Nalbuphine: Difference between revisions

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{{drugbox |
{{DrugProjectFormSinglePage
| IUPAC_name = (-)-17-(cyclobutylmethyl)- 4,5α-epoxymorphinan- 3,6α,14-triol hydrochloride
|authorTag={{chetan}}
| width = 180
|genericName=Nalbuphine
| CAS_number = 20594-83-6
|aOrAn=an
| ATC_prefix = N02
|drugClass=analgesic opioid
| ATC_suffix = AF02
|indication=general anesthesia; adjunct, pain (moderate to severe), pain (moderate to severe), including preoperative, postoperative, and obstetrical analgesia.
| PubChem = 4419
|adverseReactions=[[dermatologic]]: [[diaphoresis]] (up to 9% ), [[gastrointestinal]]: [[nausea]] and [[vomiting]] (6% ), [[xerostomia]] (4% ), [[neurologic]]: [[dizziness]] (up to 5% ), [[headache]] (3% ), [[sedated]] (36% ), [[vertigo]] (up to 5% )
| DrugBank = APRD01132
|blackBoxWarningTitle=<b><span style="color:#FF0000;">TITLE</span></b>
| C=21 | H=27 | N=1 | O=4
|blackBoxWarningBody=<i><span style="color:#FF0000;">Condition Name:</span></i> (Content)
| molecular_weight = 357.443 g/mol
|fdaLIADAdult=* General anesthesia; adjunct: induction, 0.3-3 mg/kg IV over 10-15 min.
| bioavailability = 81% @ 10mg and 83% @ 20 mg, intramuscular; 79% @ 10mg and 76% @ 20 mg subcutaneous
* General anesthesia; adjunct: maintenance, 0.25-0.5 mg/kg in single IV administrations, as needed.
| metabolism = 3 to 6 hours clinically, 5 hours in blood plasma
* Pain (moderate to severe): 10 mg subQ, IM or IV for a 70 kg individual repeated every 3 to 6 hours as needed; max single dose is 20 mg/dose; max total daily dose is 160 mg/day.
| elimination_half-life =  
* Pain (moderate to severe), including preoperative, postoperative, and obstetrical analgesia: 10 mg subQ, IM or IV for a 70 kg individual repeated every 3 to 6 hours as needed; max single dose is 20 mg/dose; MAX total daily dose is 160 mg/day.
| excretion =  
* Shivering, postanesthesia: 0.08 mg/kg IV
| pregnancy_category = B
|offLabelAdultGuideSupport=There is limited information about <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of Nalbuphine in adult patients.
| legal_status =  
|offLabelAdultNoGuideSupport=There is limited information about <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of Nalbuphine in adult patients.
| routes_of_administration = [[intravenous]], [[intramuscular]], [[subcutaneous]]
|fdaLIADPed=* Safety and effectiveness not established in patients under 18 years of age
}}
|offLabelPedGuideSupport=There is limited information about <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of Nalbuphine in pediatric patients.
{{SI}}
|offLabelPedNoGuideSupport=There is limited information about <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of Nalbuphine in pediatric patients.
|contraindications=* Nalbuphine hydrochloride injection should not be administered to patients who are hypersensitive to nalbuphine hydrochloride, or to any of the other ingredients in nalbuphine hydrochloride injection.
|warnings=* Nalbuphine hydrochloride injection should be administered as a supplement to general anesthesia only by persons specifically trained in the use of intravenous anesthetics and management of respiratory effects of potent opioids.
* Naloxone hydrochloride injection, resuscitative and intubation equipment and oxygen should be readily available.
 
=====Drug Abuse=====
* Caution should be observed in prescribing nalbuphine for emotionally unstable patients, or for individuals with a history of opioid abuse. Such patients should be closely supervised when long term therapy is contemplated (see Drug Abuse and Dependence).
 
=====Use in Ambulatory Patients=====
* Nalbuphine may impair the mental or physical abilities required for the performance of potentially dangerous tasks such as driving a car or operating machinery. Therefore, nalbuphine hydrochloride injection should be administered with caution to ambulatory patients who should be warned to avoid such hazards.


=====Use in Emergency Procedures=====
* Maintain patient under observation until recovered from nalbuphine effects that would affect driving or other potentially dangerous tasks.


==Overview==
=====Use in Pregnancy (Other Than Labor)=====
'''Nalbuphine''' (nalbuphine hydrochloride) is a synthetic [[opioid]] used commercially as an [[analgesic]] under a variety of trade names, including '''Nubain'''.  It is noteworthy in part for the fact that at low dosages, it is found much more effective by women than by men, and may even increase [[pain]] in men,<ref>{{cite journal | first = RW | last = Gear | coauthors = Miaskowski C, Gordon NC, Paul SM, Heller PH, Levine JD | year = 1999 | month = November | title = The kappa opioid nalbuphine produces gender- and dose-dependent analgesia and antianalgesia in patients with postoperative pain | journal = Pain | volume = 83 | issue = 2 | pages = 339–45 | pmid = 10534607 | accessdate =  | doi = 10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00119-0}}</ref> leading to its discontinuation in the UK in 2003.
* Severe fetal bradycardia has been reported when nalbuphine is administered during labor. Naloxone may reverse these effects. Although there are no reports of fetal bradycardia earlier in pregnancy, it is possible that this may occur. This drug should be used in pregnancy only if clearly needed, if the potential benefit outweighs the risk to the fetus, and if appropriate measures such as fetal monitoring are taken to detect and manage any potential adverse effect on the fetus.


==Clinical Pharmacology==
=====Head Injury and Increased Intracranial Pressure=====
Nalbuphine is a synthetic narcotic agonist-antagonist analgesic of the [[phenanthrene]] series. It is chemically related to both the widely used narcotic antagonist, [[naloxone]], and the potent narcotic analgesic, [[oxymorphone]]. It is available in two concentrations, 10 mg and 20 mg of nalbuphine hydrochloride per mL. Both strengths contain 0.94% sodium citrate hydrous, 1.26% citric acid anhydrous, 0.1% sodium metabisulfite, and 0.2% of a 9:1 mixture of methylparaben and propylparaben as preservatives; pH is  adjusted, if necessary, with hydrochloric acid. The 10 mg/mL strength contains 0.1% sodium chloride.  
* The possible respiratory depressant effects and the potential of potent analgesics to elevate cerebrospinal fluid pressure (resulting from vasodilation following CO2 retention) may be markedly exaggerated in the presence of head injury, intracranial lesions or a pre-existing increase in intracranial pressure. Furthermore, potent analgesics can produce effects which may obscure the clinical course of patients with head injuries. Therefore, nalbuphine hydrochloride injection should be used in these circumstances only when essential, and then should be administered with extreme caution.


Nalbuphine is also available in a sulfite and paraben-free formulation in two concentrations, 10 mg and 20 mg of nalbuphine hydrochloride per mL. One mL of each strength contains 0.94% sodium citrate hydrous, 1.26% citric acid anhydrous; pH is adjusted, if necessary, with hydrochloric acid. The 10 mg/mL strength contains 0.2% sodium chloride.  
=====Impaired Respiration=====
* At the usual adult dose of 10 mg/70 kg, nalbuphine hydrochloride causes some respiratory depression approximately equal to that produced by equal doses of morphine. However, in contrast to morphine, respiratory depression is not appreciably increased with higher doses of nalbuphine. Respiratory depression induced by nalbuphine can be reversed by naloxone hydrochloride when indicated. Nalbuphine hydrochloride injection should be administered with caution at low doses to patients with impaired respiration (e.g., from other medication, uremia, bronchial asthma, severe infection, cyanosis or respiratory obstructions).


Nalbuphine is a potent analgesic. Its analgesic potency is essentially equivalent to that of morphine on a milligram basis. Its onset of action occurs within 2 to 3 minutes after intravenous administration, and in less than 15 minutes following subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. The plasma half-life of nalbuphine is 5 hours and in clinical studies the duration of analgesic activity has been reported to range from 3 to 6 hours.  
=====Myocardial Infarction=====
* As with all potent analgesics, nalbuphine hydrochloride should be used with caution in patients with myocardial infarction who have nausea or vomiting.


The narcotic antagonist activity of Nalbuphine is one-fourth as potent as [[nalorphine]] and 10 times that of [[pentazocine]].
===== Biliary Tract Surgery=====
* As with all opioid analgesics, nalbuphine hydrochloride should be used with caution in patients about to undergo surgery of the biliary tract since it may cause spasm of the sphincter of Oddi.


==Indication==
===== Cardiovascular System=====
Nalbuphine is indicated for the relief of moderate to severe pain. It can also be used as a supplement to balanced anesthesia, for preoperative and postoperative analgesia, and for obstetrical analgesia during labor and delivery.  
* During evaluation of nalbuphine hydrochloride injection, in anesthesia, a higher incidence of bradycardia has been reported in patients who did not receive atropine pre-operatively.
|clinicalTrials=* The most frequent adverse reaction in 1066 patients treated with nalbuphine hydrochloride injection was [[sedation]] 381 (36%). Less frequent reactions were: [[sweaty]]/[[clammy]] 99 (9%), [[nausea]]/[[vomiting]] 68 (6%), [[dizziness]]/[[vertigo]] 58 (5%), [[dry mouth]] 44 (4%), and [[headache]] 27 (3%).


Although Nalbuphine possesses narcotic antagonist activity, there is evidence that in nondependent patients it will not antagonize a narcotic analgesic administered just before, concurrently, or just after an injection. Therefore, patients receiving a narcotic analgesic, general anesthetics, phenothiazines, or other tranquilizers, sedatives, hypnotics, or other CNS depressants (including alcohol) concomitantly with Nalbuphine may exhibit an additive effect. When such combined therapy is contemplated, the dose of one or both agents should be reduced.
* Other adverse reactions which occurred (reported incidence of 1% or less) were:


==Dosing==
=====CNS Effects=====
The usual recommended adult dose is 10 mg for a 70 kg individual, administered subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously; this dose may be repeated every 3 to 6 hours as necessary. Dosage should be adjusted according to the severity of the pain, physical status of the patient, and other medications which the patient may be receiving. In non-tolerant individuals, the recommended single
* [[Nervousness]], [[depression]], [[restlessness]], [[crying]], [[euphoria]], [[floating]], [[hostility]], [[unusual dreams]], [[confusion]], [[faintness]], [[hallucinations]], [[dysphoria]], [[feeling of heaviness]], [[numbness]], [[tingling]], unreality. The incidence of psychotomimetic effects, such as unreality, [[depersonalization]], [[delusions]], [[dysphoria]] and [[hallucinations]] has been shown to be less than that which occurs with [[pentazocine]].
maximum dose is 20 mg, with a maximum total daily dose of 160 mg.  
=====Cardiovascular=====
* [[Hypertension]], [[hypotension]], [[bradycardia]], [[tachycardia]].
=====Gastrointestinal=====
* [[Cramps]], [[dyspepsia]], bitter taste.
=====Respiratory=====
* [[Depression]], [[dyspnea]], [[asthma]].
=====Dermatologic=====
* [[Itching]], [[burning]], [[urticaria]].
=====Miscellaneous=====
* Speech difficulty, urinary urgency, blurred vision, flushing and warmth.
=====Allergic Reactions=====
* [[Anaphylactic]]/[[anaphylactoid]] and other serious hypersensitivity reactions have been reported following the use of nalbuphine and may require immediate, supportive medical treatment. These reactions may include [[shock]], respiratory distress, respiratory arrest, [[bradycardia]], cardiac arrest, [[hypotension]], or [[laryngeal edema]]. Some of these allergic reactions may be life-threatening. Other allergic-type reactions reported include [[stridor]], [[bronchospasm]], [[wheezing]], [[edema]], [[rash]], [[pruritus]], nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, weakness, and shakiness.
|postmarketing=* Due to the nature and limitations of spontaneous reporting, causality has not been established for the following adverse events received for nalbuphine hydrochloride injection: [[abdominal pain]], [[pyrexia]], depressed level or loss of consciousness, [[somnolence]], [[tremor]], [[anxiety]], [[pulmonary edema]], [[agitation]], [[seizures]], and injection site reactions such as [[pain]], [[swelling]], [[redness]], [[burning]], and hot sensations. Death has been reported from severe allergic reactions to nalbuphine hydrochloride treatment. Fetal death has been reported where mothers received nalbuphine hydrochloride during labor and delivery.
|drugInteractions=* Although nalbuphine possesses opioid antagonist activity, there is evidence that in nondependent patients it will not antagonize an opioid analgesic administered just before, concurrently, or just after an injection of nalbuphine hydrochloride. Therefore, patients receiving an opioid analgesic, general anesthetics, [[phenothiazines]], or other tranquilizers, sedatives, hypnotics, or other CNS depressants (including alcohol) concomitantly with nalbuphine may exhibit an additive effect. When such combined therapy is contemplated, the dose of one or both agents should be reduced.
|FDAPregCat=B
|useInPregnancyFDA======Pregnancy Category B=====
*  Reproduction studies have been performed in rats by subcutaneous administration of nalbuphine up to 100 mg/kg/day, or 590 mg/m2/day which is approximately 6 times the MRHD, and in rabbits by intravenous administration of nalbuphine up to 32 mg/kg/day, or 378 mg/m2/day which is approximately 4 times the MRHD. The results did not reveal evidence of developmental toxicity, including teratogenicity, or harm to the fetus. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.


The use of NUBAIN as a supplement to balanced anesthesia requires larger doses than those recommended for analgesia. Induction doses of NUBAIN range from 0.3 mg/kg to 3.0 mg/kg intravenously to be administered over a 10 to 15 minute period with maintenance doses of 0.25 to 0.50 mg/kg in single intravenous administrations as required.  
===== Non-teratogenenic Effects=====
* Neonatal body weight and survival rates were reduced at birth and during lactation when
* Nalbuphine was subcutaneously administered to female and male rats prior to mating and throughout gestation and lactation or to pregnant rats during the last third of gestation and throughout lactation at doses approximately 4 times the maximum recommended human dose.
|useInLaborDelivery=* The placental transfer of nalbuphine is high, rapid, and variable with a maternal to fetal ratio ranging from 1:0.37 to 1:6. Fetal and neonatal adverse effects that have been reported following the administration of nalbuphine to the mother during labor include [[fetal bradycardia]], [[respiratory depression]] at birth, [[apnea]], [[cyanosis]], and [[hypotonia]]. Some of these events have been life-threatening. Maternal administration of naloxone during labor has normalized these effects in some cases. Severe and prolonged fetal bradycardia has been reported. Permanent neurological damage attributed to fetal bradycardia has occurred. A sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern associated with the use of nalbuphine has also been reported. Nalbuphine should be used during labor and delivery only if clearly indicated and only if the potential benefit outweighs the risk to the infant. Newborns should be monitored for respiratory depression, apnea, [[bradycardia]] and [[arrhythmias]] if nalbuphine has been used.
|useInNursing=* Limited data suggest that nalbuphine hydrochloride is excreted in maternal milk but only in a small amount (less than 1% of the administered dose) and with a clinically insignificant effect. Caution should be exercised when nalbuphine hydrochloride is administered to a nursing woman.
|useInPed=* Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 18 years have not been established.
|useInRenalImpair=* Because nalbuphine is metabolized in the liver and excreted by the kidneys, nalbuphine hydrochloride should be used with caution in patients with renal or liver dysfunction and administered in reduced amounts.
|useInHepaticImpair=* Because nalbuphine is metabolized in the liver and excreted by the kidneys, nalbuphine hydrochloride should be used with caution in patients with renal or liver dysfunction and administered in reduced amounts.
|overdose=* The immediate intravenous administration of an opiate antagonist such as naloxone or nalmefene is a specific antidote. [[Oxygen]], intravenous fluids, [[vasopressors]] and other supportive measures should be used as indicated.
* The administration of single doses of 72 mg of nalbuphine hydrochloride subcutaneously to eight normal subjects has been reported to have resulted primarily in symptoms of sleepiness and mild dysphoria.
|drugBox={{Drugbox2
| verifiedrevid = 459830736
| IUPAC_name = (–)-17-(cyclobutylmethyl)- 4,5α-epoxymorphinan- 3,6α,14-triol hydrochloride
| image =Nalbuphine wiki.png


In case of overdose or adverse reaction, the immediate intravenous administration of [[naloxone]] (Narcan) is a specific antidote. Oxygen, intravenous fluids, vasopressors and other supportive measures should be used as indicated. 
<!--Clinical data-->
| tradename = 
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|nalbuphine-hydrochloride}}
| MedlinePlus = a682668
| pregnancy_category = B
| legal_US= Rx only
| legal_AU = S4
| routes_of_administration = [[intravenous]], [[intramuscular]], [[subcutaneous]]


==Side Effects==
<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->
The most frequent side effect in 1066 patients treated with nalbuphine was sedation 381 (36%).  
| bioavailability = 81% (10mg), 83% (20 mg), intramuscular; 79% (10mg), 76% (20 mg)
| metabolism = hepatic
| elimination_half-life = ≈5 hours (3-6)
| excretion = 93% in 6 hours <ref>{{cite web| pmid=7769781| title= Determination of Nalbuphine in Drug Abusers' Urine.| author=Yoo YC, Chung HS, Kim IS, Jin WT, Kim MK| journal=Journal of Analytical Toxicology| pages=120–123| date=3/19-4/2 1995}}</ref>


Other, less frequent reactions are: feeling sweaty/clammy 99 (9%), nausea/vomiting 68 (6%), dizziness/vertigo 58 (5%), dry mouth 44 (4%), and headache 27 (3%). Other adverse reactions which may occur (reported incidence of 1% or less) are:
<!--Identifiers-->
*CNS effects: Nervousness, depression, restlessness, crying, euphoria, floating, hostility, unusual dreams, confusion, faintness, hallucinations, dysphoria, feeling of heaviness, numbness, tingling, unreality. The incidence of psychotomimetic effects, such as unreality, depersonalization, delusions, dysphoria and hallucinations has been shown to be less than that which occurs with [[pentazocine]].
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
*Cardiovascular: Hypertension, hypotension, bradycardia, tachycardia, pulmonary edema.
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
*Gastrointestinal: Cramps, dyspepsia, bitter taste.
| CAS_number = 20594-83-6
*Respiration: Depression, dyspnea, asthma.
| ATC_prefix = N02
*Dermatological: Itching, burning, urticaria.
| ATC_suffix = AF02
Other possible, but rare side effects include speech difficulty, urinary urgency, blurred vision, flushing and warmth.
| PubChem = 5311304
| IUPHAR_ligand = 1663
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB00844
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 4470813
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = L2T84IQI2K
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 7454
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 895


==References ==
<!--Chemical data-->
<div class="references-small">
| C=21 | H=27 | N=1 | O=4
* Yuan-Yi Chia, Lok-Hi Chow, Chun-Chieh Hung, ''et al.'', Gender and pain upon movement are associated with the requirements for postoperative patient-controlled iv analgesia: a prospective survey of 2,298 Chinese patients, ''Canadian Journal of Anesthesia''. 49:249-255 (2002)
| molecular_weight = 357.443 g/mol
<references/>
| smiles = O[C@@H]4[C@@H]5Oc1c2c(ccc1O)C[C@H]3N(CC[C@]25[C@@]3(O)CC4)CC6CCC6
</div>
| InChI = 1/C21H27NO4/c23-14-5-4-13-10-16-21(25)7-6-15(24)19-20(21,17(13)18(14)26-19)8-9-22(16)11-12-2-1-3-12/h4-5,12,15-16,19,23-25H,1-3,6-11H2/t15-,16+,19-,20-,21+/m0/s1
| InChIKey = NETZHAKZCGBWSS-CEDHKZHLBZ
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C21H27NO4/c23-14-5-4-13-10-16-21(25)7-6-15(24)19-20(21,17(13)18(14)26-19)8-9-22(16)11-12-2-1-3-12/h4-5,12,15-16,19,23-25H,1-3,6-11H2/t15-,16+,19-,20-,21+/m0/s1
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = NETZHAKZCGBWSS-CEDHKZHLSA-N
}}
|mechAction=* Nalbuphine hydrochloride is a potent analgesic. Its analgesic potency is essentially equivalent to that of morphine on a milligram basis. Receptor studies show that nalbuphine hydrochloride binds to mu, kappa, and delta receptors, but not to sigma receptors.
* Nalbuphine hydrochloride is primarily a kappa agonist/partial mu antagonist analgesic.
|structure=* Nalbuphine hydrochloride is a synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic of the phenanthrene series. It is chemically related to both the widely used opioid antagonist, naloxone, and the potent opioid analgesic, oxymorphone. Chemically nalbuphine hydrochloride is 17-(cyclobutylmethyl)-4,5α-epoxymorphinan-3,6α,14-triol hydrochloride. Nalbuphine hydrochloride molecular weight is 393.91 and is soluble in H2O (35.5 mg/mL at 25ºC) and ethanol (0.8%); insoluble in CHCl3 and ether. Nalbuphine hydrochloride has pKa values of 8.71 and 9.96. The molecular formula is C21H27NO4 • HCl. The structural formula is:
[[File:NALBUPHINE structure .jpg|thumb|none|400px|left|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]


==External links==
* Nalbuphine Hydrochloride Injection is a sterile, nonpyrogenic solution of nalbuphine hydrochloride in water for injection. This product may be administered by subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous injection.
*[http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/nalbuphine.htm RxList Information]
*[http://opioids.com/nalbuphine/ Reference Information]


{{Analgesics}}
* Each milliliter (mL) contains nalbuphine hydrochloride 10 mg or 20 mg; sodium citrate, dihydrate 0.47 mg and citric acid, anhydrous 0.63 mg added as buffers and may contain sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid for pH adjustment; pH 3.7 (3.0 to 4.5). Contains sodium chloride for tonicity adjustment.
{{Opioids}}


[[Category:Opioids]]
* Multiple-dose vials contain 1.8 mg/mL methylparaben and 0.2 mg/mL propylparaben added as preservatives. Single-dose products contain no bacteriostat or antimicrobial agent and unused portions must be discarded.
[[Category:Morphinans]]
|PD=* The onset of action of nalbuphine hydrochloride occurs within 2 to 3 minutes after intravenous administration, and in less than 15 minutes following subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. The plasma half-life of nalbuphine is 5 hours, and in clinical studies, the duration of analgesic activity has been reported to range from 3 to 6 hours.
* The opioid antagonist activity of nalbuphine is one-fourth as potent as nalorphine and 10 times that of pentazocine.
* Nalbuphine hydrochloride may produce the same degree of respiratory depression as equianalgesic doses of morphine. However, nalbuphine hydrochloride exhibits a ceiling effect such that increases in dose greater than 30 mg do not produce further respiratory depression in the absence of other CNS active medications affecting respiration.
|PK=* Nalbuphine hydrochloride by itself has potent opioid antagonist activity at doses equal to or lower than its analgesic dose. When administered following or concurrent with mu agonist opioid analgesics (e.g., morphine, oxymorphone, fentanyl), nalbuphine hydrochloride may partially reverse or block opioid-induced respiratory depression from the mu agonist analgesic. Nalbuphine hydrochloride may precipitate withdrawal in patients dependent on opioid drugs. Nalbuphine hydrochloride should be used with caution in patients who have been receiving mu opioid analgesics on a regular basis.
|nonClinToxic====== Carcinogenesis=====
* Long term carcinogenicity studies were performed in rats (24 months) and mice (19 months) by oral administration at doses up to 200 mg/kg (1180 mg/m2) and 200 mg/kg (600 mg/m2) per day, respectively. There was no evidence of an increase in tumors in either species related to nalbuphine hydrochloride administration. The maximum recommend human dose (MRHD) in a day is 160 mg subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously, or approximately 100 mg/m2/day for a 60 kg subject.


[[de:Nalbuphin]]
=====Mutagenesis=====
[[fr:Nalbuphine]]
Nalbuphine hydrochloride did not have mutagenic activity in the AMES test with four bacterial strains, in the Chinese Hamster Ovary HGPRT assays or in the Sister Chromatids Exchange Assay. However, nalbuphine hydrochloride induced an increased frequency of mutation in the mouse lymphoma assay. Clastogenic activity was not observed in the mouse micronucleus test of the cytogenicity bone marrow assay in rats.


{{WH}}
=====Impairment of Fertility=====
* A reproduction study was performed in male and female rats at subcutaneous doses up to 56 mg/kg/day or 330 mg/m2/day. Nalbuphine hydrochloride did not affect either male or female fertility rats.
|howSupplied=* Nalbuphine Hydrochloride Injection is supplied as follows:


{{WS}}
[[File:NALBUPHINEhow supplied.jpg|thumb|none|400px|left|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
|storage=* Store at 20 to 25°C (68 to 77°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature.]
* Protect from light. Store in carton until contents have been used.
* Revised: August, 2007
* Printed in USA                            EN-1571
* Hospira, Inc., Lake Forest, IL 60045 USA
* RL-0188
|fdaPatientInfo=* Patients should be advised of the following information:
* Nalbuphine is associated with sedation and may impair mental and physical abilities required for the performance of potentially dangerous tasks such as driving a car or operating machinery.
* Nalbuphine is to be used as prescribed by a physician. Dose or frequency should not be increased without first consulting with a physician since nalbuphine may cause psychological or physical dependence.
* The use of nalbuphine with other opioids can cause signs and symptoms of withdrawal.
* Abrupt discontinuation of nalbuphine after prolonged usage may cause signs and symptoms of withdrawal.
|alcohol=Alcohol-Nalbuphine interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.
}}
{{LabelImage
|fileName=Nalbuphine label.png
}}

Latest revision as of 22:36, 4 June 2014

Nalbuphine
Adult Indications & Dosage
Pediatric Indications & Dosage
Contraindications
Warnings & Precautions
Adverse Reactions
Drug Interactions
Use in Specific Populations
Administration & Monitoring
Overdosage
Pharmacology
Clinical Studies
How Supplied
Images
Patient Counseling Information
Precautions with Alcohol
Brand Names
Look-Alike Names

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chetan Lokhande, M.B.B.S [2]

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Overview

Nalbuphine is an analgesic opioid that is FDA approved for the {{{indicationType}}} of general anesthesia; adjunct, pain (moderate to severe), pain (moderate to severe), including preoperative, postoperative, and obstetrical analgesia.. Common adverse reactions include dermatologic: diaphoresis (up to 9% ), gastrointestinal: nausea and vomiting (6% ), xerostomia (4% ), neurologic: dizziness (up to 5% ), headache (3% ), sedated (36% ), vertigo (up to 5% ).

Adult Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)

  • General anesthesia; adjunct: induction, 0.3-3 mg/kg IV over 10-15 min.
  • General anesthesia; adjunct: maintenance, 0.25-0.5 mg/kg in single IV administrations, as needed.
  • Pain (moderate to severe): 10 mg subQ, IM or IV for a 70 kg individual repeated every 3 to 6 hours as needed; max single dose is 20 mg/dose; max total daily dose is 160 mg/day.
  • Pain (moderate to severe), including preoperative, postoperative, and obstetrical analgesia: 10 mg subQ, IM or IV for a 70 kg individual repeated every 3 to 6 hours as needed; max single dose is 20 mg/dose; MAX total daily dose is 160 mg/day.
  • Shivering, postanesthesia: 0.08 mg/kg IV

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)

Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information about Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Nalbuphine in adult patients.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information about Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Nalbuphine in adult patients.

Pediatric Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)

  • Safety and effectiveness not established in patients under 18 years of age

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)

Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information about Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Nalbuphine in pediatric patients.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information about Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Nalbuphine in pediatric patients.

Contraindications

  • Nalbuphine hydrochloride injection should not be administered to patients who are hypersensitive to nalbuphine hydrochloride, or to any of the other ingredients in nalbuphine hydrochloride injection.

Warnings

  • Nalbuphine hydrochloride injection should be administered as a supplement to general anesthesia only by persons specifically trained in the use of intravenous anesthetics and management of respiratory effects of potent opioids.
  • Naloxone hydrochloride injection, resuscitative and intubation equipment and oxygen should be readily available.
Drug Abuse
  • Caution should be observed in prescribing nalbuphine for emotionally unstable patients, or for individuals with a history of opioid abuse. Such patients should be closely supervised when long term therapy is contemplated (see Drug Abuse and Dependence).
Use in Ambulatory Patients
  • Nalbuphine may impair the mental or physical abilities required for the performance of potentially dangerous tasks such as driving a car or operating machinery. Therefore, nalbuphine hydrochloride injection should be administered with caution to ambulatory patients who should be warned to avoid such hazards.
Use in Emergency Procedures
  • Maintain patient under observation until recovered from nalbuphine effects that would affect driving or other potentially dangerous tasks.
Use in Pregnancy (Other Than Labor)
  • Severe fetal bradycardia has been reported when nalbuphine is administered during labor. Naloxone may reverse these effects. Although there are no reports of fetal bradycardia earlier in pregnancy, it is possible that this may occur. This drug should be used in pregnancy only if clearly needed, if the potential benefit outweighs the risk to the fetus, and if appropriate measures such as fetal monitoring are taken to detect and manage any potential adverse effect on the fetus.
Head Injury and Increased Intracranial Pressure
  • The possible respiratory depressant effects and the potential of potent analgesics to elevate cerebrospinal fluid pressure (resulting from vasodilation following CO2 retention) may be markedly exaggerated in the presence of head injury, intracranial lesions or a pre-existing increase in intracranial pressure. Furthermore, potent analgesics can produce effects which may obscure the clinical course of patients with head injuries. Therefore, nalbuphine hydrochloride injection should be used in these circumstances only when essential, and then should be administered with extreme caution.
Impaired Respiration
  • At the usual adult dose of 10 mg/70 kg, nalbuphine hydrochloride causes some respiratory depression approximately equal to that produced by equal doses of morphine. However, in contrast to morphine, respiratory depression is not appreciably increased with higher doses of nalbuphine. Respiratory depression induced by nalbuphine can be reversed by naloxone hydrochloride when indicated. Nalbuphine hydrochloride injection should be administered with caution at low doses to patients with impaired respiration (e.g., from other medication, uremia, bronchial asthma, severe infection, cyanosis or respiratory obstructions).
Myocardial Infarction
  • As with all potent analgesics, nalbuphine hydrochloride should be used with caution in patients with myocardial infarction who have nausea or vomiting.
Biliary Tract Surgery
  • As with all opioid analgesics, nalbuphine hydrochloride should be used with caution in patients about to undergo surgery of the biliary tract since it may cause spasm of the sphincter of Oddi.
Cardiovascular System
  • During evaluation of nalbuphine hydrochloride injection, in anesthesia, a higher incidence of bradycardia has been reported in patients who did not receive atropine pre-operatively.

Adverse Reactions

Clinical Trials Experience

  • Other adverse reactions which occurred (reported incidence of 1% or less) were:
CNS Effects
Cardiovascular
Gastrointestinal
Respiratory
Dermatologic
Miscellaneous
  • Speech difficulty, urinary urgency, blurred vision, flushing and warmth.
Allergic Reactions

Postmarketing Experience

  • Due to the nature and limitations of spontaneous reporting, causality has not been established for the following adverse events received for nalbuphine hydrochloride injection: abdominal pain, pyrexia, depressed level or loss of consciousness, somnolence, tremor, anxiety, pulmonary edema, agitation, seizures, and injection site reactions such as pain, swelling, redness, burning, and hot sensations. Death has been reported from severe allergic reactions to nalbuphine hydrochloride treatment. Fetal death has been reported where mothers received nalbuphine hydrochloride during labor and delivery.

Drug Interactions

  • Although nalbuphine possesses opioid antagonist activity, there is evidence that in nondependent patients it will not antagonize an opioid analgesic administered just before, concurrently, or just after an injection of nalbuphine hydrochloride. Therefore, patients receiving an opioid analgesic, general anesthetics, phenothiazines, or other tranquilizers, sedatives, hypnotics, or other CNS depressants (including alcohol) concomitantly with nalbuphine may exhibit an additive effect. When such combined therapy is contemplated, the dose of one or both agents should be reduced.

Use in Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category (FDA): B

Pregnancy Category B
  • Reproduction studies have been performed in rats by subcutaneous administration of nalbuphine up to 100 mg/kg/day, or 590 mg/m2/day which is approximately 6 times the MRHD, and in rabbits by intravenous administration of nalbuphine up to 32 mg/kg/day, or 378 mg/m2/day which is approximately 4 times the MRHD. The results did not reveal evidence of developmental toxicity, including teratogenicity, or harm to the fetus. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Non-teratogenenic Effects
  • Neonatal body weight and survival rates were reduced at birth and during lactation when
  • Nalbuphine was subcutaneously administered to female and male rats prior to mating and throughout gestation and lactation or to pregnant rats during the last third of gestation and throughout lactation at doses approximately 4 times the maximum recommended human dose.


Pregnancy Category (AUS): There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Nalbuphine in women who are pregnant.

Labor and Delivery

  • The placental transfer of nalbuphine is high, rapid, and variable with a maternal to fetal ratio ranging from 1:0.37 to 1:6. Fetal and neonatal adverse effects that have been reported following the administration of nalbuphine to the mother during labor include fetal bradycardia, respiratory depression at birth, apnea, cyanosis, and hypotonia. Some of these events have been life-threatening. Maternal administration of naloxone during labor has normalized these effects in some cases. Severe and prolonged fetal bradycardia has been reported. Permanent neurological damage attributed to fetal bradycardia has occurred. A sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern associated with the use of nalbuphine has also been reported. Nalbuphine should be used during labor and delivery only if clearly indicated and only if the potential benefit outweighs the risk to the infant. Newborns should be monitored for respiratory depression, apnea, bradycardia and arrhythmias if nalbuphine has been used.

Nursing Mothers

  • Limited data suggest that nalbuphine hydrochloride is excreted in maternal milk but only in a small amount (less than 1% of the administered dose) and with a clinically insignificant effect. Caution should be exercised when nalbuphine hydrochloride is administered to a nursing woman.

Pediatric Use

  • Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 18 years have not been established.

Geriatic Use

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Nalbuphine in geriatric settings.

Gender

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Nalbuphine with respect to specific gender populations.

Race

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Nalbuphine with respect to specific racial populations.

Renal Impairment

  • Because nalbuphine is metabolized in the liver and excreted by the kidneys, nalbuphine hydrochloride should be used with caution in patients with renal or liver dysfunction and administered in reduced amounts.

Hepatic Impairment

  • Because nalbuphine is metabolized in the liver and excreted by the kidneys, nalbuphine hydrochloride should be used with caution in patients with renal or liver dysfunction and administered in reduced amounts.

Females of Reproductive Potential and Males

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Nalbuphine in women of reproductive potentials and males.

Immunocompromised Patients

There is no FDA guidance one the use of Nalbuphine in patients who are immunocompromised.

Administration and Monitoring

Administration

There is limited information regarding Nalbuphine Administration in the drug label.

Monitoring

There is limited information regarding Nalbuphine Monitoring in the drug label.

IV Compatibility

There is limited information regarding the compatibility of Nalbuphine and IV administrations.

Overdosage

  • The immediate intravenous administration of an opiate antagonist such as naloxone or nalmefene is a specific antidote. Oxygen, intravenous fluids, vasopressors and other supportive measures should be used as indicated.
  • The administration of single doses of 72 mg of nalbuphine hydrochloride subcutaneously to eight normal subjects has been reported to have resulted primarily in symptoms of sleepiness and mild dysphoria.

Pharmacology

Template:Px
Nalbuphine
Systematic (IUPAC) name
(–)-17-(cyclobutylmethyl)- 4,5α-epoxymorphinan- 3,6α,14-triol hydrochloride
Identifiers
CAS number 20594-83-6
ATC code N02AF02
PubChem 5311304
DrugBank DB00844
Chemical data
Formula Template:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox 
Mol. mass 357.443 g/mol
SMILES eMolecules & PubChem
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 81% (10mg), 83% (20 mg), intramuscular; 79% (10mg), 76% (20 mg)
Metabolism hepatic
Half life ≈5 hours (3-6)
Excretion 93% in 6 hours [1]
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.

B

Legal status

Prescription Only (S4)(AU) ?(US)

Routes intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous

Mechanism of Action

  • Nalbuphine hydrochloride is a potent analgesic. Its analgesic potency is essentially equivalent to that of morphine on a milligram basis. Receptor studies show that nalbuphine hydrochloride binds to mu, kappa, and delta receptors, but not to sigma receptors.
  • Nalbuphine hydrochloride is primarily a kappa agonist/partial mu antagonist analgesic.

Structure

  • Nalbuphine hydrochloride is a synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic of the phenanthrene series. It is chemically related to both the widely used opioid antagonist, naloxone, and the potent opioid analgesic, oxymorphone. Chemically nalbuphine hydrochloride is 17-(cyclobutylmethyl)-4,5α-epoxymorphinan-3,6α,14-triol hydrochloride. Nalbuphine hydrochloride molecular weight is 393.91 and is soluble in H2O (35.5 mg/mL at 25ºC) and ethanol (0.8%); insoluble in CHCl3 and ether. Nalbuphine hydrochloride has pKa values of 8.71 and 9.96. The molecular formula is C21H27NO4 • HCl. The structural formula is:
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
  • Nalbuphine Hydrochloride Injection is a sterile, nonpyrogenic solution of nalbuphine hydrochloride in water for injection. This product may be administered by subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous injection.
  • Each milliliter (mL) contains nalbuphine hydrochloride 10 mg or 20 mg; sodium citrate, dihydrate 0.47 mg and citric acid, anhydrous 0.63 mg added as buffers and may contain sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid for pH adjustment; pH 3.7 (3.0 to 4.5). Contains sodium chloride for tonicity adjustment.
  • Multiple-dose vials contain 1.8 mg/mL methylparaben and 0.2 mg/mL propylparaben added as preservatives. Single-dose products contain no bacteriostat or antimicrobial agent and unused portions must be discarded.

Pharmacodynamics

  • The onset of action of nalbuphine hydrochloride occurs within 2 to 3 minutes after intravenous administration, and in less than 15 minutes following subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. The plasma half-life of nalbuphine is 5 hours, and in clinical studies, the duration of analgesic activity has been reported to range from 3 to 6 hours.
  • The opioid antagonist activity of nalbuphine is one-fourth as potent as nalorphine and 10 times that of pentazocine.
  • Nalbuphine hydrochloride may produce the same degree of respiratory depression as equianalgesic doses of morphine. However, nalbuphine hydrochloride exhibits a ceiling effect such that increases in dose greater than 30 mg do not produce further respiratory depression in the absence of other CNS active medications affecting respiration.

Pharmacokinetics

  • Nalbuphine hydrochloride by itself has potent opioid antagonist activity at doses equal to or lower than its analgesic dose. When administered following or concurrent with mu agonist opioid analgesics (e.g., morphine, oxymorphone, fentanyl), nalbuphine hydrochloride may partially reverse or block opioid-induced respiratory depression from the mu agonist analgesic. Nalbuphine hydrochloride may precipitate withdrawal in patients dependent on opioid drugs. Nalbuphine hydrochloride should be used with caution in patients who have been receiving mu opioid analgesics on a regular basis.

Nonclinical Toxicology

Carcinogenesis
  • Long term carcinogenicity studies were performed in rats (24 months) and mice (19 months) by oral administration at doses up to 200 mg/kg (1180 mg/m2) and 200 mg/kg (600 mg/m2) per day, respectively. There was no evidence of an increase in tumors in either species related to nalbuphine hydrochloride administration. The maximum recommend human dose (MRHD) in a day is 160 mg subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously, or approximately 100 mg/m2/day for a 60 kg subject.
Mutagenesis
  • Nalbuphine hydrochloride did not have mutagenic activity in the AMES test with four bacterial strains, in the Chinese Hamster Ovary HGPRT assays or in the Sister Chromatids Exchange Assay. However, nalbuphine hydrochloride induced an increased frequency of mutation in the mouse lymphoma assay. Clastogenic activity was not observed in the mouse micronucleus test of the cytogenicity bone marrow assay in rats.
Impairment of Fertility
  • A reproduction study was performed in male and female rats at subcutaneous doses up to 56 mg/kg/day or 330 mg/m2/day. Nalbuphine hydrochloride did not affect either male or female fertility rats.

Clinical Studies

There is limited information regarding Nalbuphine Clinical Studies in the drug label.

How Supplied

  • Nalbuphine Hydrochloride Injection is supplied as follows:
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.

Storage

  • Store at 20 to 25°C (68 to 77°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature.]
  • Protect from light. Store in carton until contents have been used.
  • Revised: August, 2007
  • Printed in USA EN-1571
  • Hospira, Inc., Lake Forest, IL 60045 USA
  • RL-0188

Images

Drug Images

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Patient Counseling Information

  • Patients should be advised of the following information:
  • Nalbuphine is associated with sedation and may impair mental and physical abilities required for the performance of potentially dangerous tasks such as driving a car or operating machinery.
  • Nalbuphine is to be used as prescribed by a physician. Dose or frequency should not be increased without first consulting with a physician since nalbuphine may cause psychological or physical dependence.
  • The use of nalbuphine with other opioids can cause signs and symptoms of withdrawal.
  • Abrupt discontinuation of nalbuphine after prolonged usage may cause signs and symptoms of withdrawal.

Precautions with Alcohol

Alcohol-Nalbuphine interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.

Brand Names

There is limited information regarding Nalbuphine Brand Names in the drug label.

Look-Alike Drug Names

There is limited information regarding Nalbuphine Look-Alike Drug Names in the drug label.

Drug Shortage Status

Price

References

The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.

  1. Yoo YC, Chung HS, Kim IS, Jin WT, Kim MK (3/19-4/2 1995). "Determination of Nalbuphine in Drug Abusers' Urine". Journal of Analytical Toxicology. pp. 120–123. PMID 7769781. Check date values in: |date= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)

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