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{{Marburg hemorrhagic fever}}
{{Marburg hemorrhagic fever}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}
{{CMG}} ; {{AE}} {{ADG}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
Recorded cases of Marburg hemorrhagic fever disease are rare. The first documented [[outbreak]] of marburg hemorrhagic fever occurred in 1967 in Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany and in Belgrade. [[Case fatality rate|Case fatality rates]] in marburg hemorrhagic fever [[outbreaks]] have ranged from 23% to 90%. Marburg hemorrhagic fever commonly affects younger individuals less than 5 years old and adults >50 years old compared to normal age groups.
==Epidemiology==
==Epidemiology==
===Incidence and Prevalence===
*Recorded cases of Marburg hemorrhagic fever disease are rare. Hence it is difficult to obtain accurate data of incidence and prevalence of Marburg hemorrhagic fever.
===Outbreak===
*The first documented outbreak of marburg hemorrhagic fever occurred in 1967 in Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany and in Belgrade (in the former Yugoslavia) among laboratory workers exposed to [[Blood, Sweat & Tea|blood]] and [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]] products of African green monkeys imported from Uganda. 
*Secondary [[Transmission (medicine)|transmission]] to medical staff and family members was also documented.<ref name="pmid4207635">{{cite journal |vauthors=Martini GA |title=Marburg virus disease |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=49 |issue=574 |pages=542–6 |year=1973 |pmid=4207635 |pmc=2495590 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23202446">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brauburger K, Hume AJ, Mühlberger E, Olejnik J |title=Forty-five years of Marburg virus research |journal=Viruses |volume=4 |issue=10 |pages=1878–927 |year=2012 |pmid=23202446 |pmc=3497034 |doi=10.3390/v4101878 |url=}}</ref>
*In total, 31 patients became [[Infection (disambiguation)|infected]], and 7 of these patients died.<ref name="pmid569445">{{cite journal |vauthors=Conrad JL, Isaacson M, Smith EB, Wulff H, Crees M, Geldenhuys P, Johnston J |title=Epidemiologic investigation of Marburg virus disease, Southern Africa, 1975 |journal=Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=1210–5 |year=1978 |pmid=569445 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*During the next 2 decades, Marburg hemorrhagic fever was associated with [[sporadic]], isolated, usually fatal cases among residents and travelers in southeast Africa.
*In 1998 to 2000, there was a prolonged outbreak involving 154 cases of Marburg hemorrhagic fever in Durba, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) that was associated with individuals working in an underground gold mine.
*The largest and most lethal Marburg virus outbreak to date occurred in 2004 to 2005 in northern Angola.<ref name="pmid16775337">{{cite journal |vauthors=Towner JS, Khristova ML, Sealy TK, Vincent MJ, Erickson BR, Bawiec DA, Hartman AL, Comer JA, Zaki SR, Ströher U, Gomes da Silva F, del Castillo F, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Nichol ST |title=Marburgvirus genomics and association with a large hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Angola |journal=J. Virol. |volume=80 |issue=13 |pages=6497–516 |year=2006 |pmid=16775337 |pmc=1488971 |doi=10.1128/JVI.00069-06 |url=}}</ref>
**This outbreak involved 252 cases, with a case-fatality rate of 90%.
*Between 2007 and 2012, several small episodes of Marburg hemorrhagic fever were reported in Uganda, with one case being exported to the United States and one to the Netherlands.
*In October 2014, a single case of Marburg hemorrhagic fever was reported in Uganda.
===Case fatality rate===
*[[Case fatality rate|Case fatality rates]] in marburg hemorrhagic fever [[outbreaks]] have ranged from 23% to 90%.
==Demographics==
==Demographics==
===Age===
===Age===
*Patients of all age groups may develop marburg hemorrhagic fever.
*[[Patient|Patients]] of all age groups may develop marburg hemorrhagic fever.
*Marburg hemorrhagic fever commonly affects younger individuals less than 5 years old and adults >50 years old compared to normal age groups.  younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.
*Marburg hemorrhagic fever commonly affects younger individuals less than 5 years old and adults >50 years old compared to normal age groups.
===Race===
===Race===
There is no racial predilection to marburg hemorrhagic fever.
There is no racial predilection to marburg hemorrhagic fever.
Both Marburg and [[Ebola]] hemorrhagic fevers are rare and have the capacity to cause dramatic outbreaks with high fatality rates.
===Gender===
 
Marburg hemorrhagic fever affects men and women equally.
Two large outbreaks that occurred simultaneously in Marburg and Frankfurt in Germany, and in Belgrade, Serbia, in 1967, led to the initial recognition of the disease. The outbreak was associated with laboratory work using African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) imported from Uganda. Subsequently, outbreaks and sporadic cases have been reported in Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, South Africa (in a person with recent travel history to Zimbabwe) and Uganda. In 2008, two independent cases were reported in travelers who visited a cave inhabited by Rousettus bat colonies in Uganda. In 2014, one fatal case of Marburg virus was reported in Uganda with subsequent quarantine of 99 individuals.
===Geographic Distribution===
[[File:Geographic distribution of MHF.png |thumb|center|500px| <SMALL><SMALL> ''[(http://www.who.int/csr/disease/marburg/GlobalMarburgOutbreakRisk_20090510.png?ua=1)]''<ref name="CDC">{{Cite web | title = World Health Organization |  url =http://www.who.int/csr/disease/marburg/GlobalMarburgOutbreakRisk_20090510.png?ua=1 }}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>]]
[[File:Geographic distribution of MHF.png |thumb|center|500px| <SMALL><SMALL> ''[(<nowiki>http://www.who.int/csr/disease/marburg/GlobalMarburgOutbreakRisk_20090510.png?ua=1</nowiki><nowiki>)]</nowiki>''<ref name="CDC">{{Cite web | title = World Health Organization |  url =http://www.who.int/csr/disease/marburg/GlobalMarburgOutbreakRisk_20090510.png?ua=1 }}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>]]
 
==Epidemiology and Demographics==


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]

Latest revision as of 19:53, 20 October 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [2]

Overview

Recorded cases of Marburg hemorrhagic fever disease are rare. The first documented outbreak of marburg hemorrhagic fever occurred in 1967 in Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany and in Belgrade. Case fatality rates in marburg hemorrhagic fever outbreaks have ranged from 23% to 90%. Marburg hemorrhagic fever commonly affects younger individuals less than 5 years old and adults >50 years old compared to normal age groups.

Epidemiology

Incidence and Prevalence

  • Recorded cases of Marburg hemorrhagic fever disease are rare. Hence it is difficult to obtain accurate data of incidence and prevalence of Marburg hemorrhagic fever.

Outbreak

  • The first documented outbreak of marburg hemorrhagic fever occurred in 1967 in Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany and in Belgrade (in the former Yugoslavia) among laboratory workers exposed to blood and tissue products of African green monkeys imported from Uganda.
  • Secondary transmission to medical staff and family members was also documented.[1][2]
  • In total, 31 patients became infected, and 7 of these patients died.[3]
  • During the next 2 decades, Marburg hemorrhagic fever was associated with sporadic, isolated, usually fatal cases among residents and travelers in southeast Africa.
  • In 1998 to 2000, there was a prolonged outbreak involving 154 cases of Marburg hemorrhagic fever in Durba, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) that was associated with individuals working in an underground gold mine.
  • The largest and most lethal Marburg virus outbreak to date occurred in 2004 to 2005 in northern Angola.[4]
    • This outbreak involved 252 cases, with a case-fatality rate of 90%.
  • Between 2007 and 2012, several small episodes of Marburg hemorrhagic fever were reported in Uganda, with one case being exported to the United States and one to the Netherlands.
  • In October 2014, a single case of Marburg hemorrhagic fever was reported in Uganda.

Case fatality rate

Demographics

Age

  • Patients of all age groups may develop marburg hemorrhagic fever.
  • Marburg hemorrhagic fever commonly affects younger individuals less than 5 years old and adults >50 years old compared to normal age groups.

Race

There is no racial predilection to marburg hemorrhagic fever.

Gender

Marburg hemorrhagic fever affects men and women equally.

Geographic Distribution

[(http://www.who.int/csr/disease/marburg/GlobalMarburgOutbreakRisk_20090510.png?ua=1)][5]

References

  1. ↑ Martini GA (1973). "Marburg virus disease". Postgrad Med J. 49 (574): 542–6. PMC 2495590. PMID 4207635.
  2. ↑ Brauburger K, Hume AJ, Mühlberger E, Olejnik J (2012). "Forty-five years of Marburg virus research". Viruses. 4 (10): 1878–927. doi:10.3390/v4101878. PMC 3497034. PMID 23202446.
  3. ↑ Conrad JL, Isaacson M, Smith EB, Wulff H, Crees M, Geldenhuys P, Johnston J (1978). "Epidemiologic investigation of Marburg virus disease, Southern Africa, 1975". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 27 (6): 1210–5. PMID 569445.
  4. ↑ Towner JS, Khristova ML, Sealy TK, Vincent MJ, Erickson BR, Bawiec DA, Hartman AL, Comer JA, Zaki SR, Ströher U, Gomes da Silva F, del Castillo F, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Nichol ST (2006). "Marburgvirus genomics and association with a large hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Angola". J. Virol. 80 (13): 6497–516. doi:10.1128/JVI.00069-06. PMC 1488971. PMID 16775337.
  5. ↑ "World Health Organization".
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