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==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
* In the 19th century, the authors of some [[Pediatrics|pediatric]] texts described cases of yellowish discoloration in the newborns at which they named it "Icterus neonatorum". They described the condition of [[Jaundice|icterus]] neonatorum as benign self-resolved [[disease]].   
* In the 19th century, the authors of some [[Pediatrics|pediatric]] texts described cases of yellowish discoloration in the newborns and named it "Icterus neonatorum". They described the condition of [[Jaundice|icterus]] neonatorum as benign self-resolved [[disease]].   
* Between 1885 and 1891, some medical records from the original Providence hospital showed several cases of icterum neonatourm through the first week of life.  
* Between 1885 and 1891, some medical records from the original Providence hospital showed several cases of icterum neonatourm through the first week of life.  
* In 1940, [[Antigens|the antigens]] were discovered and that's assured the [[Genetics|genetic]] basis of the [[neonatal]] [[jaundice]] [[disease]].  
* In 1940, the Rh antigens were discovered and that confirmed the [[Genetics|genetic]] basis of the [[neonatal]] [[jaundice]] [[disease]].  
* Between 1940 and 1950, some studies were held on the [[hemolytic disease]] of the [[newborn]] in order to know the pathogenesis of neonatal [[jaundice]]. These studies had a great role in developing a good perinatal and neonatal care.<ref name="pmid14277636">{{cite journal| author=LILEY AW| title=THE USE OF AMNIOCENTESIS AND FETAL TRANSFUSION IN ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 1965 | volume= 35 | issue=  | pages= 836-47 | pmid=14277636 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14277636  }}</ref>  
* Between 1940 and 1950, some studies were performed on [[Hemolytic disease|hemolytic diseases]] of the [[newborn]] in order to learn the pathogenesis of neonatal [[jaundice]]. These studies played a great role in development of a good perinatal and neonatal care.<ref name="pmid14277636">{{cite journal| author=LILEY AW| title=THE USE OF AMNIOCENTESIS AND FETAL TRANSFUSION IN ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 1965 | volume= 35 | issue=  | pages= 836-47 | pmid=14277636 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14277636  }}</ref>  
* In 1950, Dr. London published an article describing the mechanism of [[bile]] degradation inside the [[human body]].<ref name="pmid15422003">{{cite journal| author=LONDON IM, WEST R, SHEMIN D, RITTENBERG D| title=On the origin of bile pigment in normal man. | journal=J Biol Chem | year= 1950 | volume= 184 | issue= 1 | pages= 351-8 | pmid=15422003 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15422003  }}</ref>  
* In 1950, Dr. London published an article describing the mechanism of [[bile]] metabolism inside the [[human body]].<ref name="pmid15422003">{{cite journal| author=LONDON IM, WEST R, SHEMIN D, RITTENBERG D| title=On the origin of bile pigment in normal man. | journal=J Biol Chem | year= 1950 | volume= 184 | issue= 1 | pages= 351-8 | pmid=15422003 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15422003  }}</ref>  
* In the 1960s, some pediatricians like Dr. John Barrett, Dr. Frank Giunta, and Edwin Forman formed consultation team for the [[newborns]] with [[jaundice]] in order to perform [[blood transfusion]] when needed.<ref name="pmid5342893">{{cite journal| author=Phibbs RH| title=Advances in the theory and practice of exchange transfusions. | journal=Calif Med | year= 1966 | volume= 105 | issue= 6 | pages= 442-53 | pmid=5342893 | doi= | pmc=1516609 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5342893  }}</ref>  
* In 1964, Dr. Arias was the first to describe the [[breast milk jaundice]].<ref name="pmid14228539">{{cite journal| author=ARIAS IM, GARTNER LM, SEIFTER S, FURMAN M| title=PROLONGED NEONATAL UNCONJUGATED HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA ASSOCIATED WITH BREAST FEEDING AND A STEROID, PREGNANE-3(ALPHA), 20(BETA)-DIOL, IN MATERNAL MILK THAT INHIBITS GLUCURONIDE FORMATION IN VITRO. | journal=J Clin Invest | year= 1964 | volume= 43 | issue=  | pages= 2037-47 | pmid=14228539 | doi=10.1172/JCI105078 | pmc=441992 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14228539  }}</ref>
* In 1958, the phototherapy was discovered at  Rochford Hospital in Essex, England. However, most of the hospitals began using phototherapy ten years after its discovery when an American group made their own discovery. <ref>{{Cite journal
 
=== History of the inhereted syndromes: ===
* '''[[Gilbert's syndrome|Gilbert syndrome]]:'''<ref name="pmid1142378">{{cite journal| author=Owens D, Evans J| title=Population studies on Gilbert's syndrome. | journal=J Med Genet | year= 1975 | volume= 12 | issue= 2 | pages= 152-6 | pmid=1142378 | doi= | pmc=1013257 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1142378  }}</ref>
** In 1901, Dr. Gilbert and Dr. Lereboulet described the Gilbert syndrome as a cause of neonatal jaundice.
** It is now considered as the most common [[hereditary]] cause of [[hyperbilirubinemia]] in the [[neonates]]. 
* '''[[Rotor syndrome]]:'''
** In 1948, Dr. Rotor described a defect of hepatic reuptake of [[bilirubin]] resulting in [[hyperbilirubinemia]]. 
* '''[[Crigler-Najjar syndrome]]:'''<ref name="pmid12983120">{{cite journal| author=CRIGLER JF, NAJJAR VA| title=Congenital familial nonhemolytic jaundice with kernicterus. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 1952 | volume= 10 | issue= 2 | pages= 169-80 | pmid=12983120 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12983120  }}</ref>
** In 1952, Dr. Crigler and Dr. Najjar described the one type of syndrome due to absence of [[UGT1A1|UGT1A1 enzyme]] activity.
** In 1962, Dr. Arias described another variation of the syndrome in which there is a reduced activity of [[UGT1A1|UGT1A1 enzyme]]. The syndrome named either Crigler-Najjar syndrome type 2 or Arias syndrome.
* '''[[Dubin-Johnson syndrome]]:'''<ref name="pmid13193360">{{cite journal| author=DUBIN IN, JOHNSON FB| title=Chronic idiopathic jaundice with unidentified pigment in liver cells; a new clinicopathologic entity with a report of 12 cases. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 1954 | volume= 33 | issue= 3 | pages= 155-97 | pmid=13193360 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13193360  }}</ref>
** In 1954, Dr. Dubin reported some cases of young adults with black [[liver]] and [[jaundice]]. 
* '''[[Lucey-Driscoll syndrome]]:'''<ref name="pmid14332157">{{cite journal| author=ARIAS IM, WOLFSON S, LUCEY JF, MCKAY RJ| title=TRANSIENT FAMILIAL NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. | journal=J Clin Invest | year= 1965 | volume= 44 | issue=  | pages= 1442-50 | pmid=14332157 | doi=10.1172/JCI105250 | pmc=292625 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14332157  }}</ref>
** In 1965, Dr. Lucey described another cause of severe . in the newborns during the first few days of life.
 
== Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies ==
* In the 1960s, Dr. John Barrett, Dr. Frank Giunta, and Edwin Forman formed a consultation team for the [[newborns]] with [[jaundice]] in order to perform [[blood transfusion]] when needed.<ref name="pmid5342893">{{cite journal| author=Phibbs RH| title=Advances in the theory and practice of exchange transfusions. | journal=Calif Med | year= 1966 | volume= 105 | issue= 6 | pages= 442-53 | pmid=5342893 | doi= | pmc=1516609 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5342893  }}</ref>  
* In 1958, the phototherapy was discovered at  Rochford Hospital in Essex, England. However, most of the hospitals began using phototherapy ten years after its discovery when an American group made their own discovery.<ref>{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(58)91849-X
| doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(58)91849-X
| issn = 0140-6736
| issn = 0140-6736
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| url = http://www.sciencedirect.com.lrc1.usuhs.edu/science/article/B6T1B-497S8P6-7T/2/79532c4987c3e76cc9f804072c89252f
| url = http://www.sciencedirect.com.lrc1.usuhs.edu/science/article/B6T1B-497S8P6-7T/2/79532c4987c3e76cc9f804072c89252f
}}</ref>  
}}</ref>  
* In 1964, Dr. Arias was the first to describe the [[breast milk jaundice]].<ref name="pmid14228539">{{cite journal| author=ARIAS IM, GARTNER LM, SEIFTER S, FURMAN M| title=PROLONGED NEONATAL UNCONJUGATED HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA ASSOCIATED WITH BREAST FEEDING AND A STEROID, PREGNANE-3(ALPHA), 20(BETA)-DIOL, IN MATERNAL MILK THAT INHIBITS GLUCURONIDE FORMATION IN VITRO. | journal=J Clin Invest | year= 1964 | volume= 43 | issue=  | pages= 2037-47 | pmid=14228539 | doi=10.1172/JCI105078 | pmc=441992 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14228539  }}</ref>
* In 1968, it was the development of [[Rh disease|Rh]] antiglobin and it had been given during [[pregnancy]]. After that the Rh [[erythroblastosis]] has been a rare [[disease]] now.


=== History of the inhereted syndromes: ===
* In 1968, [[Rh disease|Rh]] antiglobulin was developed and it is being given during [[pregnancy]]. After this development, the Rh [[erythroblastosis]] has been a rare [[disease]] now.
* [[Gilbert's syndrome|Gilbert syndrome]]:<ref name="pmid1142378">{{cite journal| author=Owens D, Evans J| title=Population studies on Gilbert's syndrome. | journal=J Med Genet | year= 1975 | volume= 12 | issue= 2 | pages= 152-6 | pmid=1142378 | doi= | pmc=1013257 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1142378  }}</ref>
** In 1901, Dr. Gilbert and Dr. Lereboulet described the Gilbert syndrome as a cause of neonatal jaundice.
** It is now considered as the most common [[hereditary]] cause of [[hyperbilirubinemia]] in the [[neonates]]. 
* [[Rotor syndrome]]:
** In 1948, Dr. Rotor described a defective of hepatic reuptake of [[bilirubin]] will result in [[hyperbilirubinemia]]. 
* [[Crigler-Najjar syndrome]]:<ref name="pmid12983120">{{cite journal| author=CRIGLER JF, NAJJAR VA| title=Congenital familial nonhemolytic jaundice with kernicterus. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 1952 | volume= 10 | issue= 2 | pages= 169-80 | pmid=12983120 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12983120  }}</ref>
** In 1952, Dr. Crigler and Dr. Najjar describe the type one of this syndrome which is the abscence of [[UGT1A1|UGT1A1 enzyme]] activity.
** In 1962, Dr. Arias described another variation of the syndrome at which the UGT1A1 enzyme activity is just reduced not absent. The syndrome named either Crigler-Najjar syndrome type 2 or Arias syndrome.
* [[Dubin-Johnson syndrome]]: <ref name="pmid13193360">{{cite journal| author=DUBIN IN, JOHNSON FB| title=Chronic idiopathic jaundice with unidentified pigment in liver cells; a new clinicopathologic entity with a report of 12 cases. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 1954 | volume= 33 | issue= 3 | pages= 155-97 | pmid=13193360 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13193360  }}</ref>
** In 1954, Dr. Dubin reported some cases of young adults with black [[liver]] and [[jaundice]]. 
* [[Lucey-Driscoll syndrome]]:<ref name="pmid14332157">{{cite journal| author=ARIAS IM, WOLFSON S, LUCEY JF, MCKAY RJ| title=TRANSIENT FAMILIAL NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. | journal=J Clin Invest | year= 1965 | volume= 44 | issue=  | pages= 1442-50 | pmid=14332157 | doi=10.1172/JCI105250 | pmc=292625 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14332157  }}</ref>
** In 1965, Dr. Lucey described another cause of severe . in the newborns during the first few days of life.


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
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Latest revision as of 22:57, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Elsaiey, MBBCH [2]

Overview

Neonatal jaundice was first described by the authors of some pediatrics texts in the 19th century. Some medical records showed several cases of icterus neonatorum in the period between 1885 and 1891. The Rh body antigens were discovered in 1940. Through the 20th century, the description of the inherited neonatal jaundice syndromes were described.

Historical Perspective

  • In the 19th century, the authors of some pediatric texts described cases of yellowish discoloration in the newborns and named it "Icterus neonatorum". They described the condition of icterus neonatorum as benign self-resolved disease.
  • Between 1885 and 1891, some medical records from the original Providence hospital showed several cases of icterum neonatourm through the first week of life.
  • In 1940, the Rh antigens were discovered and that confirmed the genetic basis of the neonatal jaundice disease.
  • Between 1940 and 1950, some studies were performed on hemolytic diseases of the newborn in order to learn the pathogenesis of neonatal jaundice. These studies played a great role in development of a good perinatal and neonatal care.[1]
  • In 1950, Dr. London published an article describing the mechanism of bile metabolism inside the human body.[2]
  • In 1964, Dr. Arias was the first to describe the breast milk jaundice.[3]

History of the inhereted syndromes:

Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies

  • In the 1960s, Dr. John Barrett, Dr. Frank Giunta, and Edwin Forman formed a consultation team for the newborns with jaundice in order to perform blood transfusion when needed.[8]
  • In 1958, the phototherapy was discovered at Rochford Hospital in Essex, England. However, most of the hospitals began using phototherapy ten years after its discovery when an American group made their own discovery.[9]

References

  1. ↑ LILEY AW (1965). "THE USE OF AMNIOCENTESIS AND FETAL TRANSFUSION IN ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS". Pediatrics. 35: 836–47. PMID 14277636.
  2. ↑ LONDON IM, WEST R, SHEMIN D, RITTENBERG D (1950). "On the origin of bile pigment in normal man". J Biol Chem. 184 (1): 351–8. PMID 15422003.
  3. ↑ ARIAS IM, GARTNER LM, SEIFTER S, FURMAN M (1964). "PROLONGED NEONATAL UNCONJUGATED HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA ASSOCIATED WITH BREAST FEEDING AND A STEROID, PREGNANE-3(ALPHA), 20(BETA)-DIOL, IN MATERNAL MILK THAT INHIBITS GLUCURONIDE FORMATION IN VITRO". J Clin Invest. 43: 2037–47. doi:10.1172/JCI105078. PMC 441992. PMID 14228539.
  4. ↑ Owens D, Evans J (1975). "Population studies on Gilbert's syndrome". J Med Genet. 12 (2): 152–6. PMC 1013257. PMID 1142378.
  5. ↑ CRIGLER JF, NAJJAR VA (1952). "Congenital familial nonhemolytic jaundice with kernicterus". Pediatrics. 10 (2): 169–80. PMID 12983120.
  6. ↑ DUBIN IN, JOHNSON FB (1954). "Chronic idiopathic jaundice with unidentified pigment in liver cells; a new clinicopathologic entity with a report of 12 cases". Medicine (Baltimore). 33 (3): 155–97. PMID 13193360.
  7. ↑ ARIAS IM, WOLFSON S, LUCEY JF, MCKAY RJ (1965). "TRANSIENT FAMILIAL NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA". J Clin Invest. 44: 1442–50. doi:10.1172/JCI105250. PMC 292625. PMID 14332157.
  8. ↑ Phibbs RH (1966). "Advances in the theory and practice of exchange transfusions". Calif Med. 105 (6): 442–53. PMC 1516609. PMID 5342893.
  9. ↑ Cremer, R. J. (1958-05-24). "INFLUENCE OF LIGHT ON THE HYPERBILIRUBINÆMIA OF INFANTS". The Lancet. 271 (7030): 1094–1097. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(58)91849-X. ISSN 0140-6736. Retrieved 2010-08-01. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)

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