Milk-alkali syndrome natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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== Overview == | == Overview == | ||
Prognosis of milk-alkali syndrome is generally good and early [[diagnosis]] and treatment, with withdrawal of the offending agent and supportive therapy, usually resolve the symptoms and abnormalities in milk-alkali syndrome ([[hypercalcemia]], [[alkalosis]] and [[renal insufficiency]]). | Most patients with milk-alkali syndrome are [[asymptomatic]] and may be incidentally diagnosed. Prognosis of milk-alkali syndrome is generally good and early [[diagnosis]] and treatment, with withdrawal of the offending agent and supportive therapy, usually resolve the symptoms and abnormalities in milk-alkali syndrome ([[hypercalcemia]], [[alkalosis]] and [[renal insufficiency]]). | ||
== Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis == | == Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis == | ||
=== Natural History === | === Natural History === | ||
Milk-alkalai syndrome and its features ([[hypercalcemia]], [[alkalosis]], and [[renal insufficiency]]) may be incidentally | Milk-alkalai syndrome and its features ([[hypercalcemia]], [[alkalosis]], and [[renal insufficiency]]) may be incidentally diagnosed since most patients are [[asymptomatic]].<ref name="Ali Patel 2020">{{cite web | last=Ali | first=Rimsha | last2=Patel | first2=Chinmay | title=Milk-Alkali Syndrome | website=NCBI Bookshelf | date=2020-05-30 | pmid=32491432 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557500/ | access-date=2020-07-14}}</ref> | ||
=== Complications === | === Complications === | ||
Complications of milk-alkali syndrome may include: | Complications of milk-alkali syndrome may include: | ||
* [[Confusion]] | |||
* [[Psychosis]] | |||
* Variable degrees of [[renal insufficiency]] | |||
* [[Pancreatitis]] | |||
* Reversible cardiac conduction abnormalities | |||
* [[Tremor]] | |||
* [[Metastatic calcification]] | |||
*** [[Ocular]] [[calcification]] in the [[cornea]] (keratopathy) and in the [[conjunctiva]] ([[conjunctivitis]]) | |||
*** [[Kidney|Renal]] calcinosis | |||
*** In less common sites such as [[central nervous system]], [[Lung|lungs]], [[liver]], [[Adrenal gland|adrenal glands]], [[bone]], periarticular and [[subcutaneous tissue]] | |||
=== Prognosis === | === Prognosis === | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shakiba Hassanzadeh, MD[2]
Overview
Most patients with milk-alkali syndrome are asymptomatic and may be incidentally diagnosed. Prognosis of milk-alkali syndrome is generally good and early diagnosis and treatment, with withdrawal of the offending agent and supportive therapy, usually resolve the symptoms and abnormalities in milk-alkali syndrome (hypercalcemia, alkalosis and renal insufficiency).
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Natural History
Milk-alkalai syndrome and its features (hypercalcemia, alkalosis, and renal insufficiency) may be incidentally diagnosed since most patients are asymptomatic.[1]
Complications
Complications of milk-alkali syndrome may include:
- Confusion
- Psychosis
- Variable degrees of renal insufficiency
- Pancreatitis
- Reversible cardiac conduction abnormalities
- Tremor
- Metastatic calcification
- Ocular calcification in the cornea (keratopathy) and in the conjunctiva (conjunctivitis)
- Renal calcinosis
- In less common sites such as central nervous system, lungs, liver, adrenal glands, bone, periarticular and subcutaneous tissue
Prognosis
- Prognosis of milk-alkali syndrome is generally good.[1]
- Early diagnosis and treatment, with withdrawal of the offending agent and supportive therapy, usually resolve the symptoms and abnormalities in milk-alkali syndrome (hypercalcemia, alkalosis and renal insufficiency).[2][3]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ali, Rimsha; Patel, Chinmay (2020-05-30). "Milk-Alkali Syndrome". NCBI Bookshelf. PMID 32491432 Check
|pmid=value (help). Retrieved 2020-07-14. - ↑ Beall DP, Henslee HB, Webb HR, Scofield RH (2006). "Milk-alkali syndrome: a historical review and description of the modern version of the syndrome". Am J Med Sci. 331 (5): 233–42. doi:10.1097/00000441-200605000-00001. PMID 16702792.
- ↑ Medarov BI (2009). "Milk-alkali syndrome". Mayo Clin Proc. 84 (3): 261–7. doi:10.1016/S0025-6196(11)61144-0. PMC 2664604. PMID 19252114.