Myelofibrosis causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sabawoon Mirwais, M.B.B.S, M.D.[2]

Overview

Myelofibrosis is most commonly caused by somatic mutations in the myeloproliferative leukemia virus (MPL) oncogene, the calreticulin (CALR) gene, or Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) gene. Less common mutations in other genes have also been documented. It can also be the result of other primary disorders manifesting as a complication or part of the disease process. Infections, malignancies, hematologic disorders, autoimmune diseases and exposure to certain toxins can also cause myelofibrosis.

Causes

Life-threatening Causes

There are no life-threatening causes of myelofibrosis, however complications resulting from untreated myelofibrosis is common.

Common Causes

Common causes of myelofibrosis include:

  • Genetic mutations in:

Less Common Causes

Genetic Causes

Common

Myelofibrosis is commonly caused by mutations in the following genes:

Less Common

Myelofibrosis is less-commonly caused by mutations in the following genes:

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning benzene, thorium dioxide, nitrosurea[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Primary hyperparathyroidism[38]
Environmental benzene, nitrosurea[30][31][32][33][34]
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic Mutations in multiple genes discussed above
Hematologic Essential thrombocythemia (ET), Polycythemia vera (PV), and Multiple myeloma (MM)[16][17][18][19][20][21]
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease tuberculosis (TB), HIV infection, and dengue fever[22][23][24][25]
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Hodgkin's lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and Bone metastases[12][13][14][15][40]
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous x- or γ-radiation exposure

References

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  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Tefferi, A; Lasho, T L; Finke, C M; Knudson, R A; Ketterling, R; Hanson, C H; Maffioli, M; Caramazza, D; Passamonti, F; Pardanani, A (2014). "CALR vs JAK2 vs MPL-mutated or triple-negative myelofibrosis: clinical, cytogenetic and molecular comparisons". Leukemia. 28 (7): 1472–1477. doi:10.1038/leu.2014.3. ISSN 0887-6924.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Baxter EJ, Scott LM, Campbell PJ; et al. (2005). "Acquired mutation of the tyrosine kinase JAK2 in human myeloproliferative disorders". Lancet. 365 (9464): 1054–61. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71142-9. PMID 15781101.
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