Listeriosis risk factors: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
The ingestion of uncooked meats and vegetables, unpasteurized (raw) milk and cheeses, processed (or ready-to-eat) meats, and smoked seafood is a risk factor for listeriosis.<ref name=Sources>Listeria (Listeriosis) Sources. CDC.gov accessed on 7/25/2014 [http://www.cdc.gov/listeria/sources.html]</ref>  [[Immunosuppressed]] patients, neonates, pregnant women, and elderly patients have higher risk of contracting [[listeriosis]].<ref name="Lorber-1997">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Lorber | first1 = B. | title = Listeriosis. | journal = Clin Infect Dis | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 1-9; quiz 10-1 | month = Jan | year = 1997 | doi =  | PMID = 8994747 }}</ref>
Risk factors in the development of listeriosis include ingestion of uncooked meats and vegetables, unpasteurized (raw) milk and cheeses, processed (or ready-to-eat) meats, and smoked seafood.<ref name=Sources>Listeria (Listeriosis) Sources. CDC.gov accessed on 7/25/2014 [http://www.cdc.gov/listeria/sources.html]</ref>  Populations at higher risk of developing listeriosis include [[immunosuppressed]] patients, neonates, pregnant women, and elderly patients.<ref name="Lorber-1997">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Lorber | first1 = B. | title = Listeriosis. | journal = Clin Infect Dis | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 1-9; quiz 10-1 | month = Jan | year = 1997 | doi =  | PMID = 8994747 }}</ref>


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
===Contaminated Food===
===Ingestion of Contaminated Food===
The following foods may be associated with higher risk of developing listeriosis:<ref name=Sources>Listeria (Listeriosis) Sources. CDC.gov accessed on 7/25/2014 [http://www.cdc.gov/listeria/sources.html]</ref>
* Uncooked meats and vegetables
* Uncooked meats and vegetables
* Unpasteurized (raw) milk and cheeses as well as other foods made from unpasteurized milk
* Unpasteurized (raw) milk and cheeses as well as other foods made from unpasteurized milk
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* Processed eady-to-eat meats, such as hot dogs and deli meats (contamination may occur after factory cooking but before packaging or even at the deli counter)
* Processed eady-to-eat meats, such as hot dogs and deli meats (contamination may occur after factory cooking but before packaging or even at the deli counter)
* Smoked seafood
* Smoked seafood
* Mexican-style cheeses (such as queso fresco)<ref name=Sources>Listeria (Listeriosis) Sources. CDC.gov accessed on 7/25/2014 [http://www.cdc.gov/listeria/sources.html]</ref>
* Mexican-style cheeses (such as queso fresco)
 
Shown below is a table summarizing low and high risk cheese types.<ref name="www.cdc.gov">{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = CDC - Prevention - Listeriosis | url = http://www.cdc.gov/listeria/prevention.html | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = }}</ref>
Shown below is a table summarizing low and high risk cheese types.<ref name="www.cdc.gov">{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = CDC - Prevention - Listeriosis | url = http://www.cdc.gov/listeria/prevention.html | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = }}</ref>


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===People at Risk===
===High Risk Populations===
====Pregnant Women====
====Pregnant Women====
About one in seven (14%) cases of [[listeriosis]] occurs during pregnancy. Pregnant women are about 10 times more likely than the general population to be [[infected]]. Pregnant Hispanic women are about 24 times more likely than the general population to get [[listeriosis]].<ref name="-2013">{{Cite journal  | title = Vital signs: Listeria illnesses, deaths, and outbreaks--United States, 2009-2011. | journal = MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | volume = 62 | issue = 22 | pages = 448-52 | month = Jun | year = 2013 | doi =  | PMID = 23739339 }}</ref>
*Pregnant women are approximately 10 times more likely than the general population to develop listeriosis.<ref name="-2013">{{Cite journal  | title = Vital signs: Listeria illnesses, deaths, and outbreaks--United States, 2009-2011. | journal = MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | volume = 62 | issue = 22 | pages = 448-52 | month = Jun | year = 2013 | doi =  | PMID = 23739339 }}</ref>
====Hispanic Ethnicity====
*Pregnant Hispanic women are approximately 24 times more likely than the general population to develop [[listeriosis]].<ref name="-2013">{{Cite journal  | title = Vital signs: Listeria illnesses, deaths, and outbreaks--United States, 2009-2011. | journal = MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | volume = 62 | issue = 22 | pages = 448-52 | month = Jun | year = 2013 | doi =  | PMID = 23739339 }}</ref>
*The association between Hispanic ethnicity and listeriosis is unconfirmed and may be confounded by pregnancy.


====Older Adults====
====Neonates====
More than half (58%) of Listeria [[infections]] occur among adults older than 65 years of age. Adults 65 years and older are about 4 times more likely than the general population to be [[infected]].<ref name="-2013">{{Cite journal  | title = Vital signs: Listeria illnesses, deaths, and outbreaks--United States, 2009-2011. | journal = MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | volume = 62 | issue = 22 | pages = 448-52 | month = Jun | year = 2013 | doi =  | PMID = 23739339 }}</ref>
*Neonates are at high risk of developing listerios.
*Transmission of ''Listeria'' to neonates occurs either in-utero or during delivery.
 
====Elderly Individuals====
*More than half (58%) of all ''Listeria'' infections occur among adults older than 65 years of age.
*Adults 65 years and older are approximately 4 times more likely than the general population to develop listeriosis.<ref name="-2013">{{Cite journal  | title = Vital signs: Listeria illnesses, deaths, and outbreaks--United States, 2009-2011. | journal = MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | volume = 62 | issue = 22 | pages = 448-52 | month = Jun | year = 2013 | doi =  | PMID = 23739339 }}</ref>


====Immnosuppression====
====Immnosuppression====
Immunosupressed individuals have a higher risk for [[infection]] due to underlying medical conditions such as [[cancer]] and [[immunosuppressant|immunosuppresive therapy]] (i.e., [[steroids]], [[chemotherapy]], [[radiation]], [[Monoclonal antibodies]]such as [[Vedolizumab]]), [[Liver damage|liver]] or [[kidney disease]], [[diabetes]], [[alcoholism]], and [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]]). [[AIDS]] patients are almost 300 times more likely to get [[listeriosis]] than people with normal [[immune systems]].
*Immunosuppressed individuals have a higher risk of developing listeriosis.
 
*Immunosuppressed conditions include organ transplantation, administration of either [[steroids]], [[chemotherapy]], [[radiation]], or [[monoclonal antibodies]], advanced liver or kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, or HIV/AIDS
====Newborn Babies====
Newborn babies suffer the most serious effects of listeriosis in [[pregnancy]].


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 18:42, 25 January 2016

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [3]

Overview

Risk factors in the development of listeriosis include ingestion of uncooked meats and vegetables, unpasteurized (raw) milk and cheeses, processed (or ready-to-eat) meats, and smoked seafood.[1] Populations at higher risk of developing listeriosis include immunosuppressed patients, neonates, pregnant women, and elderly patients.[2]

Risk Factors

Ingestion of Contaminated Food

The following foods may be associated with higher risk of developing listeriosis:[1]

  • Uncooked meats and vegetables
  • Unpasteurized (raw) milk and cheeses as well as other foods made from unpasteurized milk
  • Cooked or processed foods, including certain soft cheeses
  • Processed eady-to-eat meats, such as hot dogs and deli meats (contamination may occur after factory cooking but before packaging or even at the deli counter)
  • Smoked seafood
  • Mexican-style cheeses (such as queso fresco)

Shown below is a table summarizing low and high risk cheese types.[3]

Higher Risk Cheese Type Lower Risk Cheese type
Soft cheeses made from unpasteurized (raw) milk, such as:
  • Queso fresco
  • Blue-veined
  • Feta
  • Brie
  • Camembert
  • Soft cheeses that are clearly labeled "made from pasteurized milk"
  • Processed cheeses
  • Cream cheese
  • Mozzarella
  • Hard cheeses

High Risk Populations

Pregnant Women

  • Pregnant women are approximately 10 times more likely than the general population to develop listeriosis.[4]

Hispanic Ethnicity

  • Pregnant Hispanic women are approximately 24 times more likely than the general population to develop listeriosis.[4]
  • The association between Hispanic ethnicity and listeriosis is unconfirmed and may be confounded by pregnancy.

Neonates

  • Neonates are at high risk of developing listerios.
  • Transmission of Listeria to neonates occurs either in-utero or during delivery.

Elderly Individuals

  • More than half (58%) of all Listeria infections occur among adults older than 65 years of age.
  • Adults 65 years and older are approximately 4 times more likely than the general population to develop listeriosis.[4]

Immnosuppression

  • Immunosuppressed individuals have a higher risk of developing listeriosis.
  • Immunosuppressed conditions include organ transplantation, administration of either steroids, chemotherapy, radiation, or monoclonal antibodies, advanced liver or kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, or HIV/AIDS

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Listeria (Listeriosis) Sources. CDC.gov accessed on 7/25/2014 [1]
  2. ↑ Lorber, B. (1997). "Listeriosis". Clin Infect Dis. 24 (1): 1–9, quiz 10-1. PMID 8994747. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ "CDC - Prevention - Listeriosis".
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Vital signs: Listeria illnesses, deaths, and outbreaks--United States, 2009-2011". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 62 (22): 448–52. 2013. PMID 23739339. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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