Palmar plantar erythrodysesthesia causes: Difference between revisions

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* Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) <ref name="pmid10025364">{{cite journal| author=Amantea M, Newman MS, Sullivan TM, Forrest A, Working PK| title=Relationship of dose intensity to the induction of palmar-plantar erythrodysesthia by pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in dogs. | journal=Hum Exp Toxicol | year= 1999 | volume= 18 | issue= 1 | pages= 17-26 | pmid=10025364 | doi=10.1177/096032719901800103 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10025364  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid12808004">{{cite journal| author=Charrois GJ, Allen TM| title=Multiple injections of pegylated liposomal Doxorubicin: pharmacokinetics and therapeutic activity. | journal=J Pharmacol Exp Ther | year= 2003 | volume= 306 | issue= 3 | pages= 1058-67 | pmid=12808004 | doi=10.1124/jpet.103.053413 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12808004  }} </ref> and liposomal-encapsulated doxorubicin(Doxil) <ref name="pmid14520442">{{cite journal| author=D'Agostino G, Ferrandina G, Ludovisi M, Testa A, Lorusso D, Gbaguidi N et al.| title=Phase II study of liposomal doxorubicin and gemcitabine in the salvage treatment of ovarian cancer. | journal=Br J Cancer | year= 2003 | volume= 89 | issue= 7 | pages= 1180-4 | pmid=14520442 | doi=10.1038/sj.bjc.6601284 | pmc=2394291 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14520442  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid3160276">{{cite journal| author=Vogelzang NJ, Ratain MJ| title=Cancer chemotherapy and skin changes. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1985 | volume= 103 | issue= 2 | pages= 303-4 | pmid=3160276 | doi=10.7326/0003-4819-103-2-303_3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3160276  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9074848">{{cite journal| author=Coukell AJ, Spencer CM| title=Polyethylene glycol-liposomal doxorubicin. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy in the management of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. | journal=Drugs | year= 1997 | volume= 53 | issue= 3 | pages= 520-38 | pmid=9074848 | doi=10.2165/00003495-199753030-00011 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9074848  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11401188">{{cite journal| author=Goram AL, Richmond PL| title=Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin: tolerability and toxicity. | journal=Pharmacotherapy | year= 2001 | volume= 21 | issue= 6 | pages= 751-63 | pmid=11401188 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11401188  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid14998859">{{cite journal| author=Matsumura Y, Gotoh M, Muro K, Yamada Y, Shirao K, Shimada Y et al.| title=Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of MCC-465, a doxorubicin (DXR) encapsulated in PEG immunoliposome, in patients with metastatic stomach cancer. | journal=Ann Oncol | year= 2004 | volume= 15 | issue= 3 | pages= 517-25 | pmid=14998859 | doi=10.1093/annonc/mdh092 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14998859  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid15099971">{{cite journal| author=Molpus KL, Anderson LB, Craig CL, Puleo JG| title=The effect of regional cooling on toxicity associated with intravenous infusion of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in recurrent ovarian carcinoma. | journal=Gynecol Oncol | year= 2004 | volume= 93 | issue= 2 | pages= 513-6 | pmid=15099971 | doi=10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.02.019 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15099971  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9626479">{{cite journal| author=Vail DM, Chun R, Thamm DH, Garrett LD, Cooley AJ, Obradovich JE| title=Efficacy of pyridoxine to ameliorate the cutaneous toxicity associated with doxorubicin containing pegylated (Stealth) liposomes: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial using a canine model. | journal=Clin Cancer Res | year= 1998 | volume= 4 | issue= 6 | pages= 1567-71 | pmid=9626479 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9626479  }} </ref>
* Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) <ref name="pmid10025364">{{cite journal| author=Amantea M, Newman MS, Sullivan TM, Forrest A, Working PK| title=Relationship of dose intensity to the induction of palmar-plantar erythrodysesthia by pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in dogs. | journal=Hum Exp Toxicol | year= 1999 | volume= 18 | issue= 1 | pages= 17-26 | pmid=10025364 | doi=10.1177/096032719901800103 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10025364  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid12808004">{{cite journal| author=Charrois GJ, Allen TM| title=Multiple injections of pegylated liposomal Doxorubicin: pharmacokinetics and therapeutic activity. | journal=J Pharmacol Exp Ther | year= 2003 | volume= 306 | issue= 3 | pages= 1058-67 | pmid=12808004 | doi=10.1124/jpet.103.053413 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12808004  }} </ref> and liposomal-encapsulated doxorubicin(Doxil) <ref name="pmid14520442">{{cite journal| author=D'Agostino G, Ferrandina G, Ludovisi M, Testa A, Lorusso D, Gbaguidi N et al.| title=Phase II study of liposomal doxorubicin and gemcitabine in the salvage treatment of ovarian cancer. | journal=Br J Cancer | year= 2003 | volume= 89 | issue= 7 | pages= 1180-4 | pmid=14520442 | doi=10.1038/sj.bjc.6601284 | pmc=2394291 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14520442  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid3160276">{{cite journal| author=Vogelzang NJ, Ratain MJ| title=Cancer chemotherapy and skin changes. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1985 | volume= 103 | issue= 2 | pages= 303-4 | pmid=3160276 | doi=10.7326/0003-4819-103-2-303_3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3160276  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9074848">{{cite journal| author=Coukell AJ, Spencer CM| title=Polyethylene glycol-liposomal doxorubicin. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy in the management of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. | journal=Drugs | year= 1997 | volume= 53 | issue= 3 | pages= 520-38 | pmid=9074848 | doi=10.2165/00003495-199753030-00011 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9074848  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11401188">{{cite journal| author=Goram AL, Richmond PL| title=Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin: tolerability and toxicity. | journal=Pharmacotherapy | year= 2001 | volume= 21 | issue= 6 | pages= 751-63 | pmid=11401188 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11401188  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid14998859">{{cite journal| author=Matsumura Y, Gotoh M, Muro K, Yamada Y, Shirao K, Shimada Y et al.| title=Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of MCC-465, a doxorubicin (DXR) encapsulated in PEG immunoliposome, in patients with metastatic stomach cancer. | journal=Ann Oncol | year= 2004 | volume= 15 | issue= 3 | pages= 517-25 | pmid=14998859 | doi=10.1093/annonc/mdh092 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14998859  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid15099971">{{cite journal| author=Molpus KL, Anderson LB, Craig CL, Puleo JG| title=The effect of regional cooling on toxicity associated with intravenous infusion of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in recurrent ovarian carcinoma. | journal=Gynecol Oncol | year= 2004 | volume= 93 | issue= 2 | pages= 513-6 | pmid=15099971 | doi=10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.02.019 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15099971  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9626479">{{cite journal| author=Vail DM, Chun R, Thamm DH, Garrett LD, Cooley AJ, Obradovich JE| title=Efficacy of pyridoxine to ameliorate the cutaneous toxicity associated with doxorubicin containing pegylated (Stealth) liposomes: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial using a canine model. | journal=Clin Cancer Res | year= 1998 | volume= 4 | issue= 6 | pages= 1567-71 | pmid=9626479 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9626479  }} </ref>
* 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU, Adrucil) <ref name="pmid2926468">{{cite journal| author=Lokich JJ, Ahlgren JD, Gullo JJ, Philips JA, Fryer JG| title=A prospective randomized comparison of continuous infusion fluorouracil with a conventional bolus schedule in metastatic colorectal carcinoma: a Mid-Atlantic Oncology Program Study. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 1989 | volume= 7 | issue= 4 | pages= 425-32 | pmid=2926468 | doi=10.1200/JCO.1989.7.4.425 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2926468  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid2345070">{{cite journal| author=Fabian CJ, Molina R, Slavik M, Dahlberg S, Giri S, Stephens R| title=Pyridoxine therapy for palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia associated with continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion. | journal=Invest New Drugs | year= 1990 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= 57-63 | pmid=2345070 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2345070  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid2066758">{{cite journal| author=Ardalan B, Chua L, Tian EM, Reddy R, Sridhar K, Benedetto P et al.| title=A phase II study of weekly 24-hour infusion with high-dose fluorouracil with leucovorin in colorectal carcinoma. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 1991 | volume= 9 | issue= 4 | pages= 625-30 | pmid=2066758 | doi=10.1200/JCO.1991.9.4.625 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2066758  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid7629773">{{cite journal| author=Banfield GK, Crate ID, Griffiths CL| title=Long-term sequelae of Palmar-Plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome secondary to 5-fluorouracil therapy. | journal=J R Soc Med | year= 1995 | volume= 88 | issue= 6 | pages= 356P-357P | pmid=7629773 | doi= | pmc=1295248 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7629773  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid3400123">{{cite journal| author=Bellmunt J, Navarro M, Hidalgo R, Solé LA| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome associated with short-term continuous infusion (5 days) of 5-fluorouracil. | journal=Tumori | year= 1988 | volume= 74 | issue= 3 | pages= 329-31 | pmid=3400123 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3400123  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9291822">{{cite journal| author=Chiara S, Nobile MT, Barzacchi C, Sanguineti O, Vincenti M, Di Somma C et al.| title=Hand-foot syndrome induced by high-dose, short-term, continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion. | journal=Eur J Cancer | year= 1997 | volume= 33 | issue= 6 | pages= 967-9 | pmid=9291822 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9291822  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid8267382">{{cite journal| author=Comandone A, Bretti S, La Grotta G, Manzoni S, Bonardi G, Berardo R et al.| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysestasia syndrome associated with 5-fluorouracil treatment. | journal=Anticancer Res | year= 1993 | volume= 13 | issue= 5C | pages= 1781-3 | pmid=8267382 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8267382  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid2817635">{{cite journal| author=Curran CF, Luce JK| title=Fluorouracil and palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1989 | volume= 111 | issue= 10 | pages= 858 | pmid=2817635 | doi=10.7326/0003-4819-111-10-858_1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2817635  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11304782">{{cite journal| author=Hoff PM, Ansari R, Batist G, Cox J, Kocha W, Kuperminc M et al.| title=Comparison of oral capecitabine versus intravenous fluorouracil plus leucovorin as first-line treatment in 605 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: results of a randomized phase III study. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2001 | volume= 19 | issue= 8 | pages= 2282-92 | pmid=11304782 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2001.19.8.2282 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11304782  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9408159">{{cite journal| author=Iurlo A, Fornier M, Caldiera S, Bertoni F, Foa P| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome due to 5-fluorouracil therapy--an underestimated toxic event? | journal=Acta Oncol | year= 1997 | volume= 36 | issue= 6 | pages= 653-4 | pmid=9408159 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9408159  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid7699432">{{cite journal| author=Leo S, Tatulli C, Taveri R, Campanella GA, Carrieri G, Colucci G| title=Dermatological toxicity from chemotherapy containing 5-fluorouracil. | journal=J Chemother | year= 1994 | volume= 6 | issue= 6 | pages= 423-6 | pmid=7699432 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7699432  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9817272">{{cite journal| author=Meta-Analysis Group In Cancer. Lévy E, Piedbois P, Buyse M, Pignon JP, Rougier P et al.| title=Toxicity of fluorouracil in patients with advanced colorectal cancer: effect of administration schedule and prognostic factors. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 1998 | volume= 16 | issue= 11 | pages= 3537-41 | pmid=9817272 | doi=10.1200/JCO.1998.16.11.3537 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9817272  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid10442356">{{cite journal| author=Macdonald JS| title=Toxicity of 5-fluorouracil. | journal=Oncology (Williston Park) | year= 1999 | volume= 13 | issue= 7 Suppl 3 | pages= 33-4 | pmid=10442356 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10442356  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid2225317">{{cite journal| author=Mortimer JE, Anderson I| title=Weekly fluorouracil and high-dose leucovorin: efficacy and treatment of cutaneous toxicity. | journal=Cancer Chemother Pharmacol | year= 1990 | volume= 26 | issue= 6 | pages= 449-52 | pmid=2225317 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2225317  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11896096">{{cite journal| author=Sloan JA, Goldberg RM, Sargent DJ, Vargas-Chanes D, Nair S, Cha SS et al.| title=Women experience greater toxicity with fluorouracil-based chemotherapy for colorectal cancer. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2002 | volume= 20 | issue= 6 | pages= 1491-8 | pmid=11896096 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2002.20.6.1491 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11896096  }} </ref>
* 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU, Adrucil) <ref name="pmid2926468">{{cite journal| author=Lokich JJ, Ahlgren JD, Gullo JJ, Philips JA, Fryer JG| title=A prospective randomized comparison of continuous infusion fluorouracil with a conventional bolus schedule in metastatic colorectal carcinoma: a Mid-Atlantic Oncology Program Study. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 1989 | volume= 7 | issue= 4 | pages= 425-32 | pmid=2926468 | doi=10.1200/JCO.1989.7.4.425 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2926468  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid2345070">{{cite journal| author=Fabian CJ, Molina R, Slavik M, Dahlberg S, Giri S, Stephens R| title=Pyridoxine therapy for palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia associated with continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion. | journal=Invest New Drugs | year= 1990 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= 57-63 | pmid=2345070 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2345070  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid2066758">{{cite journal| author=Ardalan B, Chua L, Tian EM, Reddy R, Sridhar K, Benedetto P et al.| title=A phase II study of weekly 24-hour infusion with high-dose fluorouracil with leucovorin in colorectal carcinoma. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 1991 | volume= 9 | issue= 4 | pages= 625-30 | pmid=2066758 | doi=10.1200/JCO.1991.9.4.625 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2066758  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid7629773">{{cite journal| author=Banfield GK, Crate ID, Griffiths CL| title=Long-term sequelae of Palmar-Plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome secondary to 5-fluorouracil therapy. | journal=J R Soc Med | year= 1995 | volume= 88 | issue= 6 | pages= 356P-357P | pmid=7629773 | doi= | pmc=1295248 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7629773  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid3400123">{{cite journal| author=Bellmunt J, Navarro M, Hidalgo R, Solé LA| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome associated with short-term continuous infusion (5 days) of 5-fluorouracil. | journal=Tumori | year= 1988 | volume= 74 | issue= 3 | pages= 329-31 | pmid=3400123 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3400123  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9291822">{{cite journal| author=Chiara S, Nobile MT, Barzacchi C, Sanguineti O, Vincenti M, Di Somma C et al.| title=Hand-foot syndrome induced by high-dose, short-term, continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion. | journal=Eur J Cancer | year= 1997 | volume= 33 | issue= 6 | pages= 967-9 | pmid=9291822 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9291822  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid8267382">{{cite journal| author=Comandone A, Bretti S, La Grotta G, Manzoni S, Bonardi G, Berardo R et al.| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysestasia syndrome associated with 5-fluorouracil treatment. | journal=Anticancer Res | year= 1993 | volume= 13 | issue= 5C | pages= 1781-3 | pmid=8267382 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8267382  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid2817635">{{cite journal| author=Curran CF, Luce JK| title=Fluorouracil and palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1989 | volume= 111 | issue= 10 | pages= 858 | pmid=2817635 | doi=10.7326/0003-4819-111-10-858_1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2817635  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11304782">{{cite journal| author=Hoff PM, Ansari R, Batist G, Cox J, Kocha W, Kuperminc M et al.| title=Comparison of oral capecitabine versus intravenous fluorouracil plus leucovorin as first-line treatment in 605 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: results of a randomized phase III study. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2001 | volume= 19 | issue= 8 | pages= 2282-92 | pmid=11304782 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2001.19.8.2282 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11304782  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9408159">{{cite journal| author=Iurlo A, Fornier M, Caldiera S, Bertoni F, Foa P| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome due to 5-fluorouracil therapy--an underestimated toxic event? | journal=Acta Oncol | year= 1997 | volume= 36 | issue= 6 | pages= 653-4 | pmid=9408159 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9408159  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid7699432">{{cite journal| author=Leo S, Tatulli C, Taveri R, Campanella GA, Carrieri G, Colucci G| title=Dermatological toxicity from chemotherapy containing 5-fluorouracil. | journal=J Chemother | year= 1994 | volume= 6 | issue= 6 | pages= 423-6 | pmid=7699432 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7699432  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9817272">{{cite journal| author=Meta-Analysis Group In Cancer. Lévy E, Piedbois P, Buyse M, Pignon JP, Rougier P et al.| title=Toxicity of fluorouracil in patients with advanced colorectal cancer: effect of administration schedule and prognostic factors. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 1998 | volume= 16 | issue= 11 | pages= 3537-41 | pmid=9817272 | doi=10.1200/JCO.1998.16.11.3537 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9817272  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid10442356">{{cite journal| author=Macdonald JS| title=Toxicity of 5-fluorouracil. | journal=Oncology (Williston Park) | year= 1999 | volume= 13 | issue= 7 Suppl 3 | pages= 33-4 | pmid=10442356 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10442356  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid2225317">{{cite journal| author=Mortimer JE, Anderson I| title=Weekly fluorouracil and high-dose leucovorin: efficacy and treatment of cutaneous toxicity. | journal=Cancer Chemother Pharmacol | year= 1990 | volume= 26 | issue= 6 | pages= 449-52 | pmid=2225317 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2225317  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11896096">{{cite journal| author=Sloan JA, Goldberg RM, Sargent DJ, Vargas-Chanes D, Nair S, Cha SS et al.| title=Women experience greater toxicity with fluorouracil-based chemotherapy for colorectal cancer. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2002 | volume= 20 | issue= 6 | pages= 1491-8 | pmid=11896096 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2002.20.6.1491 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11896096  }} </ref>
* Capecitabine (Xeloda) <ref name="pmid15341880">{{cite journal| author=Lassere Y, Hoff P| title=Management of hand-foot syndrome in patients treated with capecitabine (Xeloda). | journal=Eur J Oncol Nurs | year= 2004 | volume= 8 Suppl 1 | issue=  | pages= S31-40 | pmid=15341880 | doi=10.1016/j.ejon.2004.06.007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15341880  }} </ref>
* Capecitabine (Xeloda) <ref name="pmid15341880">{{cite journal| author=Lassere Y, Hoff P| title=Management of hand-foot syndrome in patients treated with capecitabine (Xeloda). | journal=Eur J Oncol Nurs | year= 2004 | volume= 8 Suppl 1 | issue=  | pages= S31-40 | pmid=15341880 | doi=10.1016/j.ejon.2004.06.007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15341880 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11697835">{{cite journal| author=Oshaughnessy JA, Blum J, Moiseyenko V, Jones SE, Miles D, Bell D et al.| title=Randomized, open-label, phase II trial of oral capecitabine (Xeloda) vs. a reference arm of intravenous CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil) as first-line therapy for advanced/metastatic breast cancer. | journal=Ann Oncol | year= 2001 | volume= 12 | issue= 9 | pages= 1247-54 | pmid=11697835 | doi=10.1023/a:1012281104865 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11697835  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11853000">{{cite journal| author=Abushullaih S, Saad ED, Munsell M, Hoff PM| title=Incidence and severity of hand-foot syndrome in colorectal cancer patients treated with capecitabine: a single-institution experience. | journal=Cancer Invest | year= 2002 | volume= 20 | issue= 1 | pages= 3-10 | pmid=11853000 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11853000  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid10080589">{{cite journal| author=Blum JL, Jones SE, Buzdar AU, LoRusso PM, Kuter I, Vogel C et al.| title=Multicenter phase II study of capecitabine in paclitaxel-refractory metastatic breast cancer. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 1999 | volume= 17 | issue= 2 | pages= 485-93 | pmid=10080589 | doi=10.1200/JCO.1999.17.2.485 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10080589  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid12056707">{{cite journal| author=Cassidy J, Twelves C, Van Cutsem E, Hoff P, Bajetta E, Boyer M et al.| title=First-line oral capecitabine therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: a favorable safety profile compared with intravenous 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin. | journal=Ann Oncol | year= 2002 | volume= 13 | issue= 4 | pages= 566-75 | pmid=12056707 | doi=10.1093/annonc/mdf089 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12056707  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid15341878">{{cite journal| author=Sternberg CN, Reichardt P, Holland M| title=Development of and clinical experience with capecitabine (Xeloda) in the treatment of solid tumours. | journal=Eur J Oncol Nurs | year= 2004 | volume= 8 Suppl 1 | issue=  | pages= S4-15 | pmid=15341878 | doi=10.1016/j.ejon.2004.06.005 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15341878  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11689577">{{cite journal| author=Van Cutsem E, Twelves C, Cassidy J, Allman D, Bajetta E, Boyer M et al.| title=Oral capecitabine compared with intravenous fluorouracil plus leucovorin in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: results of a large phase III study. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2001 | volume= 19 | issue= 21 | pages= 4097-106 | pmid=11689577 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2001.19.21.4097 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11689577 }} </ref>
* Sorafenib <ref name="pmid21537373">{{cite journal| author=Farr KP, Safwat A| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia associated with chemotherapy and its treatment. | journal=Case Rep Oncol | year= 2011 | volume= 4 | issue= 1 | pages= 229-35 | pmid=21537373 | doi=10.1159/000327767 | pmc=3085037 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21537373  }} </ref>
* Sorafenib <ref name="pmid21537373">{{cite journal| author=Farr KP, Safwat A| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia associated with chemotherapy and its treatment. | journal=Case Rep Oncol | year= 2011 | volume= 4 | issue= 1 | pages= 229-35 | pmid=21537373 | doi=10.1159/000327767 | pmc=3085037 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21537373  }} </ref>


Revision as of 14:45, 27 June 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Several different Chemotherapeutic agents have been associated with acral erythema[1]

Causes

Chemotherapy drugs that can cause this syndrome include:

Most frequently associated:

Less frequently associated:

  • Cisplatin48
  • Cyclophosphamide49
  • Daunorubicin and liposomal daunorubicin50
  • Doxifluridine
  • Etoposide51-54
  • Floxuridine55 (FUDF)
  • Hydroxyurea56,57 (hydroxycarbamide)
  • 6-Mercaptopurine9
  • Methotrexate58-63
  • Mitotane1
  • Paclitaxel64-67 (Taxol)
  • Tegafur68-70
  • Vinorelbine71-74
  • Idarubicin (Idamycin)
  • Vemurafenib75 (Zelboraf)
  • 6-thioguanine76


Commonly associated chemotherapeutic agents are listed below:

  • Most frequently associated with Doxorubicin (Pegylated liposomal Doxorubicin), 5-Flurouracil, and Cytarabine[38].
  • Methotrexate - even low dose used to treat ALL[39]
  • Mitotane[40]
  • PLD, Docetaxel, Capecitabine, vinorelbine, gemcitabine and Sorafenib[37]

Less Common Causes[41]

  • Cisplatin
  • Cyclophosphamide
  • Daunorubicin
  • Doxifluridine
  • Etoposide
  • Floxuridine
  • Hydroxyurea
  • Idarubicin
  • Lomustine
  • Melphalan
  • Mercaptopurine
  • Mitomycin
  • Paclitaxel
  • Suramin
  • Troxacitabine[42]
  • Tegafur
  • Vincristine

Genetics

No genetic association has been found as of yet as the data on this condition is limited.

References

  1. ↑ Baack BR, Burgdorf WH (1991). "Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema". J Am Acad Dermatol. 24 (3): 457–61. PMID 2061446.
  2. ↑ Baer MR, King LE, Wolff SN (1985). "Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia and cytarabine". Ann Intern Med. 102 (4): 556. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-102-4-556_1. PMID 3977204.
  3. ↑ Crawford JH, Eikelboom JW, McQuillan A (2002). "Recurrent palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia following high-dose cytarabine treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia". Eur J Haematol. 69 (5–6): 315–7. PMID 12460237.
  4. ↑ Zimmerman GC, Keeling JH, Burris HA, Cook G, Irvin R, Kuhn J; et al. (1995). "Acute cutaneous reactions to docetaxel, a new chemotherapeutic agent". Arch Dermatol. 131 (2): 202–6. PMID 7857119.
  5. ↑ Katoh M, Kadota M, Nishimura Y (2004). "A case of docetaxel-induced erythrodysesthesia". J Dermatol. 31 (5): 403–6. PMID 15187308.
  6. ↑ Amantea M, Newman MS, Sullivan TM, Forrest A, Working PK (1999). "Relationship of dose intensity to the induction of palmar-plantar erythrodysesthia by pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in dogs". Hum Exp Toxicol. 18 (1): 17–26. doi:10.1177/096032719901800103. PMID 10025364.
  7. ↑ Charrois GJ, Allen TM (2003). "Multiple injections of pegylated liposomal Doxorubicin: pharmacokinetics and therapeutic activity". J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 306 (3): 1058–67. doi:10.1124/jpet.103.053413. PMID 12808004.
  8. ↑ D'Agostino G, Ferrandina G, Ludovisi M, Testa A, Lorusso D, Gbaguidi N; et al. (2003). "Phase II study of liposomal doxorubicin and gemcitabine in the salvage treatment of ovarian cancer". Br J Cancer. 89 (7): 1180–4. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601284. PMC 2394291. PMID 14520442.
  9. ↑ Vogelzang NJ, Ratain MJ (1985). "Cancer chemotherapy and skin changes". Ann Intern Med. 103 (2): 303–4. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-103-2-303_3. PMID 3160276.
  10. ↑ Coukell AJ, Spencer CM (1997). "Polyethylene glycol-liposomal doxorubicin. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy in the management of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma". Drugs. 53 (3): 520–38. doi:10.2165/00003495-199753030-00011. PMID 9074848.
  11. ↑ Goram AL, Richmond PL (2001). "Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin: tolerability and toxicity". Pharmacotherapy. 21 (6): 751–63. PMID 11401188.
  12. ↑ Matsumura Y, Gotoh M, Muro K, Yamada Y, Shirao K, Shimada Y; et al. (2004). "Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of MCC-465, a doxorubicin (DXR) encapsulated in PEG immunoliposome, in patients with metastatic stomach cancer". Ann Oncol. 15 (3): 517–25. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdh092. PMID 14998859.
  13. ↑ Molpus KL, Anderson LB, Craig CL, Puleo JG (2004). "The effect of regional cooling on toxicity associated with intravenous infusion of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in recurrent ovarian carcinoma". Gynecol Oncol. 93 (2): 513–6. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.02.019. PMID 15099971.
  14. ↑ Vail DM, Chun R, Thamm DH, Garrett LD, Cooley AJ, Obradovich JE (1998). "Efficacy of pyridoxine to ameliorate the cutaneous toxicity associated with doxorubicin containing pegylated (Stealth) liposomes: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial using a canine model". Clin Cancer Res. 4 (6): 1567–71. PMID 9626479.
  15. ↑ Lokich JJ, Ahlgren JD, Gullo JJ, Philips JA, Fryer JG (1989). "A prospective randomized comparison of continuous infusion fluorouracil with a conventional bolus schedule in metastatic colorectal carcinoma: a Mid-Atlantic Oncology Program Study". J Clin Oncol. 7 (4): 425–32. doi:10.1200/JCO.1989.7.4.425. PMID 2926468.
  16. ↑ Fabian CJ, Molina R, Slavik M, Dahlberg S, Giri S, Stephens R (1990). "Pyridoxine therapy for palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia associated with continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion". Invest New Drugs. 8 (1): 57–63. PMID 2345070.
  17. ↑ Ardalan B, Chua L, Tian EM, Reddy R, Sridhar K, Benedetto P; et al. (1991). "A phase II study of weekly 24-hour infusion with high-dose fluorouracil with leucovorin in colorectal carcinoma". J Clin Oncol. 9 (4): 625–30. doi:10.1200/JCO.1991.9.4.625. PMID 2066758.
  18. ↑ Banfield GK, Crate ID, Griffiths CL (1995). "Long-term sequelae of Palmar-Plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome secondary to 5-fluorouracil therapy". J R Soc Med. 88 (6): 356P–357P. PMC 1295248. PMID 7629773.
  19. ↑ Bellmunt J, Navarro M, Hidalgo R, Solé LA (1988). "Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome associated with short-term continuous infusion (5 days) of 5-fluorouracil". Tumori. 74 (3): 329–31. PMID 3400123.
  20. ↑ Chiara S, Nobile MT, Barzacchi C, Sanguineti O, Vincenti M, Di Somma C; et al. (1997). "Hand-foot syndrome induced by high-dose, short-term, continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion". Eur J Cancer. 33 (6): 967–9. PMID 9291822.
  21. ↑ Comandone A, Bretti S, La Grotta G, Manzoni S, Bonardi G, Berardo R; et al. (1993). "Palmar-plantar erythrodysestasia syndrome associated with 5-fluorouracil treatment". Anticancer Res. 13 (5C): 1781–3. PMID 8267382.
  22. ↑ Curran CF, Luce JK (1989). "Fluorouracil and palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia". Ann Intern Med. 111 (10): 858. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-111-10-858_1. PMID 2817635.
  23. ↑ Hoff PM, Ansari R, Batist G, Cox J, Kocha W, Kuperminc M; et al. (2001). "Comparison of oral capecitabine versus intravenous fluorouracil plus leucovorin as first-line treatment in 605 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: results of a randomized phase III study". J Clin Oncol. 19 (8): 2282–92. doi:10.1200/JCO.2001.19.8.2282. PMID 11304782.
  24. ↑ Iurlo A, Fornier M, Caldiera S, Bertoni F, Foa P (1997). "Palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome due to 5-fluorouracil therapy--an underestimated toxic event?". Acta Oncol. 36 (6): 653–4. PMID 9408159.
  25. ↑ Leo S, Tatulli C, Taveri R, Campanella GA, Carrieri G, Colucci G (1994). "Dermatological toxicity from chemotherapy containing 5-fluorouracil". J Chemother. 6 (6): 423–6. PMID 7699432.
  26. ↑ Meta-Analysis Group In Cancer. Lévy E, Piedbois P, Buyse M, Pignon JP, Rougier P; et al. (1998). "Toxicity of fluorouracil in patients with advanced colorectal cancer: effect of administration schedule and prognostic factors". J Clin Oncol. 16 (11): 3537–41. doi:10.1200/JCO.1998.16.11.3537. PMID 9817272.
  27. ↑ Macdonald JS (1999). "Toxicity of 5-fluorouracil". Oncology (Williston Park). 13 (7 Suppl 3): 33–4. PMID 10442356.
  28. ↑ Mortimer JE, Anderson I (1990). "Weekly fluorouracil and high-dose leucovorin: efficacy and treatment of cutaneous toxicity". Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 26 (6): 449–52. PMID 2225317.
  29. ↑ Sloan JA, Goldberg RM, Sargent DJ, Vargas-Chanes D, Nair S, Cha SS; et al. (2002). "Women experience greater toxicity with fluorouracil-based chemotherapy for colorectal cancer". J Clin Oncol. 20 (6): 1491–8. doi:10.1200/JCO.2002.20.6.1491. PMID 11896096.
  30. ↑ Lassere Y, Hoff P (2004). "Management of hand-foot syndrome in patients treated with capecitabine (Xeloda)". Eur J Oncol Nurs. 8 Suppl 1: S31–40. doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2004.06.007. PMID 15341880.
  31. ↑ Oshaughnessy JA, Blum J, Moiseyenko V, Jones SE, Miles D, Bell D; et al. (2001). "Randomized, open-label, phase II trial of oral capecitabine (Xeloda) vs. a reference arm of intravenous CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil) as first-line therapy for advanced/metastatic breast cancer". Ann Oncol. 12 (9): 1247–54. doi:10.1023/a:1012281104865. PMID 11697835.
  32. ↑ Abushullaih S, Saad ED, Munsell M, Hoff PM (2002). "Incidence and severity of hand-foot syndrome in colorectal cancer patients treated with capecitabine: a single-institution experience". Cancer Invest. 20 (1): 3–10. PMID 11853000.
  33. ↑ Blum JL, Jones SE, Buzdar AU, LoRusso PM, Kuter I, Vogel C; et al. (1999). "Multicenter phase II study of capecitabine in paclitaxel-refractory metastatic breast cancer". J Clin Oncol. 17 (2): 485–93. doi:10.1200/JCO.1999.17.2.485. PMID 10080589.
  34. ↑ Cassidy J, Twelves C, Van Cutsem E, Hoff P, Bajetta E, Boyer M; et al. (2002). "First-line oral capecitabine therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: a favorable safety profile compared with intravenous 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin". Ann Oncol. 13 (4): 566–75. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdf089. PMID 12056707.
  35. ↑ Sternberg CN, Reichardt P, Holland M (2004). "Development of and clinical experience with capecitabine (Xeloda) in the treatment of solid tumours". Eur J Oncol Nurs. 8 Suppl 1: S4–15. doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2004.06.005. PMID 15341878.
  36. ↑ Van Cutsem E, Twelves C, Cassidy J, Allman D, Bajetta E, Boyer M; et al. (2001). "Oral capecitabine compared with intravenous fluorouracil plus leucovorin in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: results of a large phase III study". J Clin Oncol. 19 (21): 4097–106. doi:10.1200/JCO.2001.19.21.4097. PMID 11689577.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Farr KP, Safwat A (2011). "Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia associated with chemotherapy and its treatment". Case Rep Oncol. 4 (1): 229–35. doi:10.1159/000327767. PMC 3085037. PMID 21537373.
  38. ↑ Webster-Gandy JD, How C, Harrold K (2007). "Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE): a literature review with commentary on experience in a cancer centre". Eur J Oncol Nurs. 11 (3): 238–46. doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2006.10.004. PMID 17350337.
  39. ↑ Wysocki M, Nowaczyk-Michalak A, Pilecki O, Kurylak A, Balcar-Boroń A, Trybuś L (1992). "[Burgdorf's reaction (painful acral erythema) in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia following medium-dose methotrexate therapy]". Wiad Lek. 45 (11–12): 462–4. PMID 1441532.
  40. ↑ Zuehlke RL (1974). "Erythematous eruption of the palms and soles associated with mitotane therapy". Dermatologica. 148 (2): 90–2. PMID 4276191.
  41. ↑ Susser WS, Whitaker-Worth DL, Grant-Kels JM (1999). "Mucocutaneous reactions to chemotherapy". J Am Acad Dermatol. 40 (3): 367–98, quiz 399-400. PMID 10071309.
  42. ↑ Hidalgo M, Siu LL, Nemunaitis J, Rizzo J, Hammond LA, Takimoto C; et al. (2001). "Phase I and pharmacologic study of OSI-774, an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid malignancies". J Clin Oncol. 19 (13): 3267–79. doi:10.1200/JCO.2001.19.13.3267. PMID 11432895.
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