Milk-alkali syndrome natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions

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== Overview ==
== Overview ==


Most patients with milk-alkali syndrome are [[asymptomatic]] and may be incidentally diagnosed. Prognosis of milk-alkali syndrome is generally good and early [[diagnosis]] and treatment, with withdrawal of the offending agent and supportive therapy, usually resolve the symptoms and abnormalities in milk-alkali syndrome ([[hypercalcemia]], [[alkalosis]] and [[renal insufficiency]]).
Most patients with milk-alkali syndrome are [[asymptomatic]] and may become incidentally diagnosed. Complications of milk-alkali syndrome may include: [[confusion]], [[psychosis]], [[renal insufficiency]], [[pancreatitis]], abnormalities in cardiac conduction, and [[metastatic calcification]]. Prognosis of milk-alkali syndrome is generally good and early [[diagnosis]] and treatment, with the withdrawal of the offending agent and supportive therapy, usually resolve the symptoms and abnormalities in milk-alkali syndrome ([[hypercalcemia]], [[alkalosis]] and [[renal insufficiency]]).
== Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis ==
== Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis ==


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=== Complications ===
=== Complications ===
Complications of milk-alkali syndrome may include:<ref name="pmid7049033">{{cite journal| author=Orwoll ES| title=The milk-alkali syndrome: current concepts. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1982 | volume= 97 | issue= 2 | pages= 242-8 | pmid=7049033 | doi=10.7326/0003-4819-97-2-242 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7049033  }} </ref><ref name="pmid5327389">{{cite journal| author=Texter EC, Laureta HC| title=The milk-alkali syndrome. | journal=Am J Dig Dis | year= 1966 | volume= 11 | issue= 5 | pages= 413-8 | pmid=5327389 | doi=10.1007/BF02233637 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5327389  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19252114">{{cite journal| author=Medarov BI| title=Milk-alkali syndrome. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2009 | volume= 84 | issue= 3 | pages= 261-7 | pmid=19252114 | doi=10.1016/S0025-6196(11)61144-0 | pmc=2664604 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19252114  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16702792">{{cite journal| author=Beall DP, Henslee HB, Webb HR, Scofield RH| title=Milk-alkali syndrome: a historical review and description of the modern version of the syndrome. | journal=Am J Med Sci | year= 2006 | volume= 331 | issue= 5 | pages= 233-42 | pmid=16702792 | doi=10.1097/00000441-200605000-00001 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16702792  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10878206">{{cite journal| author=George S, Clark JD| title=Milk alkali syndrome-an unusual syndrome causing an unusual complication. | journal=Postgrad Med J | year= 2000 | volume= 76 | issue= 897 | pages= 422-3 | pmid=10878206 | doi=10.1136/pmj.76.897.422 | pmc=1741646 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10878206  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3686151">{{cite journal| author=Jenkins JK, Best TR, Nicks SA, Murphy FY, Bussell KL, Vesely DL| title=Milk-alkali syndrome with a serum calcium level of 22 mg/dl and J waves on the ECG. | journal=South Med J | year= 1987 | volume= 80 | issue= 11 | pages= 1444-9 | pmid=3686151 | doi=10.1097/00007611-198711000-00028 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3686151  }} </ref>
Complications of milk-alkali syndrome may include:<ref name="pmid7049033">{{cite journal| author=Orwoll ES| title=The milk-alkali syndrome: current concepts. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1982 | volume= 97 | issue= 2 | pages= 242-8 | pmid=7049033 | doi=10.7326/0003-4819-97-2-242 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7049033  }} </ref><ref name="pmid5327389">{{cite journal| author=Texter EC, Laureta HC| title=The milk-alkali syndrome. | journal=Am J Dig Dis | year= 1966 | volume= 11 | issue= 5 | pages= 413-8 | pmid=5327389 | doi=10.1007/BF02233637 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5327389  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19252114">{{cite journal| author=Medarov BI| title=Milk-alkali syndrome. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2009 | volume= 84 | issue= 3 | pages= 261-7 | pmid=19252114 | doi=10.1016/S0025-6196(11)61144-0 | pmc=2664604 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19252114  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16702792">{{cite journal| author=Beall DP, Henslee HB, Webb HR, Scofield RH| title=Milk-alkali syndrome: a historical review and description of the modern version of the syndrome. | journal=Am J Med Sci | year= 2006 | volume= 331 | issue= 5 | pages= 233-42 | pmid=16702792 | doi=10.1097/00000441-200605000-00001 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16702792  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10878206">{{cite journal| author=George S, Clark JD| title=Milk alkali syndrome-an unusual syndrome causing an unusual complication. | journal=Postgrad Med J | year= 2000 | volume= 76 | issue= 897 | pages= 422-3 | pmid=10878206 | doi=10.1136/pmj.76.897.422 | pmc=1741646 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10878206  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3686151">{{cite journal| author=Jenkins JK, Best TR, Nicks SA, Murphy FY, Bussell KL, Vesely DL| title=Milk-alkali syndrome with a serum calcium level of 22 mg/dl and J waves on the ECG. | journal=South Med J | year= 1987 | volume= 80 | issue= 11 | pages= 1444-9 | pmid=3686151 | doi=10.1097/00007611-198711000-00028 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3686151  }} </ref>


* [[Confusion]]
* [[Confusion]]
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* Reversible abnormalities in cardiac conduction  
* Reversible abnormalities in cardiac conduction  
* [[Tremor]]
* [[Tremor]]
* [[Metastatic calcification]]  
* [[Metastatic calcification]]
*** [[Ocular]] [[calcification]] in the [[cornea]] (keratopathy) and in the [[conjunctiva]] ([[conjunctivitis]])
**[[Ocular]] [[calcification]] in the [[cornea]] (keratopathy) and in the [[conjunctiva]] ([[conjunctivitis]])
*** [[Kidney|Renal]] calcinosis
**[[Kidney|Renal]] calcinosis
*** In less common sites such as [[central nervous system]], [[Lung|lungs]], [[liver]], [[Adrenal gland|adrenal glands]], [[bone]], periarticular and [[subcutaneous tissue]]
**In less common sites such as [[central nervous system]], [[Lung|lungs]], [[liver]], [[Adrenal gland|adrenal glands]], [[bone]], periarticular and [[subcutaneous tissue]]


=== Prognosis ===
=== Prognosis ===

Latest revision as of 13:07, 16 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shakiba Hassanzadeh, MD[2]

Overview

Most patients with milk-alkali syndrome are asymptomatic and may become incidentally diagnosed. Complications of milk-alkali syndrome may include: confusion, psychosis, renal insufficiency, pancreatitis, abnormalities in cardiac conduction, and metastatic calcification. Prognosis of milk-alkali syndrome is generally good and early diagnosis and treatment, with the withdrawal of the offending agent and supportive therapy, usually resolve the symptoms and abnormalities in milk-alkali syndrome (hypercalcemia, alkalosis and renal insufficiency).

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Natural History

Milk-alkalai syndrome and its features (hypercalcemia, alkalosis, and renal insufficiency) may be incidentally diagnosed since most patients are asymptomatic.[1]

Complications

Complications of milk-alkali syndrome may include:[2][3][4][5][6][7]

Prognosis

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ali, Rimsha; Patel, Chinmay (2020-05-30). "Milk-Alkali Syndrome". NCBI Bookshelf. PMID 32491432 Check |pmid= value (help). Retrieved 2020-07-14.
  2. ↑ Orwoll ES (1982). "The milk-alkali syndrome: current concepts". Ann Intern Med. 97 (2): 242–8. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-97-2-242. PMID 7049033.
  3. ↑ Texter EC, Laureta HC (1966). "The milk-alkali syndrome". Am J Dig Dis. 11 (5): 413–8. doi:10.1007/BF02233637. PMID 5327389.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Medarov BI (2009). "Milk-alkali syndrome". Mayo Clin Proc. 84 (3): 261–7. doi:10.1016/S0025-6196(11)61144-0. PMC 2664604. PMID 19252114.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Beall DP, Henslee HB, Webb HR, Scofield RH (2006). "Milk-alkali syndrome: a historical review and description of the modern version of the syndrome". Am J Med Sci. 331 (5): 233–42. doi:10.1097/00000441-200605000-00001. PMID 16702792.
  6. ↑ George S, Clark JD (2000). "Milk alkali syndrome-an unusual syndrome causing an unusual complication". Postgrad Med J. 76 (897): 422–3. doi:10.1136/pmj.76.897.422. PMC 1741646. PMID 10878206.
  7. ↑ Jenkins JK, Best TR, Nicks SA, Murphy FY, Bussell KL, Vesely DL (1987). "Milk-alkali syndrome with a serum calcium level of 22 mg/dl and J waves on the ECG". South Med J. 80 (11): 1444–9. doi:10.1097/00007611-198711000-00028. PMID 3686151.

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