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==Overview==
==Overview==
Medical therapy for mitral stenosis includes [[anticoagulation]] and rate control in patients with [[atrial fibrillation]]. Medical therapy can relieve symptoms, but the patient may need surgery to relieve the blood flow obstruction by mitral stenosis.  The interventional and surgical treatments for mitral stenosis include: [[percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy (PMBV)]], closed commissurotomy, open commissurotomy (valve repair), and [[mitral valve replacement]].


==Treatment Algorithm==
==Treatment Algorithm==

Latest revision as of 17:13, 12 September 2014

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rim Halaby, M.D. [2]

Overview

Medical therapy for mitral stenosis includes anticoagulation and rate control in patients with atrial fibrillation. Medical therapy can relieve symptoms, but the patient may need surgery to relieve the blood flow obstruction by mitral stenosis. The interventional and surgical treatments for mitral stenosis include: percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy (PMBV), closed commissurotomy, open commissurotomy (valve repair), and mitral valve replacement.

Treatment Algorithm

Shown below is an algorithm depicting the indications for mitral stenosis intervention according to the 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease.[1]

Abbreviations: AF: atrial fibrillation; MR: mitral regurgitation; MS: mitral stenosis; MVA: mitral valve area ; PCWP: pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; PMBC: percutaneous mitral balloon commissurotomy; T1/2: pressure half-time

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Determine the severity of rheumatic mitral stenosis (MS)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Very severe MS
❑ MVA ≤1 cm2
❑ T1/2 ≥220 ms
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Severe MS
❑ MVA ≤1.5 cm2
❑ T1/2 ≥150 ms
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Progressive MS
MVA >1.5 cm2
T1/2 <150 ms
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Is the patient symptomatic?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Is the patient symptomatic?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Is the patient symptomatic?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
No
( Stage C)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Yes
(Stage D)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
No
(Stage C)
 
 
 
Yes
With no other cause for the symptoms
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Does the patient have:
❑ Favorable valve morphology
AND
❑ No left atrial clot
AND
❑ No or mild MR
 
 
 
 
 
 
Does the patient have:
❑ Favorable valve morphology
AND
❑ No left atrial clot
AND
❑ No or mild MR
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Is there a new onset of AF?
 
 
 
Order an exercise treadmill test
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
No
 
Yes
 
Yes
 
 
 
No
 
 
 
 
 
Yes
 
No
 
Is PCWP> 25 mm Hg?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Does the patient have:
NYHA class III-IV symptoms
AND
❑ High surgical risk
 
 
 
 
 
Does the patient have:
❑ Favorable valve morphology
AND
❑ No left atrial clot
AND
❑ No or mild MR
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
No
 
Yes
 
Yes
 
No
 
 
Yes
 
No
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Periodic monitoring
 
PMBC (Class IIa)
 
PMBC (Class I)
 
Mitral valve surgery (Class I)
 
 
 
PMBC (Class IIb)
 
 
 
 
Periodic monitoring
 
PMBC (Class IIb)
 
Periodic monitoring

References

  1. Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP, Guyton RA; et al. (2014). "2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines". Circulation. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000029. PMID 24589852.

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