Non-Polio enterovirus infections historical perspective: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
*The first documented [[outbreak]] of [[Acute]] [[hemorrhagic]] [[conjunctivitis]] due to [[ED-70]] occurred in Ghana in 1969<ref name="pmid5458256">{{cite journal| author=Chatterjee S, Quarcoopome CO, Apenteng A| title=Unusual type of epidemic conjunctivitis in Ghana. | journal=Br J Ophthalmol | year= 1970 | volume= 54 | issue= 9 | pages= 628-30 | pmid=5458256 | doi=10.1136/bjo.54.9.628 | pmc=1207974 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5458256 }} </ref>. From 1970 and 1971, till the mid-1990s, the [[virus]] spread [[globally]] to produce the first [[AHC]] [[pandemic]]<ref name="pmid4368683">{{cite journal| author=Mirkovic RR, Kono R, Yin-Murphy M, Sohier R, Schmidt NJ, Melnick JL| title=Enterovirus type 70: the etiologic agent of pandemic acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis. | journal=Bull World Health Organ | year= 1973 | volume= 49 | issue= 4 | pages= 341-6 | pmid=4368683 | doi= | pmc=2480954 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4368683 }} </ref>. | |||
*Over the past decade, [[EV 71]] has been implicated in many outbreaks of [[acute]] [[flaccid]] [[paralysis]] [[AFP]] in the [[Asia-Pacific]] region<ref name="pmid20965438">{{cite journal| author=Ooi MH, Wong SC, Lewthwaite P, Cardosa MJ, Solomon T| title=Clinical features, diagnosis, and management of enterovirus 71. | journal=Lancet Neurol | year= 2010 | volume= 9 | issue= 11 | pages= 1097-105 | pmid=20965438 | doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70209-X | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20965438 }} </ref>. | *Over the past decade, [[EV 71]] has been implicated in many outbreaks of [[acute]] [[flaccid]] [[paralysis]] [[AFP]] in the [[Asia-Pacific]] region<ref name="pmid20965438">{{cite journal| author=Ooi MH, Wong SC, Lewthwaite P, Cardosa MJ, Solomon T| title=Clinical features, diagnosis, and management of enterovirus 71. | journal=Lancet Neurol | year= 2010 | volume= 9 | issue= 11 | pages= 1097-105 | pmid=20965438 | doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70209-X | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20965438 }} </ref>. | ||
*In a [[systematic]] [[review]] evaluating [[surveillance]] data, [[case reports]] and [[case series]] of [[AFP]], [[EV 71]], [[echovirus 11]] and [[echovirus 6]] were reported more through [[surveillance]] while [[EV 71]] and [[EV 68]] were the predominant [[serotypes]] in [[case reports]] and [[case series]]<ref name="pmid28857219">{{cite journal| author=Suresh S, Forgie S, Robinson J| title=Non-polio Enterovirus detection with acute flaccid paralysis: A systematic review. | journal=J Med Virol | year= 2018 | volume= 90 | issue= 1 | pages= 3-7 | pmid=28857219 | doi=10.1002/jmv.24933 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28857219 }} </ref>. | *In a [[systematic]] [[review]] evaluating [[surveillance]] data, [[case reports]] and [[case series]] of [[AFP]], [[EV 71]], [[echovirus 11]] and [[echovirus 6]] were reported more through [[surveillance]] while [[EV 71]] and [[EV 68]] were the predominant [[serotypes]] in [[case reports]] and [[case series]]<ref name="pmid28857219">{{cite journal| author=Suresh S, Forgie S, Robinson J| title=Non-polio Enterovirus detection with acute flaccid paralysis: A systematic review. | journal=J Med Virol | year= 2018 | volume= 90 | issue= 1 | pages= 3-7 | pmid=28857219 | doi=10.1002/jmv.24933 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28857219 }} </ref>. | ||
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Overview
Historical Perspective
- The first documented outbreak of Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis due to ED-70 occurred in Ghana in 1969[1]. From 1970 and 1971, till the mid-1990s, the virus spread globally to produce the first AHC pandemic[2].
- Over the past decade, EV 71 has been implicated in many outbreaks of acute flaccid paralysis AFP in the Asia-Pacific region[3].
- In a systematic review evaluating surveillance data, case reports and case series of AFP, EV 71, echovirus 11 and echovirus 6 were reported more through surveillance while EV 71 and EV 68 were the predominant serotypes in case reports and case series[4].
- EV D68, considered to be a pathogen exclusive to the respiratory tract for a long time, was first isolated in 1962 from four children in California suffering from pneumonia and bronchiolitis[5]. Only sporadic cases were reported till the late 2000s with 26 between 1970 and 2005[6]. It caused the largest outbreak in 2014 in the USA, the first cases reported in August from Missouri and Illinois. Almost all the cases were children with a predominant history of asthma or wheezing[7].
References
- ↑ Chatterjee S, Quarcoopome CO, Apenteng A (1970). "Unusual type of epidemic conjunctivitis in Ghana". Br J Ophthalmol. 54 (9): 628–30. doi:10.1136/bjo.54.9.628. PMC 1207974. PMID 5458256.
- ↑ Mirkovic RR, Kono R, Yin-Murphy M, Sohier R, Schmidt NJ, Melnick JL (1973). "Enterovirus type 70: the etiologic agent of pandemic acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis". Bull World Health Organ. 49 (4): 341–6. PMC 2480954. PMID 4368683.
- ↑ Ooi MH, Wong SC, Lewthwaite P, Cardosa MJ, Solomon T (2010). "Clinical features, diagnosis, and management of enterovirus 71". Lancet Neurol. 9 (11): 1097–105. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70209-X. PMID 20965438.
- ↑ Suresh S, Forgie S, Robinson J (2018). "Non-polio Enterovirus detection with acute flaccid paralysis: A systematic review". J Med Virol. 90 (1): 3–7. doi:10.1002/jmv.24933. PMID 28857219.
- ↑ Schieble JH, Fox VL, Lennette EH (1967). "A probable new human picornavirus associated with respiratory diseases". Am J Epidemiol. 85 (2): 297–310. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120693. PMID 4960233.
- ↑ Khetsuriani N, Lamonte-Fowlkes A, Oberst S, Pallansch MA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2006). "Enterovirus surveillance--United States, 1970-2005". MMWR Surveill Summ. 55 (8): 1–20. PMID 16971890.
- ↑ Midgley CM, Jackson MA, Selvarangan R, Turabelidze G, Obringer E, Johnson D; et al. (2014). "Severe respiratory illness associated with enterovirus D68 - Missouri and Illinois, 2014". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 63 (36): 798–9. PMC 4584696. PMID 25211545.