Leptospirosis laboratory findings: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
Line 53: Line 53:
** Disadvantages: Test is insensitive and lacks specificity
** Disadvantages: Test is insensitive and lacks specificity
* Other microscopic techniques: Immunofluoroscence, Light microscopy
* Other microscopic techniques: Immunofluoroscence, Light microscopy
====Antigen detection tests====


====Culture====
====Culture====

Revision as of 21:00, 4 March 2017

Kidney tissue, using a silver staining technique, revealing the presence of Leptospira bacteria

Leptospirosis Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Leptospirosis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Other Imaging Findings

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Leptospirosis laboratory findings On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Leptospirosis laboratory findings

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Leptospirosis laboratory findings

CDC on Leptospirosis laboratory findings

Leptospirosis laboratory findings in the news

Blogs on Leptospirosis laboratory findings

Directions to Hospitals Treating Leptospirosis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Leptospirosis laboratory findings

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

The diagnosis of leptospirosis is based upon clinical suspicion and lab diagnosis, so lab tests should be considered in a patient with a history of contact with potentially infected animals, soil or surface waters contaminated by animal urine.[1]

Laboratory findings

Kidney tissue, using a silver staining technique, revealing the presence of Leptospira bacteria

On infection the microorganism can be found in blood for the first 7 to 10 days (invoking serologically identifiable reactions) and then moving to the kidneys. After 7 to 10 days the microorganism can be found in fresh urine. Hence, early diagnostic efforts include testing a serum or blood sample serologically with a panel of different strains. It is also possible to culture the microorganism from blood, serum, fresh urine and possibly fresh kidney biopsy. Kidney function tests (Blood Urea Nitrogen and creatinine) as well as blood tests for liver functions are performed. The later reveal a moderate elevation of transaminases. Brief elevations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels are relatively mild. These levels may be normal, even in children with jaundice. Diagnosis of leptospirosis is confirmed with tests such as Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and PCR. Serological testing, the MAT (microscopic agglutination test), is considered the gold standard in diagnosing leptospirosis. As a large panel of different leptospira need to be subcultured frequently, which is both laborious and expensive, it is underused, mainly in developing countries.

Leptospira can be cultured in Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris medium, which is incubated at 28 to 30ºC.[2] The median time to positivity is three weeks with a maximum of 3 months. This makes culture techniques useless for diagnostic purposes, but is commonly used in research.

Laboratory Findings

As the clinical manifestations of the disease are non specific, the clinical diagnosis is difficult. The laboratory investigations for leptospirosis should be considered in patient with an abrupt onset of fever, chills, conjunctival suffusion, headache, myalgia and jaundice with history of occupational exposure to infected animals or contaminated with animal urine.[3] Laboratory criteria for the diagnosis of leptospirosis are presence of one or more of the following:[1]

  • Culture positivity
  • Antibody titre of ≥1 in 320 by Microscopic Agglutination test (MAT) in a single serum sample
  • Seroconversion in paired sera collected in the acute and convalescent phase established by ELISA IgM and/or MAT methods
  • Evidence of leptospira antigen by molecular methods.

Laboratory investigations useful in the diagnosis of leptospirosis include:

  • Identification of leptospires in tissues using antibodies labelled with fluorescent markers
  • Antibody detection by serological studies
  • Culture the bacteria from blood, urine or tissues
  • Other methods such as PCR, Immunostaining etc.

Blood Tests

Blood tests in leptospirosis include:[4]

  • CBC: Shows pancytopenia or peripheral leukocytosis with a left shift
  • Elevated ESR
  • Liver functional tests: Mild elevation in aminotransferases, bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase.[5]
  • Elevated plasma creatinine
  • Culture:

Urinalysis

  • Proteinuria
  • Pyuria
  • Microscopic hematuria
  • Hyaline and granular casts

CSF

CSF findings are common in first or second week of illness.[6]

  • Analysis
    • Opening pressure: normal or slightly elevated
    • Cells: Lymphocyte predominance[6]
    • Protein: Normal to elevated[4]
    • Glucose: Normal
    • Xanthochromasia is seen in severe Icteric leptospirosis[7]

Microscopy

  • Dark field microscopy: Inorder to detect under dark field microscopy 104 leptospires/ml are necessary for one cell per field.
    • Specimen: Blood, urine, CSF
    • Disadvantages: Test is insensitive and lacks specificity
  • Other microscopic techniques: Immunofluoroscence, Light microscopy

Antigen detection tests

Culture

Specimen for culture

Disadvantages

  • Difficult and time consuming

Serological Tests

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Forbes AE, Zochowski WJ, Dubrey SW, Sivaprakasam V (2012). "Leptospirosis and Weil's disease in the UK". QJM. 105 (12): 1151–62. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcs145. PMID 22843698.
  2. Rule PL, Alexander AD (1986). "Gellan gum as a substitute for agar in leptospiral media". J Clin Microbiol. 23 (3): 500–4. PMC 268682. PMID 3754265.
  3. LastName, FirstName (2003). Human leptospirosis : guidance for diagnosis, surveillance and control. Geneva: World Health Organization. ISBN 9241545895.
  4. 4.0 4.1 EDWARDS GA, DOMM BM (1960). "Human leptospirosis". Medicine (Baltimore). 39: 117–56. PMID 13819407.
  5. Bharti AR, Nally JE, Ricaldi JN, Matthias MA, Diaz MM, Lovett MA; et al. (2003). "Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance". Lancet Infect Dis. 3 (12): 757–71. PMID 14652202.
  6. 6.0 6.1 BEESON PB, HANKEY DD (1952). "Leptospiral meningitis". AMA Arch Intern Med. 89 (4): 575–83. PMID 14902167.
  7. CARGILL WH, BEESON PB (1947). "The value of spinal fluid examination as a diagnostic procedure in Weil's disease". Ann Intern Med. 27 (3): 396–400. PMID 20263193.