Non-Polio enterovirus infections pathophysiology: Difference between revisions

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{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}
{{Non-Polio enterovirus infections}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {Sujaya}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Enteroviruses can be found in [[respiratory]] secretions (e.g., [[saliva]], [[sputum]], or [[nasal mucus]]) and [[stool]] of an infected person. Other persons may become infected by direct contact with secretions or [[stool]] from an infected person or by contact with contaminated surfaces or objects, such as a drinking glass or telephone. Parents, teachers, and child care center workers may also become infected by contamination of the hands with stool from an infected infant or toddler during diaper changes.
[[Enteroviral]] [[diseases]] are more likely to be severe in the [[immunocompromised]], including [[patients]] with [[diabetes]], [[HIV]], [[neoplasms]], or [[post-transplant]] status.The [[cellular]] uptake of [[enteorviruses]] is mediated by [[receptor]] [[molecules]] such as, [[intracellular]] [[adhesion]] [[molecule]]-1 ([[ICAM-1)]], low-density [[lipoprotein]] [[receptor]] ([[LDL-R]]), and [[non-protein]] factors such as [[heparan sulfate]] and [[sialic acid]]. [[Incubation]] [[periods]] range from 12 hours to 5 days, with [[experimental]] volunteers reporting [[symptoms]] several hours after aritficial [[inoculation]].


==Sources==
==Pathophysiology<ref name="pmid29523062">{{cite journal| author=Nikonov OS, Chernykh ES, Garber MB, Nikonova EY| title=Enteroviruses: Classification, Diseases They Cause, and Approaches to Development of Antiviral Drugs. | journal=Biochemistry (Mosc) | year= 2017 | volume= 82 | issue= 13 | pages= 1615-1631 | pmid=29523062 | doi=10.1134/S0006297917130041 | pmc=7087576 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29523062  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26761027">{{cite journal| author=Royston L, Tapparel C| title=Rhinoviruses and Respiratory Enteroviruses: Not as Simple as ABC. | journal=Viruses | year= 2016 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages=  | pmid=26761027 | doi=10.3390/v8010016 | pmc=4728576 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26761027  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26610549">{{cite journal| author=Huang HI, Shih SR| title=Neurotropic Enterovirus Infections in the Central Nervous System. | journal=Viruses | year= 2015 | volume= 7 | issue= 11 | pages= 6051-66 | pmid=26610549 | doi=10.3390/v7112920 | pmc=4664993 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26610549  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23297263">{{cite journal| author=Jacobs SE, Lamson DM, St George K, Walsh TJ| title=Human rhinoviruses. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 2013 | volume= 26 | issue= 1 | pages= 135-62 | pmid=23297263 | doi=10.1128/CMR.00077-12 | pmc=3553670 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23297263  }} </ref>==
*Http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/revb/enterovirus/non-polio_entero.htm
===[[Non-polio]] [[non-rhinovirus]] [[enteroviruses]]===
* Replicate in the [[oropharyngeal]] [[mucosa]] and the [[intestines]], leading to their detection in [[oral]] [[secretions]] and [[stool]], the latter showing evidence of the [[pathogen]] months after resolution of the [[symptoms]].
* Targets the [[lymphatic]] [[tissues]] such as the [[Peyer's patches]] and the [[tonsils]], paving the way for [[lymphatic]] and [[hematogenous]] [[dissemination]]
* Manifestations include [[myocarditis]], [[pancreatitis]] and often a second, stronger [[viremia]]. This can cause  serious clinical illness and facilitate direct crossing of the [[blood-brain]] barrier to affect the [[central nervous system]].
* Alternative mechanisms include a "Trojan horse"entry model mediated by [[virus-infected]] [[leukocytes]].
*Once present in the [[CNS]], persistent [[infection]] is possible, likely by an [[immune]] response to the [[apoptosis]] and [[autophagy]] induced by this group of [[viruses]].
 
===[[Rhinoviruses]]===
* Exclusively affects the [[epithelial]] layer of the airways
* The mechanisms of uptake into cell include [[endocytosis]] and [[pinocytosis]] depending on the host and the [[virus]] type.
*On entry into the [[cell]], the [[virion]] induces a [[conformational]] change by lowering the [[pH]] of the [[endosome]] or altering the [[receptor]] [[binding]].  This results in the exposure of [[hydrophobic]] domains and pore-mediated release of the [[viral]] particles into the [[cytoplasm]] of the [[genome]], marking the beginning of [[viral]] [[polyprotein]] [[synthesis]] by the host [[cells]].
* They do not participate in direct [[cell]] destruction, instead disrupting the [[epithelial]] [[barriers]] by stimulating [[Reactive oxygen species]] during their [[replication]] and dissociating [[zona occludens-1]] from the [[tight junction]] complex. This triggers the release of [[cytokines]], that activate [[granulocytes]], [[monocytes]] and [[dendritic]] [[cells]]. [[IgG]] and [[IgA]] response takes about 1 to 2 weeks, usually after the [[virus]] has been eliminated but is crucial in preventing [[re-inoculation]]. Levels may remain high till a year after, but do not exhibit [[cross-reactivity]] among [[serotypes]]. On the contrary, [[viral]] load can indicate [[severity]] of the [[disease]].
* In infants, [[rhinoviruses]] damage the [[respiratory]] [[cells]] and damage the [[immune response]]. They are an independent risk factor for the development of [[asthma]] and recurrent [[wheezing]].
* In adults, they are the most common causes of [[acute]] [[exacerbations]] of [[COPD]], necessitating [[hospital]] stays. They also contribute to abut two-thirds of [[viral]] upper [[respiratory]] tract [[infections]]-associated [[asthma]] [[exacerbations]].


== References ==
== References ==
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[[Category:Disease]]
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[[Category:Infectious disease]]
 
[[Category:Needs causes]]
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Latest revision as of 19:04, 4 February 2023

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: {Sujaya}}

Overview

Enteroviral diseases are more likely to be severe in the immunocompromised, including patients with diabetes, HIV, neoplasms, or post-transplant status.The cellular uptake of enteorviruses is mediated by receptor molecules such as, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R), and non-protein factors such as heparan sulfate and sialic acid. Incubation periods range from 12 hours to 5 days, with experimental volunteers reporting symptoms several hours after aritficial inoculation.

Pathophysiology[1][2][3][4]

Non-polio non-rhinovirus enteroviruses

Rhinoviruses

References

  1. Nikonov OS, Chernykh ES, Garber MB, Nikonova EY (2017). "Enteroviruses: Classification, Diseases They Cause, and Approaches to Development of Antiviral Drugs". Biochemistry (Mosc). 82 (13): 1615–1631. doi:10.1134/S0006297917130041. PMC 7087576 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 29523062.
  2. Royston L, Tapparel C (2016). "Rhinoviruses and Respiratory Enteroviruses: Not as Simple as ABC". Viruses. 8 (1). doi:10.3390/v8010016. PMC 4728576. PMID 26761027.
  3. Huang HI, Shih SR (2015). "Neurotropic Enterovirus Infections in the Central Nervous System". Viruses. 7 (11): 6051–66. doi:10.3390/v7112920. PMC 4664993. PMID 26610549.
  4. Jacobs SE, Lamson DM, St George K, Walsh TJ (2013). "Human rhinoviruses". Clin Microbiol Rev. 26 (1): 135–62. doi:10.1128/CMR.00077-12. PMC 3553670. PMID 23297263.


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