Livedoid vasculitis: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{SI}}
{{SI}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{KS}}


{{SK}} Livedo reticularis; livedo vasculitis; livedoid vasculopathy; primary livedo reticularis; idiopathic livedo reticularis; vitiligo reticularis
{{SK}} Livedo reticularis; livedo vasculitis; livedoid vasculopathy; primary livedo reticularis; idiopathic livedo reticularis; vitiligo reticularis;Atrophie blanche;


==Overview==
==Overview==
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===Life Threatening Causes===
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
There are no life-threatening causes of livedoid vasculitis that may result in death or permanent disability if left treated within 24 hours.


===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
*[[Anticardiolipin antibodies]]
*[[Anticardiolipin syndrome]]<ref name="pmid15255431">{{cite journal| author=Liel Y| title=Livedo reticularis: a rare manifestation of Graves hyperthyroidism associated with anticardiolipin antibodies. | journal=South Med J | year= 2004 | volume= 97 | issue= 6 | pages= 601-3 | pmid=15255431 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15255431  }} </ref>
*[[Antiphospholipid syndrome]]
*[[Antiphospholipid syndrome]]
*[[Factor V Leiden mutation]]
*[[Factor V Leiden mutation]]
*[[Hyperhomocysteinemia]]
*[[Hyperhomocysteinemia]]
*[[livedo reticularis|Idiopathic livedo reticularis]]<ref name="pmid15928620">{{cite journal| author=Gibbs MB, English JC, Zirwas MJ| title=Livedo reticularis: an update. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2005 | volume= 52 | issue= 6 | pages= 1009-19 | pmid=15928620 | doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2004.11.051 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15928620  }} </ref>
*[[Lupus anticoagulant]]
*[[Lupus anticoagulant]]
*[[Protein C deficiency]]
*[[Protein C deficiency]]
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{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Antithrombin III deficiency]], [[arteriosclerosis]], [[Buerger's disease]], [[angiogram|carbon dioxide arteriography]], [[cholesterol emboli syndrome]], [[hypercalcemia]], [[peripheral arterial occlusive disease]], [[vasculitis]]
|-
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|'''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita]], dermal vascular occlusion, [[dermatomyositis]], FILS syndrome, [[livedo reticularis|idiopathic livedo reticularis]], [[polyarteritis nodosa]], [[scleroderma]], [[Sneddon-Champion syndrome]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[vasculitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amantadine]], [[dextroamphetamine]], [[gefitinib]], [[interferon type I|interferon beta treatment]], [[methylphenidate]], [[rasagiline]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Graves' disease|Graves hyperthyroidism]], [[pheochromocytoma]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Pancreatitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency]], [[Down syndrome]], [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]], familial primary cryofibrinogenemia, [[homocystinuria]], [[oxalosis]], plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter homozygosity, [[protein C deficiency]], prothrombin G20210A heterozygosity
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anticardiolipin syndrome]], [[antiphospholipid syndrome]], [[antithrombin III deficiency]], [[cryoglobulinemia]], [[fibrin degradation product|elevated fibrinopeptide A]], [[factor V Leiden mutation]], familial primary cryofibrinogenemia, [[Henoch-Schönlein purpura]], increased plasminogen activator release, [[lupus anticoagulant]], [[pernicious anemia]], [[polycythaemia rubra vera]], [[protein C deficiency]], [[thrombocytosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[catheter|Midline catheter]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cytomegalovirus infection]], [[Lyme disease]], [[syphilis]], [[tuberculosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]], FILS syndrome, [[rheumatoid arthritis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anticardiolipin syndrome]], [[antiphospholipid syndrome]], [[mononeuritis multiplex]], [[moyamoya disease]], [[Sneddon-Champion syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency]], [[homocystinuria]], [[hyperhomocysteinemia]], [[primary hyperoxaluria]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anticardiolipin syndrome]], [[antiphospholipid syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Lymphoma]], [[breast cancer|metastatic breast carcinoma]], [[pheochromocytoma]], [[renal cell carcinoma]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency]], [[homocystinuria]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Churg-Strauss syndrome]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[scleroderma]], [[tuberculosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Henoch-Schönlein purpura]], [[hypercalcemia]], [[renal cell carcinoma]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anticardiolipin syndrome]], [[antiphospholipid syndrome]], [[Buerger's disease]], [[Churg-Strauss syndrome]], [[cryoglobulinemia]], [[dermatomyositis]], FILS syndrome, [[Henoch-Schönlein purpura]], IgM antiphosphatidylserine-prothrombin complex antibody, [[immune complex disease]], increased plasminogen activator release, [[lupus anticoagulant]], [[mixed connective tissue disease]], plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter homozygosity, [[polyarteritis nodosa]], polyclonal IgM hypergammopathy, [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[scleroderma]], [[Sjögren's syndrome]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[vasculitis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| '''Sexual'''
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[implant|Silicone implants]]
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Amantadine]]
*[[Amantadine]]<ref name="pmid24012443">{{cite journal| author=Salvado M, Hernández-Vara J| title=[Livedo reticularis secondary to amantadine in a patient with Parkinson disease]. | journal=Med Clin (Barc) | year= 2014 | volume= 142 | issue= 4 | pages= 186 | pmid=24012443 | doi=10.1016/j.medcli.2013.06.022 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24012443  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22570045">{{cite journal| author=Silva SB, Miot HA| title=Case for diagnosis. | journal=An Bras Dermatol | year= 2012 | volume= 87 | issue= 2 | pages= 319-21 | pmid=22570045 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22570045  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22165049">{{cite journal| author=Xu LY, Liu A, Kerr HA| title=Livedo reticularis from amantadine. | journal=Skinmed | year= 2011 | volume= 9 | issue= 5 | pages= 320-1 | pmid=22165049 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22165049  }} </ref>
*[[Anticardiolipin syndrome]]
*[[Anticardiolipin syndrome]]<ref name="pmid17116831">{{cite journal| author=Hairston BR, Davis MD, Pittelkow MR, Ahmed I| title=Livedoid vasculopathy: further evidence for procoagulant pathogenesis. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 2006 | volume= 142 | issue= 11 | pages= 1413-8 | pmid=17116831 | doi=10.1001/archderm.142.11.1413 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17116831  }} </ref>
*[[Antiphospholipid syndrome]]
*[[Antiphospholipid syndrome]]<ref name="pmid8423386">{{cite journal| author=Asherson RA, Cervera R| title=Antiphospholipid syndrome. | journal=J Invest Dermatol | year= 1993 | volume= 100 | issue= 1 | pages= 21S-27S | pmid=8423386 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8423386  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9204065">{{cite journal| author=Gibson GE, Su WP, Pittelkow MR| title=Antiphospholipid syndrome and the skin. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 1997 | volume= 36 | issue= 6 Pt 1 | pages= 970-82 | pmid=9204065 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9204065  }} </ref>
*[[Antithrombin III deficiency]]
*[[Antithrombin III deficiency]]<ref name="pmid21212844">{{cite journal| author=Keller MS, Lee J, Webster GF| title=Livedoid thrombotic vasculopathy responding to doxycycline therapy. | journal=J Clin Aesthet Dermatol | year= 2008 | volume= 1 | issue= 4 | pages= 22-4 | pmid=21212844 | doi= | pmc=PMC3016933 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21212844  }} </ref>
*[[Arteriosclerosis]]  
*[[Arteriosclerosis]]  
*[[Buerger's disease]]
*[[Buerger's disease]]<ref name="pmid17978541">{{cite journal| author=Takanashi T, Horigome R, Okuda Y, Nose M, Matsuda M, Ikeda S| title=Buerger's disease manifesting nodular erythema with livedo reticularis. | journal=Intern Med | year= 2007 | volume= 46 | issue= 21 | pages= 1815-9 | pmid=17978541 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17978541  }} </ref>
*[[Carbon dioxide arteriography]]  
*[[angiogram|Carbon dioxide arteriography]] <ref name="pmid21277800">{{cite journal| author=Johnson PL, Neperud J, Arnold J, Thomas J| title=Livedo reticularis and bowel ischemia after carbon dioxide arteriography in a patient with CREST syndrome. | journal=J Vasc Interv Radiol | year= 2011 | volume= 22 | issue= 3 | pages= 395-9 | pmid=21277800 | doi=10.1016/j.jvir.2010.11.012 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21277800  }} </ref>
*[[Cholesterol emboli syndrome]]  
*[[Cholesterol emboli syndrome]] <ref name="pmid5903590">{{cite journal| author=Kazmier FJ, Sheps SG, Bernatz PE, Sayre GP| title=Livedo reticularis and digital infarcts: a syndrome due to cholesterol emboli arising from atheromatous abdominal aortic aneurysms. | journal=Vasc Dis | year= 1966 | volume= 3 | issue= 1 | pages= 12-24 | pmid=5903590 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5903590  }} </ref><ref name="pmid843026">{{cite journal| author=Stewart WM, Lauret P, Testart J, Thomine E, Boulliê MC, Leroy D| title=[Cutaneous cholesterol emboli (author's transl)]. | journal=Ann Dermatol Venereol | year= 1977 | volume= 104 | issue= 1 | pages= 5-8 | pmid=843026 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=843026  }} </ref>
*[[Churg-Strauss syndrome]]  
*[[Churg-Strauss syndrome]] <ref name="pmid20949297">{{cite journal| author=Bosco L, Peroni A, Schena D, Colato C, Girolomoni G| title=Cutaneous manifestations of Churg-Strauss syndrome: report of two cases and review of the literature. | journal=Clin Rheumatol | year= 2011 | volume= 30 | issue= 4 | pages= 573-80 | pmid=20949297 | doi=10.1007/s10067-010-1593-1 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20949297  }} </ref>
*[[Cryoglobulinemia]]
*[[Cryoglobulinemia]]<ref name="pmid18335149">{{cite journal| author=Namazi MR, Kerchner KR, Pichardo RO| title=Essential type II mixed cryoglobulinemia causing pyoderma gangrenosum-like ulcers. | journal=ScientificWorldJournal | year= 2008 | volume= 8 | issue=  | pages= 228 | pmid=18335149 | doi=10.1100/tsw.2008.44 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18335149  }} </ref>
*[[Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita]]  
*[[Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita]] <ref name="pmid6494067">{{cite journal| author=Altman AR, Tschen JA, Wolf JE| title=Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita: a case report. | journal=Pediatr Dermatol | year= 1984 | volume= 1 | issue= 3 | pages= 223-5 | pmid=6494067 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6494067  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3740886">{{cite journal| author=Del Giudice SM, Nydorf ED| title=Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita with multiple congenital anomalies. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 1986 | volume= 122 | issue= 9 | pages= 1060-1 | pmid=3740886 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3740886  }} </ref><ref name="HalbeslebenCleveland2010">{{cite journal|last1=Halbesleben|first1=Jennifer J.|last2=Cleveland|first2=Mark G.|last3=Stone|first3=Mary Seabury|title=Diffuse Dermal Angiomatosis Arising in Cutis Marmorata Telangiectatica Congenita|journal=Archives of Dermatology|volume=146|issue=11|year=2010|issn=0003-987X|doi=10.1001/archdermatol.2010.331}}</ref>
*[[Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency]]  
*[[Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency]]  
*[[Cytomegalovirus infection]]  
*[[Cytomegalovirus infection]] <ref name="pmid22975173">{{cite journal| author=Arslan F, Batirel A, Mert A, Ozer S| title=Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-related cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis: case report and literature review. | journal=Braz J Infect Dis | year= 2012 | volume= 16 | issue= 5 | pages= 482-5 | pmid=22975173 | doi=10.1016/j.bjid.2012.08.002 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22975173  }} </ref>
*[[Dermal vascular occlusion]]
*Dermal vascular occlusion<ref name="pmid21212844">{{cite journal| author=Keller MS, Lee J, Webster GF| title=Livedoid thrombotic vasculopathy responding to doxycycline therapy. | journal=J Clin Aesthet Dermatol | year= 2008 | volume= 1 | issue= 4 | pages= 22-4 | pmid=21212844 | doi= | pmc=PMC3016933 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21212844  }} </ref>
*[[Dermatomyositis]]
*[[Dermatomyositis]]
*[[Dextroamphetamine]]
*[[Dextroamphetamine]]<ref name="SyedMoore2008">{{cite journal|last1=Syed|first1=Reema H.|last2=Moore|first2=Terry L.|title=Methylphenidate and Dextroamphetamine-Induced Peripheral Vasculopathy|journal=JCR: Journal of Clinical Rheumatology|volume=14|issue=1|year=2008|pages=30–33|issn=1076-1608|doi=10.1097/RHU.0b013e3181639aaa}}</ref>
*[[Down syndrome]]
*[[Down syndrome]]<ref name="pmid22303799">{{cite journal| author=Bilgili SG, Akdeniz N, Karadag AS, Akbayram S, Calka O, Ozkol HU| title=Mucocutaneous disorders in children with down syndrome: case-controlled study. | journal=Genet Couns | year= 2011 | volume= 22 | issue= 4 | pages= 385-92 | pmid=22303799 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22303799  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17542890">{{cite journal| author=Daneshpazhooh M, Nazemi TM, Bigdeloo L, Yoosefi M| title=Mucocutaneous findings in 100 children with Down syndrome. | journal=Pediatr Dermatol | year= 2007 | volume= 24 | issue= 3 | pages= 317-20 | pmid=17542890 | doi=10.1111/j.1525-1470.2007.00412.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17542890  }} </ref>
*[[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]]  
*[[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]]  
*[[Elevated fibrinopeptide A]]
*[[fibrin degradation product|Elevated fibrinopeptide A]]<ref name="pmid21212844">{{cite journal| author=Keller MS, Lee J, Webster GF| title=Livedoid thrombotic vasculopathy responding to doxycycline therapy. | journal=J Clin Aesthet Dermatol | year= 2008 | volume= 1 | issue= 4 | pages= 22-4 | pmid=21212844 | doi= | pmc=PMC3016933 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21212844  }} </ref>
*[[Factor V Leiden mutation]]  
*[[Factor V Leiden mutation]]<ref name="pmid17116831">{{cite journal| author=Hairston BR, Davis MD, Pittelkow MR, Ahmed I| title=Livedoid vasculopathy: further evidence for procoagulant pathogenesis. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 2006 | volume= 142 | issue= 11 | pages= 1413-8 | pmid=17116831 | doi=10.1001/archderm.142.11.1413 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17116831  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23268168?">{{cite journal| author=Yong AA, Tan AW, Giam YC, Tang MB| title=Livedoid vasculopathy and its association with factor V Leiden mutation. | journal=Singapore Med J | year= 2012 | volume= 53 | issue= 12 | pages= e258-60 | pmid=23268168? | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23268168  }} </ref>
*[[Familial primary cryofibrinogenemia]]
*Familial primary cryofibrinogenemia<ref name="pmid10188150?">{{cite journal| author=van Geest AJ, van Dooren-Greebe RJ, Andriessen MP, Blomjous CE, Go IH| title=Familial primary cryofibrinogenemia. | journal=J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol | year= 1999 | volume= 12 | issue= 1 | pages= 47-50 | pmid=10188150? | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10188150  }} </ref>
*[[FILS syndrome]]
*FILS syndrome<ref name="pmid23230001">{{cite journal| author=Pachlopnik Schmid J, Lemoine R, Nehme N, Cormier-Daire V, Revy P, Debeurme F et al.| title=Polymerase ε1 mutation in a human syndrome with facial dysmorphism, immunodeficiency, livedo, and short stature ("FILS syndrome"). | journal=J Exp Med | year= 2012 | volume= 209 | issue= 13 | pages= 2323-30 | pmid=23230001 | doi=10.1084/jem.20121303 | pmc=PMC3526359 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23230001  }} </ref>
*[[Gefitinib]]
*[[Gefitinib]]<ref name="pmid18173531">{{cite journal| author=Blume JE, Miller CC| title=Livedo reticularis with retiform purpura associated with gefitinib (Iressa). | journal=Int J Dermatol | year= 2007 | volume= 46 | issue= 12 | pages= 1307-8 | pmid=18173531 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03319.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18173531  }} </ref>
*[[Henoch-Schönlein purpura]]
*[[Graves' disease|Graves' hyperthyroidism]]<ref name="pmid15255431">{{cite journal| author=Liel Y| title=Livedo reticularis: a rare manifestation of Graves hyperthyroidism associated with anticardiolipin antibodies. | journal=South Med J | year= 2004 | volume= 97 | issue= 6 | pages= 601-3 | pmid=15255431 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15255431  }} </ref>
*[[Henoch-Schönlein purpura]]<ref name="pmid7604640">{{cite journal| author=Helander SD, De Castro FR, Gibson LE| title=Henoch-Schönlein purpura: clinicopathologic correlation of cutaneous vascular IgA deposits and the relationship to leukocytoclastic vasculitis. | journal=Acta Derm Venereol | year= 1995 | volume= 75 | issue= 2 | pages= 125-9 | pmid=7604640 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7604640  }} </ref>
*[[Homocystinuria]]
*[[Homocystinuria]]
*[[Hypercalcaemia]]  
*[[Hypercalcaemia]]  
*[[Hyperhomocysteinemia]]
*[[Hyperhomocysteinemia]]<ref name="pmid17116831">{{cite journal| author=Hairston BR, Davis MD, Pittelkow MR, Ahmed I| title=Livedoid vasculopathy: further evidence for procoagulant pathogenesis. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 2006 | volume= 142 | issue= 11 | pages= 1413-8 | pmid=17116831 | doi=10.1001/archderm.142.11.1413 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17116831  }} </ref>
*[[livedo reticularis|Idiopathic livedo reticularis]]
*[[livedo reticularis|Idiopathic livedo reticularis]]<ref name="pmid21212844">{{cite journal| author=Keller MS, Lee J, Webster GF| title=Livedoid thrombotic vasculopathy responding to doxycycline therapy. | journal=J Clin Aesthet Dermatol | year= 2008 | volume= 1 | issue= 4 | pages= 22-4 | pmid=21212844 | doi= | pmc=PMC3016933 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21212844  }} </ref>
*[[IgM antiphosphatidylserine-prothrombin complex antibody]]
*IgM antiphosphatidylserine-prothrombin complex antibody<ref name="pmid20526560">{{cite journal| author=Tabata N, Oonami K, Ishibashi M, Yamazaki M| title=Livedo vasculopathy associated with IgM anti-phosphatidylserine-prothrombin complex antibody. | journal=Acta Derm Venereol | year= 2010 | volume= 90 | issue= 3 | pages= 313-4 | pmid=20526560 | doi=10.2340/00015555-0835 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20526560  }} </ref>
*[[Immune complex disease]]  
*[[Immune complex disease]] <ref name="pmid21212844">{{cite journal| author=Keller MS, Lee J, Webster GF| title=Livedoid thrombotic vasculopathy responding to doxycycline therapy. | journal=J Clin Aesthet Dermatol | year= 2008 | volume= 1 | issue= 4 | pages= 22-4 | pmid=21212844 | doi= | pmc=PMC3016933 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21212844  }} </ref>
*[[Increased plasminogen activator release]]
*Increased plasminogen activator release<ref name="pmid21212844">{{cite journal| author=Keller MS, Lee J, Webster GF| title=Livedoid thrombotic vasculopathy responding to doxycycline therapy. | journal=J Clin Aesthet Dermatol | year= 2008 | volume= 1 | issue= 4 | pages= 22-4 | pmid=21212844 | doi= | pmc=PMC3016933 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21212844  }} </ref>
*[[Interferon type I|Interferon beta treatment]]  
*[[Interferon type I|Interferon beta treatment]] <ref name="pmid21575046">{{cite journal| author=Fox M, Tahan S, Kim CC| title=Livedo reticularis: a side effect of interferon therapy in a pediatric patient with melanoma. | journal=Pediatr Dermatol | year= 2012 | volume= 29 | issue= 3 | pages= 333-5 | pmid=21575046 | doi=10.1111/j.1525-1470.2011.01426.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21575046  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10920422">{{cite journal| author=Cruz BA, Queiroz ED, Nunes SV, Cruz Filho A, Campos GB, Monteiro EL et al.| title=[Severe Raynaud's phenomenon associated with interferon-beta therapy for multiple sclerosis: case report]. | journal=Arq Neuropsiquiatr | year= 2000 | volume= 58 | issue= 2B | pages= 556-9 | pmid=10920422 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10920422  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24321162">{{cite journal| author=Rot U, Ledinek AH| title=Interferons beta have vasoconstrictive and procoagulant effects: a woman who developed livedo reticularis and Raynaud phenomenon in association with interferon beta treatment for multiple sclerosis. | journal=Clin Neurol Neurosurg | year= 2013 | volume= 115 Suppl 1 | issue=  | pages= S79-81 | pmid=24321162 | doi=10.1016/j.clineuro.2013.09.027 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24321162  }} </ref>
*[[Lupus anticoagulant]]
*[[Lupus anticoagulant]]<ref name="pmid1684471">{{cite journal| author=Stephansson EA, Niemi KM, Jouhikainen T, Vaarala O, Palosuo T| title=Lupus anticoagulant and the skin. A longterm follow-up study of SLE patients with special reference to histopathological findings. | journal=Acta Derm Venereol | year= 1991 | volume= 71 | issue= 5 | pages= 416-22 | pmid=1684471 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1684471  }} </ref>
{{col-break|width=33%}}  
{{col-break|width=33%}}  
*[[Lyme disease]]
*[[Lyme disease]]
*[[Lymphoma]]
*[[Lymphoma]]
*[[breast cancer|Metastatic breast carcinoma]]
*[[breast cancer|Metastatic breast carcinoma]]<ref name="pmid19120398">{{cite journal| author=Gambichler T, Baier P, Altmeyer P| title=Generalized livedo reticularis as the first sign of metastatic breast carcinoma. | journal=Clin Exp Dermatol | year= 2009 | volume= 34 | issue= 2 | pages= 253-4 | pmid=19120398 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.02801.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19120398  }} </ref>
*[[Methylphenidate]]
*[[Methylphenidate]]<ref name="SyedMoore2008">{{cite journal|last1=Syed|first1=Reema H.|last2=Moore|first2=Terry L.|title=Methylphenidate and Dextroamphetamine-Induced Peripheral Vasculopathy|journal=JCR: Journal of Clinical Rheumatology|volume=14|issue=1|year=2008|pages=30–33|issn=1076-1608|doi=10.1097/RHU.0b013e3181639aaa}}</ref>
*[[catheter|Midline catheter]]  
*[[catheter|Midline catheter]] <ref name="pmid12578157">{{cite journal| author=Shrestha NK, Gordon SM, Isada CM| title=Livedo reticularis associated with the use of a midline catheter. | journal=Scand J Infect Dis | year= 2002 | volume= 34 | issue= 11 | pages= 845-6 | pmid=12578157 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12578157  }} </ref>
*[[Mixed connective tissue disease]]
*[[Mixed connective tissue disease]]<ref name="pmid11055828">{{cite journal| author=Oh YB, Jun JB, Kim CK, Lee CW, Park CK, Kim TY et al.| title=Mixed connective tissue disease associated with skin defects of livedoid vasculitis. | journal=Clin Rheumatol | year= 2000 | volume= 19 | issue= 5 | pages= 381-4 | pmid=11055828 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11055828  }} </ref>
*[[Mononeuritis multiplex]]  
*[[Mononeuritis multiplex]] <ref name="pmid14571469">{{cite journal| author=Toth C, Trotter M, Clark A, Zochodne D| title=Mononeuropathy multiplex in association with livedoid vasculitis. | journal=Muscle Nerve | year= 2003 | volume= 28 | issue= 5 | pages= 634-9 | pmid=14571469 | doi=10.1002/mus.10450 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14571469  }} </ref>
*[[Moyamoya disease]]  
*[[Moyamoya disease]] <ref name="pmid12657007">{{cite journal| author=Richards KA, Paller AS| title=Livedo reticularis in a child with moyamoya disease. | journal=Pediatr Dermatol | year= 2003 | volume= 20 | issue= 2 | pages= 124-7 | pmid=12657007 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12657007  }} </ref>
*[[Oxalosis]]
*[[Oxalosis]]<ref name="pmid23103120">{{cite journal| author=Jorquera-Barquero E, Súarez-Marrero MC, Fernández Girón F, Borrero Martín JJ| title=Oxalosis and livedo reticularis. | journal=Actas Dermosifiliogr | year= 2013 | volume= 104 | issue= 9 | pages= 815-8 | pmid=23103120 | doi=10.1016/j.ad.2012.04.019 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23103120  }} </ref>
*[[Pancreatitis]]
*[[Pancreatitis]]<ref name="pmid9843029">{{cite journal| author=Gould JW, Helms SE, Schulz SM, Stevens SR| title=Relapsing livedo reticularis in the setting of chronic pancreatitis. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 1998 | volume= 39 | issue= 6 | pages= 1035-6 | pmid=9843029 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9843029  }} </ref><ref name="pmid13214346">{{cite journal| author=SIGMUND WJ, SHELLEY WB| title=Cutaneous manifestations of acute pancreatitis, with special reference to livedo reticularis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1954 | volume= 251 | issue= 21 | pages= 851-3 | pmid=13214346 | doi=10.1056/NEJM195411182512104 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13214346  }} </ref>
*[[Peripheral arterial occlusive disease]]
*[[Peripheral arterial occlusive disease]]
*[[Pernicious anaemia]]
*[[Pernicious anaemia]]<ref name="pmid12823317">{{cite journal| author=Sevastos NS, Rafailidis PI, Katoulis AC, Kolokotronis KG, Stavrianeas NG| title=Livedo reticularis associated with pernicious anaemia. | journal=Clin Exp Dermatol | year= 2003 | volume= 28 | issue= 4 | pages= 452-3 | pmid=12823317 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12823317  }} </ref>
*[[Pheochromocytoma]]
*[[Pheochromocytoma]]<ref name="BuckleyLessing2013">{{cite journal|last1=Buckley|first1=Sarah A.|last2=Lessing|first2=Juan N.|last3=Mark|first3=Nicholas M.|title=Livedo Reticularis in a Patient With Pheochromocytoma Resolving After Adrenalectomy|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|volume=98|issue=2|year=2013|pages=439–440|issn=0021-972X|doi=10.1210/jc.2012-2842}}</ref>
*[[Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter homozygosity]]
*Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter homozygosity<ref name="pmid20107738">{{cite journal| author=Antunes J, Filipe P, André M, Fraga A, Miltenyi G, Marques Gomes M| title=Livedoid vasculopathy associated with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter homozygosity (4G/4G) and prothrombin G20210A heterozygosity: response to t-PA therapy. | journal=Acta Derm Venereol | year= 2010 | volume= 90 | issue= 1 | pages= 91-2 | pmid=20107738 | doi=10.2340/00015555-0760 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20107738  }} </ref>
*[[Polyarteritis nodosa]]
*[[Polyarteritis nodosa]]<ref name="pmid21477790">{{cite journal| author=Llamas-Velasco M, de Argila D, Fraga J, García-Diez A| title=[Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa with manifestations of livedoid vasculopathy]. | journal=Actas Dermosifiliogr | year= 2011 | volume= 102 | issue= 6 | pages= 477-9 | pmid=21477790 | doi=10.1016/j.ad.2010.10.020 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21477790  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20618492">{{cite journal| author=Morgan AJ, Schwartz RA| title=Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa: a comprehensive review. | journal=Int J Dermatol | year= 2010 | volume= 49 | issue= 7 | pages= 750-6 | pmid=20618492 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04522.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20618492  }} </ref>
*[[Polyclonal IgM hypergammopathy]]
*Polyclonal IgM hypergammopathy <ref name="pmid21489905">{{cite journal| author=Endo Y, Miyachi Y, Yoshikawa Y| title=Idiopathic livedo reticularis concomitant with polyclonal IgM hypergammopathy. | journal=Eur J Dermatol | year= 2011 | volume= 21 | issue= 2 | pages= 266-7 | pmid=21489905 | doi=10.1684/ejd.2010.1226 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21489905  }} </ref>
*[[Polycythaemia rubra vera]]
*[[Polycythaemia rubra vera]]
*[[Primary hyperoxaluria]]
*[[Primary hyperoxaluria]]<ref name="pmid14512927">{{cite journal| author=Bogle MA, Teller CF, Tschen JA, Smith CA, Wang A| title=Primary hyperoxaluria in a 27-year-old woman. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2003 | volume= 49 | issue= 4 | pages= 725-8 | pmid=14512927 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14512927  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11807460">{{cite journal| author=Marconi V, Mofid MZ, McCall C, Eckman I, Nousari HC| title=Primary hyperoxaluria: report of a patient with livedo reticularis and digital infarcts. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2002 | volume= 46 | issue= 2 Suppl Case Reports | pages= S16-8 | pmid=11807460 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11807460  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11030785">{{cite journal| author=Shih HA, Kao DM, Elenitsas R, Leyden JJ| title=Livedo reticularis, ulcers, and peripheral gangrene: cutaneous manifestations of primary hyperoxaluria. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 2000 | volume= 136 | issue= 10 | pages= 1272-4 | pmid=11030785 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11030785  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10196036">{{cite journal| author=Singh S, Tai C, Ganz G, Yeung CK, Magil A, Rosenberg F et al.| title=Steroid-responsive pleuropericarditis and livedo reticularis in an unusual case of adult-onset primary hyperoxaluria. | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 1999 | volume= 33 | issue= 4 | pages= e5 | pmid=10196036 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10196036  }} </ref>
*[[Protein C deficiency]]
*[[Protein C deficiency]]<ref name="pmid17116831">{{cite journal| author=Hairston BR, Davis MD, Pittelkow MR, Ahmed I| title=Livedoid vasculopathy: further evidence for procoagulant pathogenesis. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 2006 | volume= 142 | issue= 11 | pages= 1413-8 | pmid=17116831 | doi=10.1001/archderm.142.11.1413 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17116831  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11069468">{{cite journal| author=Boyvat A, Kundakçi N, Babikir MO, Gürgey E| title=Livedoid vasculopathy associated with heterozygous protein C deficiency. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 2000 | volume= 143 | issue= 4 | pages= 840-2 | pmid=11069468 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11069468  }} </ref>
*[[Prothrombin g20210a heterozygosity]]
*Prothrombin G20210A heterozygosity <ref name="pmid20107738">{{cite journal| author=Antunes J, Filipe P, André M, Fraga A, Miltenyi G, Marques Gomes M| title=Livedoid vasculopathy associated with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter homozygosity (4G/4G) and prothrombin G20210A heterozygosity: response to t-PA therapy. | journal=Acta Derm Venereol | year= 2010 | volume= 90 | issue= 1 | pages= 91-2 | pmid=20107738 | doi=10.2340/00015555-0760 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20107738  }} </ref>
*[[Rasagiline]]  
*[[Rasagiline]] <ref name="pmid22648227">{{cite journal| author=Strowd LC, Lee AD, Yosipovitch G| title=Livedo reticularis associated with rasagiline (azilect). | journal=J Drugs Dermatol | year= 2012 | volume= 11 | issue= 6 | pages= 764-5 | pmid=22648227 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22648227  }} </ref>
*[[Renal cell carcinoma]]  
*[[Renal cell carcinoma]]<ref name="pmid11454094">{{cite journal| author=Erel A, Ozsoy E, University G| title=Livedo reticularis associated with renal cell carcinoma. | journal=Int J Dermatol | year= 2001 | volume= 40 | issue= 4 | pages= 299-300 | pmid=11454094 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11454094  }} </ref>
*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
*[[Sarcoidosis]]
*[[Sarcoidosis]]<ref name="pmid20610374">{{cite journal| author=Takenoshita H, Yamamoto T| title=Erythema nodosum-like cutaneous lesions of sarcoidosis showing livedoid changes in a patient with sarcoidosis and Sjögren's syndrome. | journal=Eur J Dermatol | year= 2010 | volume= 20 | issue= 5 | pages= 640-1 | pmid=20610374 | doi=10.1684/ejd.2010.1034 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20610374  }} </ref>
*[[Scleroderma]]
*[[Scleroderma]]<ref name="pmid6137196">{{cite journal| author=Thomas JR, Winkelmann RK| title=Vascular ulcers in scleroderma. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 1983 | volume= 119 | issue= 10 | pages= 803-7 | pmid=6137196 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6137196  }} </ref>
*[[breast implant|Silicone implants]]
*[[breast implant|Silicone implants]]<ref name="pmid22441370">{{cite journal| author=Camacho D, Machan S, Pilesanski U, Revelles JM, Martín L, Requena L| title=Generalized livedo reticularis induced by silicone implants for soft tissue augmentation. | journal=Am J Dermatopathol | year= 2012 | volume= 34 | issue= 2 | pages= 203-7 | pmid=22441370 | doi=10.1097/DAD.0b013e31821cb3c5 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22441370  }} </ref>
*[[Sjögren's syndrome]]
*[[Sjögren's syndrome]]<ref name="pmid20610374">{{cite journal| author=Takenoshita H, Yamamoto T| title=Erythema nodosum-like cutaneous lesions of sarcoidosis showing livedoid changes in a patient with sarcoidosis and Sjögren's syndrome. | journal=Eur J Dermatol | year= 2010 | volume= 20 | issue= 5 | pages= 640-1 | pmid=20610374 | doi=10.1684/ejd.2010.1034 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20610374  }} </ref>
*[[Sneddon-Champion syndrome]]
*[[Sneddon-Champion syndrome]]
*[[Syphilis]]  
*[[Syphilis]]  
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]<ref name="pmid3942409">{{cite journal| author=Yasue T| title=Livedoid vasculitis and central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 1986 | volume= 122 | issue= 1 | pages= 66-70 | pmid=3942409 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3942409  }} </ref>
*[[Thrombocytosis]]  
*[[Thrombocytosis]]  
*[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Vasculitis]]
*[[Vasculitis]]
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}
==Diagnosis==
===Physical Examination===
====Skin====
=====Extremities=====
<gallery>
Image:Atrophie Blanche01.jpg|Atrophie Blanche. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/  Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.]''<ref name="Dermatology Atlas">{{Cite
Image:Atrophie Blanche02.jpg|Atrophie Blanche. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/  Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.]''<ref name="Dermatology Atlas">{{Cite
Image:Atrophie Blanche03.jpg|Atrophie Blanche. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/  Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.]''<ref name="Dermatology Atlas">{{Cite
Image:Atrophie Blanche04.jpg|Atrophie Blanche. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/  Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.]''<ref name="Dermatology Atlas">{{Cite
Image:Atrophie Blanche05.jpg|Atrophie Blanche. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/  Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.]''<ref name="Dermatology Atlas">{{Cite
Image:Atrophie Blanche06.jpg|Atrophie Blanche. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/  Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.]''<ref name="Dermatology Atlas">{{Cite
Image:Atrophie Blanche07.jpg|Atrophie Blanche. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/  Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.]''<ref name="Dermatology Atlas">{{Cite
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</gallery>


==Treatment==
==Treatment==

Latest revision as of 18:21, 14 August 2014

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Kiran Singh, M.D. [2]

Synonyms and keywords: Livedo reticularis; livedo vasculitis; livedoid vasculopathy; primary livedo reticularis; idiopathic livedo reticularis; vitiligo reticularis;Atrophie blanche;

Overview

Livedoid vasculitis is a vascular disorder mostly affecting women. It may be aggravated by exposure to cold and occurs most often in the lower extremities. It can also be associated with the presence of anti-cardiolipin antibodies (the Antiphospholipid syndrome).

Historical Perspective

The condition's name derives from the Latin livere meaning bluish.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

There are no life-threatening causes of livedoid vasculitis that may result in death or permanent disability if left treated within 24 hours.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Antithrombin III deficiency, arteriosclerosis, Buerger's disease, carbon dioxide arteriography, cholesterol emboli syndrome, hypercalcemia, peripheral arterial occlusive disease, vasculitis
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita, dermal vascular occlusion, dermatomyositis, FILS syndrome, idiopathic livedo reticularis, polyarteritis nodosa, scleroderma, Sneddon-Champion syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, vasculitis
Drug Side Effect Amantadine, dextroamphetamine, gefitinib, interferon beta treatment, methylphenidate, rasagiline
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Graves hyperthyroidism, pheochromocytoma
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Pancreatitis
Genetic Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency, Down syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, familial primary cryofibrinogenemia, homocystinuria, oxalosis, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter homozygosity, protein C deficiency, prothrombin G20210A heterozygosity
Hematologic Anticardiolipin syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome, antithrombin III deficiency, cryoglobulinemia, elevated fibrinopeptide A, factor V Leiden mutation, familial primary cryofibrinogenemia, Henoch-Schönlein purpura, increased plasminogen activator release, lupus anticoagulant, pernicious anemia, polycythaemia rubra vera, protein C deficiency, thrombocytosis
Iatrogenic Midline catheter
Infectious Disease Cytomegalovirus infection, Lyme disease, syphilis, tuberculosis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, FILS syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis
Neurologic Anticardiolipin syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome, mononeuritis multiplex, moyamoya disease, Sneddon-Champion syndrome
Nutritional/Metabolic Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency, homocystinuria, hyperhomocysteinemia, primary hyperoxaluria
Obstetric/Gynecologic Anticardiolipin syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome
Oncologic Lymphoma, metastatic breast carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, renal cell carcinoma
Ophthalmologic Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency, homocystinuria
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Churg-Strauss syndrome, sarcoidosis, scleroderma, tuberculosis
Renal/Electrolyte Henoch-Schönlein purpura, hypercalcemia, renal cell carcinoma, systemic lupus erythematosus
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Anticardiolipin syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome, Buerger's disease, Churg-Strauss syndrome, cryoglobulinemia, dermatomyositis, FILS syndrome, Henoch-Schönlein purpura, IgM antiphosphatidylserine-prothrombin complex antibody, immune complex disease, increased plasminogen activator release, lupus anticoagulant, mixed connective tissue disease, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter homozygosity, polyarteritis nodosa, polyclonal IgM hypergammopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, scleroderma, Sjögren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, vasculitis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Silicone implants

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Diagnosis

Physical Examination

Skin

Extremities

Treatment

Other than identifying and treating any underlying conditions in secondary livedo,[58] idiopathic livedo reticularis itself may improve with warming the legs, but once established the skin discolouration may become permanent.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Liel Y (2004). "Livedo reticularis: a rare manifestation of Graves hyperthyroidism associated with anticardiolipin antibodies". South Med J. 97 (6): 601–3. PMID 15255431.
  2. ↑ Gibbs MB, English JC, Zirwas MJ (2005). "Livedo reticularis: an update". J Am Acad Dermatol. 52 (6): 1009–19. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.11.051. PMID 15928620.
  3. ↑ Salvado M, Hernández-Vara J (2014). "[Livedo reticularis secondary to amantadine in a patient with Parkinson disease]". Med Clin (Barc). 142 (4): 186. doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2013.06.022. PMID 24012443.
  4. ↑ Silva SB, Miot HA (2012). "Case for diagnosis". An Bras Dermatol. 87 (2): 319–21. PMID 22570045.
  5. ↑ Xu LY, Liu A, Kerr HA (2011). "Livedo reticularis from amantadine". Skinmed. 9 (5): 320–1. PMID 22165049.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Hairston BR, Davis MD, Pittelkow MR, Ahmed I (2006). "Livedoid vasculopathy: further evidence for procoagulant pathogenesis". Arch Dermatol. 142 (11): 1413–8. doi:10.1001/archderm.142.11.1413. PMID 17116831.
  7. ↑ Asherson RA, Cervera R (1993). "Antiphospholipid syndrome". J Invest Dermatol. 100 (1): 21S–27S. PMID 8423386.
  8. ↑ Gibson GE, Su WP, Pittelkow MR (1997). "Antiphospholipid syndrome and the skin". J Am Acad Dermatol. 36 (6 Pt 1): 970–82. PMID 9204065.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Keller MS, Lee J, Webster GF (2008). "Livedoid thrombotic vasculopathy responding to doxycycline therapy". J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 1 (4): 22–4. PMC 3016933. PMID 21212844.
  10. ↑ Takanashi T, Horigome R, Okuda Y, Nose M, Matsuda M, Ikeda S (2007). "Buerger's disease manifesting nodular erythema with livedo reticularis". Intern Med. 46 (21): 1815–9. PMID 17978541.
  11. ↑ Johnson PL, Neperud J, Arnold J, Thomas J (2011). "Livedo reticularis and bowel ischemia after carbon dioxide arteriography in a patient with CREST syndrome". J Vasc Interv Radiol. 22 (3): 395–9. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2010.11.012. PMID 21277800.
  12. ↑ Kazmier FJ, Sheps SG, Bernatz PE, Sayre GP (1966). "Livedo reticularis and digital infarcts: a syndrome due to cholesterol emboli arising from atheromatous abdominal aortic aneurysms". Vasc Dis. 3 (1): 12–24. PMID 5903590.
  13. ↑ Stewart WM, Lauret P, Testart J, Thomine E, Boulliê MC, Leroy D (1977). "[Cutaneous cholesterol emboli (author's transl)]". Ann Dermatol Venereol. 104 (1): 5–8. PMID 843026.
  14. ↑ Bosco L, Peroni A, Schena D, Colato C, Girolomoni G (2011). "Cutaneous manifestations of Churg-Strauss syndrome: report of two cases and review of the literature". Clin Rheumatol. 30 (4): 573–80. doi:10.1007/s10067-010-1593-1. PMID 20949297.
  15. ↑ Namazi MR, Kerchner KR, Pichardo RO (2008). "Essential type II mixed cryoglobulinemia causing pyoderma gangrenosum-like ulcers". ScientificWorldJournal. 8: 228. doi:10.1100/tsw.2008.44. PMID 18335149.
  16. ↑ Altman AR, Tschen JA, Wolf JE (1984). "Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita: a case report". Pediatr Dermatol. 1 (3): 223–5. PMID 6494067.
  17. ↑ Del Giudice SM, Nydorf ED (1986). "Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita with multiple congenital anomalies". Arch Dermatol. 122 (9): 1060–1. PMID 3740886.
  18. ↑ Halbesleben, Jennifer J.; Cleveland, Mark G.; Stone, Mary Seabury (2010). "Diffuse Dermal Angiomatosis Arising in Cutis Marmorata Telangiectatica Congenita". Archives of Dermatology. 146 (11). doi:10.1001/archdermatol.2010.331. ISSN 0003-987X.
  19. ↑ Arslan F, Batirel A, Mert A, Ozer S (2012). "Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-related cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis: case report and literature review". Braz J Infect Dis. 16 (5): 482–5. doi:10.1016/j.bjid.2012.08.002. PMID 22975173.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Syed, Reema H.; Moore, Terry L. (2008). "Methylphenidate and Dextroamphetamine-Induced Peripheral Vasculopathy". JCR: Journal of Clinical Rheumatology. 14 (1): 30–33. doi:10.1097/RHU.0b013e3181639aaa. ISSN 1076-1608.
  21. ↑ Bilgili SG, Akdeniz N, Karadag AS, Akbayram S, Calka O, Ozkol HU (2011). "Mucocutaneous disorders in children with down syndrome: case-controlled study". Genet Couns. 22 (4): 385–92. PMID 22303799.
  22. ↑ Daneshpazhooh M, Nazemi TM, Bigdeloo L, Yoosefi M (2007). "Mucocutaneous findings in 100 children with Down syndrome". Pediatr Dermatol. 24 (3): 317–20. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2007.00412.x. PMID 17542890.
  23. ↑ Yong AA, Tan AW, Giam YC, Tang MB (2012). "Livedoid vasculopathy and its association with factor V Leiden mutation". Singapore Med J. 53 (12): e258–60. PMID 23268168? Check |pmid= value (help).
  24. ↑ van Geest AJ, van Dooren-Greebe RJ, Andriessen MP, Blomjous CE, Go IH (1999). "Familial primary cryofibrinogenemia". J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 12 (1): 47–50. PMID 10188150? Check |pmid= value (help).
  25. ↑ Pachlopnik Schmid J, Lemoine R, Nehme N, Cormier-Daire V, Revy P, Debeurme F; et al. (2012). "Polymerase ε1 mutation in a human syndrome with facial dysmorphism, immunodeficiency, livedo, and short stature ("FILS syndrome")". J Exp Med. 209 (13): 2323–30. doi:10.1084/jem.20121303. PMC 3526359. PMID 23230001.
  26. ↑ Blume JE, Miller CC (2007). "Livedo reticularis with retiform purpura associated with gefitinib (Iressa)". Int J Dermatol. 46 (12): 1307–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03319.x. PMID 18173531.
  27. ↑ Helander SD, De Castro FR, Gibson LE (1995). "Henoch-Schönlein purpura: clinicopathologic correlation of cutaneous vascular IgA deposits and the relationship to leukocytoclastic vasculitis". Acta Derm Venereol. 75 (2): 125–9. PMID 7604640.
  28. ↑ Tabata N, Oonami K, Ishibashi M, Yamazaki M (2010). "Livedo vasculopathy associated with IgM anti-phosphatidylserine-prothrombin complex antibody". Acta Derm Venereol. 90 (3): 313–4. doi:10.2340/00015555-0835. PMID 20526560.
  29. ↑ Fox M, Tahan S, Kim CC (2012). "Livedo reticularis: a side effect of interferon therapy in a pediatric patient with melanoma". Pediatr Dermatol. 29 (3): 333–5. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2011.01426.x. PMID 21575046.
  30. ↑ Cruz BA, Queiroz ED, Nunes SV, Cruz Filho A, Campos GB, Monteiro EL; et al. (2000). "[Severe Raynaud's phenomenon associated with interferon-beta therapy for multiple sclerosis: case report]". Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 58 (2B): 556–9. PMID 10920422.
  31. ↑ Rot U, Ledinek AH (2013). "Interferons beta have vasoconstrictive and procoagulant effects: a woman who developed livedo reticularis and Raynaud phenomenon in association with interferon beta treatment for multiple sclerosis". Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 115 Suppl 1: S79–81. doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2013.09.027. PMID 24321162.
  32. ↑ Stephansson EA, Niemi KM, Jouhikainen T, Vaarala O, Palosuo T (1991). "Lupus anticoagulant and the skin. A longterm follow-up study of SLE patients with special reference to histopathological findings". Acta Derm Venereol. 71 (5): 416–22. PMID 1684471.
  33. ↑ Gambichler T, Baier P, Altmeyer P (2009). "Generalized livedo reticularis as the first sign of metastatic breast carcinoma". Clin Exp Dermatol. 34 (2): 253–4. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.02801.x. PMID 19120398.
  34. ↑ Shrestha NK, Gordon SM, Isada CM (2002). "Livedo reticularis associated with the use of a midline catheter". Scand J Infect Dis. 34 (11): 845–6. PMID 12578157.
  35. ↑ Oh YB, Jun JB, Kim CK, Lee CW, Park CK, Kim TY; et al. (2000). "Mixed connective tissue disease associated with skin defects of livedoid vasculitis". Clin Rheumatol. 19 (5): 381–4. PMID 11055828.
  36. ↑ Toth C, Trotter M, Clark A, Zochodne D (2003). "Mononeuropathy multiplex in association with livedoid vasculitis". Muscle Nerve. 28 (5): 634–9. doi:10.1002/mus.10450. PMID 14571469.
  37. ↑ Richards KA, Paller AS (2003). "Livedo reticularis in a child with moyamoya disease". Pediatr Dermatol. 20 (2): 124–7. PMID 12657007.
  38. ↑ Jorquera-Barquero E, Súarez-Marrero MC, Fernández Girón F, Borrero Martín JJ (2013). "Oxalosis and livedo reticularis". Actas Dermosifiliogr. 104 (9): 815–8. doi:10.1016/j.ad.2012.04.019. PMID 23103120.
  39. ↑ Gould JW, Helms SE, Schulz SM, Stevens SR (1998). "Relapsing livedo reticularis in the setting of chronic pancreatitis". J Am Acad Dermatol. 39 (6): 1035–6. PMID 9843029.
  40. ↑ SIGMUND WJ, SHELLEY WB (1954). "Cutaneous manifestations of acute pancreatitis, with special reference to livedo reticularis". N Engl J Med. 251 (21): 851–3. doi:10.1056/NEJM195411182512104. PMID 13214346.
  41. ↑ Sevastos NS, Rafailidis PI, Katoulis AC, Kolokotronis KG, Stavrianeas NG (2003). "Livedo reticularis associated with pernicious anaemia". Clin Exp Dermatol. 28 (4): 452–3. PMID 12823317.
  42. ↑ Buckley, Sarah A.; Lessing, Juan N.; Mark, Nicholas M. (2013). "Livedo Reticularis in a Patient With Pheochromocytoma Resolving After Adrenalectomy". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 98 (2): 439–440. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2842. ISSN 0021-972X.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Antunes J, Filipe P, André M, Fraga A, Miltenyi G, Marques Gomes M (2010). "Livedoid vasculopathy associated with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter homozygosity (4G/4G) and prothrombin G20210A heterozygosity: response to t-PA therapy". Acta Derm Venereol. 90 (1): 91–2. doi:10.2340/00015555-0760. PMID 20107738.
  44. ↑ Llamas-Velasco M, de Argila D, Fraga J, García-Diez A (2011). "[Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa with manifestations of livedoid vasculopathy]". Actas Dermosifiliogr. 102 (6): 477–9. doi:10.1016/j.ad.2010.10.020. PMID 21477790.
  45. ↑ Morgan AJ, Schwartz RA (2010). "Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa: a comprehensive review". Int J Dermatol. 49 (7): 750–6. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04522.x. PMID 20618492.
  46. ↑ Endo Y, Miyachi Y, Yoshikawa Y (2011). "Idiopathic livedo reticularis concomitant with polyclonal IgM hypergammopathy". Eur J Dermatol. 21 (2): 266–7. doi:10.1684/ejd.2010.1226. PMID 21489905.
  47. ↑ Bogle MA, Teller CF, Tschen JA, Smith CA, Wang A (2003). "Primary hyperoxaluria in a 27-year-old woman". J Am Acad Dermatol. 49 (4): 725–8. PMID 14512927.
  48. ↑ Marconi V, Mofid MZ, McCall C, Eckman I, Nousari HC (2002). "Primary hyperoxaluria: report of a patient with livedo reticularis and digital infarcts". J Am Acad Dermatol. 46 (2 Suppl Case Reports): S16–8. PMID 11807460.
  49. ↑ Shih HA, Kao DM, Elenitsas R, Leyden JJ (2000). "Livedo reticularis, ulcers, and peripheral gangrene: cutaneous manifestations of primary hyperoxaluria". Arch Dermatol. 136 (10): 1272–4. PMID 11030785.
  50. ↑ Singh S, Tai C, Ganz G, Yeung CK, Magil A, Rosenberg F; et al. (1999). "Steroid-responsive pleuropericarditis and livedo reticularis in an unusual case of adult-onset primary hyperoxaluria". Am J Kidney Dis. 33 (4): e5. PMID 10196036.
  51. ↑ Boyvat A, Kundakçi N, Babikir MO, Gürgey E (2000). "Livedoid vasculopathy associated with heterozygous protein C deficiency". Br J Dermatol. 143 (4): 840–2. PMID 11069468.
  52. ↑ Strowd LC, Lee AD, Yosipovitch G (2012). "Livedo reticularis associated with rasagiline (azilect)". J Drugs Dermatol. 11 (6): 764–5. PMID 22648227.
  53. ↑ Erel A, Ozsoy E, University G (2001). "Livedo reticularis associated with renal cell carcinoma". Int J Dermatol. 40 (4): 299–300. PMID 11454094.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Takenoshita H, Yamamoto T (2010). "Erythema nodosum-like cutaneous lesions of sarcoidosis showing livedoid changes in a patient with sarcoidosis and Sjögren's syndrome". Eur J Dermatol. 20 (5): 640–1. doi:10.1684/ejd.2010.1034. PMID 20610374.
  55. ↑ Thomas JR, Winkelmann RK (1983). "Vascular ulcers in scleroderma". Arch Dermatol. 119 (10): 803–7. PMID 6137196.
  56. ↑ Camacho D, Machan S, Pilesanski U, Revelles JM, Martín L, Requena L (2012). "Generalized livedo reticularis induced by silicone implants for soft tissue augmentation". Am J Dermatopathol. 34 (2): 203–7. doi:10.1097/DAD.0b013e31821cb3c5. PMID 22441370.
  57. ↑ Yasue T (1986). "Livedoid vasculitis and central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus". Arch Dermatol. 122 (1): 66–70. PMID 3942409.
  58. ↑ Fleischer A, Resnick S (1990). "Livedo reticularis". Dermatol Clin. 8 (2): 347–54. PMID 2191805.


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