal struvite stones--pathogenesis, microbiology, and management strategies |journal=Nat Rev Urol |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=333–41 |date=June 2014 |pmid=24818849 |doi=10.1038/nrurol.2014.99 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25685869">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pereira DJ, Schoolwerth AC, Pais VM |title=Cystinuria: current concepts and future directions |journal=Clin. Nephrol. |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=138–46 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25685869 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+*[[Flanks|Flank]]
+*[[Groin]] pain
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+*[[Urine|Urine analysis]]
+*High [[Creatinine|Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Abdominppelvic [[Computed tomography|CT scan]] without contrast
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Abdominppelvic [[Computed tomography|CT scan]] without contrast
 |-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Prostatic cancer]]
+| rowspan="3" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Infectious disease|Infectious diseases]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pyelonephritis]]<ref name="pmid256858692">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pereira DJ, Schoolwerth AC, Pais VM |title=Cystinuria: current concepts and future directions |journal=Clin. Nephrol. |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=138–46 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25685869 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18092884">{{cite journal| author=Rosen DA, Hooton TM, Stamm WE, Humphrey PA, Hultgren SJ| title=Detection of intracellular bacterial communities in human urinary tract infection. | journal=PLoS Med | year= 2007 | volume= 4 | issue= 12 | pages= e329 | pmid=18092884 | doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0040329 | pmc=2140087 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18092884  }}</ref>
-* [[Family history]] of [[Prostate cancer|prostate cancer]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
-* [[Germline mutation]] of [[HOXB13]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
-* Black ethnicity
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
-* Age > 50 years
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+*[[Delirium]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+*[[Headache]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
+*Positive  [[leukocyte esterase]] test and [[nitrite test]].
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+*Blood/urine cultures
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|CT]] and [[ultrasound]]:
-* Enlarged [[prostate]]
-* Firm and hard
+*Enlarged [[Kidney|kidneys]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
+*Round swollen [[Kidney|kidneys]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+*Hypodense appearance
-* [[Hematuria]]
+*[[Abscess|Abscesses]] may not be present
-* Positive [[prostate specific antigen]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
-* High levels of [[TMPRSS2]]:ERG and [[PCA3]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Focal areas of mass−like enhancement in the peripheral [[prostate]]
-* [[Calcification|Calcifications]]
 |-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cystitis]]<ref name="pmid16298166">{{cite journal| author=Franco AV| title=Recurrent urinary tract infections. | journal=Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol | year= 2005 | volume= 19 | issue= 6 | pages= 861-73 | pmid=16298166 | doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2005.08.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16298166  }}</ref><ref name="pmid162981662">{{cite journal| author=Franco AV| title=Recurrent urinary tract infections. | journal=Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol | year= 2005 | volume= 19 | issue= 6 | pages= 861-73 | pmid=16298166 | doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2005.08.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16298166  }}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+*[[Dyspareunia]]
+*Supra pubic tenderness
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+*[[Pyuria]]: > 5-10 [[White blood cells|WBC]]/hpf or 27 [[WBC]]/microliter
+*Positive  [[leukocyte esterase]] test and [[nitrite test]].
+*Positive urine/blood cultures
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Ultrasound|Ultrasound:]]
+*Presence of gas in the bladder wall.
+*Also, help to detect the presence of a [[tumor]] or a [[Stone massage|stone]].
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Urine culture
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Prostatitis]]<ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[John N. Krieger]], [[Ulrich Dobrindt]], [[Donald E. Riley]] & [[Eric Oswald]]
+ | title = Acute Escherichia coli prostatitis in previously health young men: bacterial virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance, and clinical outcomes
+ | journal = [[Urology]]
+ | volume = 77
+ | issue = 6
+ | pages = 1420–1425
+ | year = 2011
+ | month = June
+ | doi = 10.1016/j.urology.2010.12.059
+ | pmid = 21459419
+}}</ref><ref name="pmid20704171">{{cite journal| author=Sharp VJ, Takacs EB, Powell CR| title=Prostatitis: diagnosis and treatment. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2010 | volume= 82 | issue= 4 | pages= 397-406 | pmid=20704171 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20704171  }}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+*Body aches
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+*Increased [[leukocytes]] (>10 per high power field) on [[Complete blood count|CBC]]
+*Bacteria seen on [[urine culture]]
+*Elevated [[C-reactive protein]]
+*Transiently elevated [[PSA]] ([[prostate specific antigen]]) levels
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Ultrasound|Ultrasound:]]
+*Focal hypoechoic region located in the peripheral part of the [[prostate]]
+[[Computed tomography|CT scan:]]
+*Edema of the [[prostate gland]] with diffuse enlargement,.
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+|}
+==References==
+{{Reflist|2}}
+[[Category:Medicine]]
+[[Category:Nephrology]]
+[[Category:Urology]]
+[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
+[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
 ==References==

Prostate cancer differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 19:28, 27 January 2021

Overview

Differential diagnosis

References

References

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