Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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===Age===
===Age===
* The prevalence of lactose intoleance are low in children younger than six years and increases with age [2,3].
* The prevalence of lactose intoleance inceresed with age
*Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
*Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
*The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.
*The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.
Line 28: Line 31:
===Race===
===Race===
*There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
*There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
*[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].
*Lactose intolerance usually affects individuals of the:
**African Americans
**Hispanics
**Asians
**Asian Americans
**Native Americans
*Europeans and European Americans individuals are less likely to develop lactose intolerance.
 
* Countries with high rates of lactase intolerance in Africa include:
** South Nigerian
** Hausa, Bantu
* Countries with low rates of lactase intolerance in Africa include:
** Hima
** Tutsi
** Nomadic Fulani
*
 
*
===Gender===
===Gender===
*[Disease name] affects men and women equally.
*[Disease name] affects men and women equally.
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*[Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].
*[Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].
*e lowest prevalence in Europeans and European Americans and higher prevalence in African Americans, Hispanics, Asians, Asian Americans, and Native Americans. In Africa, some ethnic groups have high rates of lactase intolerance (South Nigerian, Hausa, Bantu), while others have low rates (Hima, Tutsi, nomadic Fulani). The prevalence of lactose malabsorption and intolerance are low in children younger than six years and increases with age [2,3].


===Developed Countries===
===Developed Countries===
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==Overview==
==Overview==
An estimated 70%<ref name="Kretchmer1"> Kretchmer N. ''Lactose and lactase: a historical perspective''. Gastroenterology, 1971;61, 805–813</ref> of adult humans are considered lactose intolerant, it is uncommon in healthy northern westerners and a few others groups. Between 30 and 50 million Americans are [[lactose]] intolerant and certain ethnic and [[race|racial]] populations are more affected than others. Up to 80 percent of African Americans, 80 to 100 percent of American Indians, and 90 to 100 percent of Asian Americans are lactose intolerant. The condition is least common among people of northern European descent.
An estimated 70%<ref name="Kretchmer1">Kretchmer N. ''Lactose and lactase: a historical perspective''. Gastroenterology, 1971;61, 805–813</ref> of adult humans are considered lactose intolerant, it is uncommon in healthy northern westerners and a few others groups. Between 30 and 50 million Americans are [[lactose]] intolerant and certain ethnic and [[race|racial]] populations are more affected than others. Up to 80 percent of African Americans, 80 to 100 percent of American Indians, and 90 to 100 percent of Asian Americans are lactose intolerant. The condition is least common among people of northern European descent.


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
Line 62: Line 83:
| '''[[Allele frequency]]'''
| '''[[Allele frequency]]'''
|-
|-
|Dutch || N/A || 1%<ref name=AdvHG>''Genetics of lactose digestion in humans.'', Flatz, G. , Advances in Human Genetics, 1987</ref> || N/A
|Dutch || N/A || 1%<ref name="AdvHG">''Genetics of lactose digestion in humans.'', Flatz, G. , Advances in Human Genetics, 1987</ref> || N/A
|-
|-
|Swedes || N/A || 2%<ref name=SA>''Lactose and Lactase'', Norman Kretchmer, Scientific American, October, 1972</ref> || 0.14
|Swedes || N/A || 2%<ref name="SA">''Lactose and Lactase'', Norman Kretchmer, Scientific American, October, 1972</ref> || 0.14
|-
|-
||Europeans in Australia ||160 || 4%<ref name=SA/> || 0.20
||Europeans in Australia ||160 || 4%<ref name="SA" /> || 0.20
|-
|-
|White people of Northern European and Scandinavian descent||N/A||5%<ref name=variant/><ref name=UCD/>||N/A
|White people of Northern European and Scandinavian descent||N/A||5%<ref name="variant" /><ref name="UCD" />||N/A
|-
|-
|Danes || N/A || 5%<ref>[[Anne Charlotte Jäger]], [http://www.dskb.dk/index.jsp?id=7353&gr=7446 "Laktose-intolerans: Gentest for laktose-intolerans - hurtig og billig diagnostik"], [[DSKB-NYT]], no. 1, February 2006.</ref> || N/A
|Danes || N/A || 5%<ref>[[Anne Charlotte Jäger]], [http://www.dskb.dk/index.jsp?id=7353&gr=7446 "Laktose-intolerans: Gentest for laktose-intolerans - hurtig og billig diagnostik"], [[DSKB-NYT]], no. 1, February 2006.</ref> || N/A
|-
|-
|Demographics of the United Kingdom|British||5–15%<ref name=probiotic>[[Michael de Vrese]], Anna Stegelmann, Bernd Richter, Susanne Fenselau, Christiane Laue and Jürgen Schrezenmeir,[http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/73/2/421S "Probiotics—compensation for lactase insufficiency"], ''[[American Journal of Clinical Nutrition]]'', Vol. 73, No. 2, 421S-429s, February 2001.</ref> ||N/A
| Demographics of the United Kingdom |British||5–15%<ref name="probiotic">[[Michael de Vrese]], Anna Stegelmann, Bernd Richter, Susanne Fenselau, Christiane Laue and Jürgen Schrezenmeir,[http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/73/2/421S "Probiotics—compensation for lactase insufficiency"], ''[[American Journal of Clinical Nutrition]]'', Vol. 73, No. 2, 421S-429s, February 2001.</ref> ||N/A
|-
|-
|Swiss || N/A || 10%<ref name=SA/> || 0.316
|Swiss || N/A || 10%<ref name="SA" /> || 0.316
|-
|-
|White Americans || 245 || 12%<ref name=SA/> || 0.346
|White Americans || 245 || 12%<ref name="SA" /> || 0.346
|-
|-
|Tuareg || N/A || 13%<ref name=probiotic/> || N/A
|Tuareg || N/A || 13%<ref name="probiotic" /> || N/A
|-
|-
| Germans || N/A || 15%<ref name=probiotic/>  || N/A
| Germans || N/A || 15%<ref name="probiotic" />  || N/A
|-
|-
| Austrians || N/A || 15–20%<ref name=probiotic/>  || N/A
| Austrians || N/A || 15–20%<ref name="probiotic" />  || N/A
|-
|-
|Eastern Slavs (Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians) || N/A || 15%<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15991859&dopt=Abstract Prevalence of the lactase deficiency among the population of the northwestern region of Russia]</ref> || N/A
|Eastern Slavs (Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians) || N/A || 15%<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15991859&dopt=Abstract Prevalence of the lactase deficiency among the population of the northwestern region of Russia]</ref> || N/A
|-
|-
|Northern French||N/A||17%<ref name=probiotic/> ||N/A
|Northern French||N/A||17%<ref name="probiotic" /> ||N/A
|-
|-
|Finns || 134 || 18%<ref name=SA/> || 0.424
|Finns || 134 || 18%<ref name="SA" /> || 0.424
|-
|-
|Central Italians||  65  || 19%<ref name=Italian/> ||N/A
|Central Italians||  65  || 19%<ref name="Italian" /> ||N/A
|-
|-
|Indian Children||N/A||20%<ref name=variant>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11788828&query_hl=14&itool=pubmed_docsum ''Identification of a variant associated with adult-type hypolactasia'', Enattah NS, Sahi T, Savilahti E, Terwilliger JD, Peltonen L, Jarvela I, Nat Genet. 2002 Feb;30(2):233–7]</ref><ref name=UCD>[http://nutrigenomics.ucdavis.edu/nutrigenomics/index.cfm?objectid=968814F6-65B3-C1E7-0C7007B71CC9959A ''Lactose Intolerance: The Molecular Explanation'', UC Davis Nutritional Genomics website]</ref>
|Indian Children||N/A||20%<ref name="variant">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11788828&query_hl=14&itool=pubmed_docsum ''Identification of a variant associated with adult-type hypolactasia'', Enattah NS, Sahi T, Savilahti E, Terwilliger JD, Peltonen L, Jarvela I, Nat Genet. 2002 Feb;30(2):233–7]</ref><ref name="UCD">[http://nutrigenomics.ucdavis.edu/nutrigenomics/index.cfm?objectid=968814F6-65B3-C1E7-0C7007B71CC9959A ''Lactose Intolerance: The Molecular Explanation'', UC Davis Nutritional Genomics website]</ref>
||N/A
||N/A
|-
|-
|African Tutsi || N/A || 20%<ref name=SA/> || 0.447
|African Tutsi || N/A || 20%<ref name="SA" /> || 0.447
|-
|-
|African Fulani || N/A || 23%<ref name=SA/> || 0.48
|African Fulani || N/A || 23%<ref name="SA" /> || 0.48
|-
|-
|Bedouins || N/A||25%<ref name=probiotic/> ||N/A
|Bedouins || N/A||25%<ref name="probiotic" /> ||N/A
|-
|-
|Northern Indians ||N/A||27%<ref name=Indian>''Lactose intolerance in North and South Indians'', Tandon RK, Joshi YK, Singh DS, Narendranathan M, Balakrishnan V, Lal K., Am J Clin Nutr 1981;35:943–6, 1981.</ref>||N/A
|Northern Indians ||N/A||27%<ref name="Indian">''Lactose intolerance in North and South Indians'', Tandon RK, Joshi YK, Singh DS, Narendranathan M, Balakrishnan V, Lal K., Am J Clin Nutr 1981;35:943–6, 1981.</ref>||N/A
|-
|-
|African American Children||N/A||45%<ref name=variant/>||N/A
|African American Children||N/A||45%<ref name="variant" />||N/A
|-
|-
|Indian Adults||150||50%<ref name=variant/><ref name=UCD/><ref>[http://www.indianjgastro.com/article.asp?issn=0254-8860;year=2004;volume=23;issue=2;spage=78;epage=78;aulast=Rana ''Lactose malabsorption in apparently healthy adults in northern India, assessed using lactose hydrogen breath test'', Rana SV, Bhasin DK, Naik N, Indian Journal of Gastroenterology, Volume 23, Issue 2, p. 78, 2004]</ref>||N/A
|Indian Adults||150||50%<ref name="variant" /><ref name="UCD" /><ref>[http://www.indianjgastro.com/article.asp?issn=0254-8860;year=2004;volume=23;issue=2;spage=78;epage=78;aulast=Rana ''Lactose malabsorption in apparently healthy adults in northern India, assessed using lactose hydrogen breath test'', Rana SV, Bhasin DK, Naik N, Indian Journal of Gastroenterology, Volume 23, Issue 2, p. 78, 2004]</ref>||N/A
|-
|-
|Southern Italians|| 51  || 41%<ref name=Italian/> || N/A
|Southern Italians|| 51  || 41%<ref name="Italian" /> || N/A
|-
|-
|Saami (in Russia and Finland) || N/A || 25–60%<ref>A. Kozlov, D. Lisitsyn, "Hypolactasia in Saami subpopulations of Russia and Finland", ''[[Anthropologischer Anzeiger]]'', 55(3-4):281–287, 1997.</ref> || N/A
|Saami (in Russia and Finland) || N/A || 25–60%<ref>A. Kozlov, D. Lisitsyn, "Hypolactasia in Saami subpopulations of Russia and Finland", ''[[Anthropologischer Anzeiger]]'', 55(3-4):281–287, 1997.</ref> || N/A
|-
|-
|Northern Italians|| 89  || 52%<ref name=Italian>[http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/45/4/748''Primary adult lactose malabsorption in Italy: regional differences in prevalence and relationship to lactose intolerance and milk consumption'', LT Cavalli-Sforza, A Strata, A Barone and L Cucurachi, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol 45, 748–754, 1987]</ref>  || N/A
|Northern Italians|| 89  || 52%<ref name="Italian">[http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/45/4/748 ''Primary adult lactose malabsorption in Italy: regional differences in prevalence and relationship to lactose intolerance and milk consumption'', LT Cavalli-Sforza, A Strata, A Barone and L Cucurachi, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol 45, 748–754, 1987]</ref>  || N/A
|-
|-
|North American Hispanics ||N/A||53%<ref name=probiotic/>  ||N/A
|North American Hispanics ||N/A||53%<ref name="probiotic" />  ||N/A
|-
|-
|Balkans|| N/A||55%<ref name=probiotic/> ||N/A
|Balkans|| N/A||55%<ref name="probiotic" /> ||N/A
|-
|-
|Mexican American Males||N/A||55%<ref name=variant/><ref name=UCD/>||N/A
|Mexican American Males||N/A||55%<ref name="variant" /><ref name="UCD" />||N/A
|-
|-
|Cretans||N/A||56%<ref name=variant/>||N/A
|Cretans||N/A||56%<ref name="variant" />||N/A
|-
|-
|African Maasai || 21 || 62%<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=581925&dopt=Abstract   ''Lactose malabsorption among Masai children of East Africa'', RT Jackson, MC Latham, Am J Clin Nutr. 1979 Apr;32(4):779–82.]</ref>
|African Maasai || 21 || 62%<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=581925&dopt=Abstract ''Lactose malabsorption among Masai children of East Africa'', RT Jackson, MC Latham, Am J Clin Nutr. 1979 Apr;32(4):779–82.]</ref>
|| N/A
|| N/A
|-
|-
| Southern French||N/A||65%<ref name=probiotic/> ||N/A
| Southern French||N/A||65%<ref name="probiotic" /> ||N/A
|-
|-
|Greek Cypriots||N/A||66%<ref name=variant/><ref name=UCD/>||N/A
|Greek Cypriots||N/A||66%<ref name="variant" /><ref name="UCD" />||N/A
|-
|-
|North American Jews||N/A||68.8%<ref name=variant/><ref name=UCD/>||N/A
|North American Jews||N/A||68.8%<ref name="variant" /><ref name="UCD" />||N/A
|-
|-
|Southern Indians ||N/A||70%<ref name=Indian/>||N/A
|Southern Indians ||N/A||70%<ref name="Indian" />||N/A
|-
|-
|Sicilians ||100||71%<ref name=Burgio>[http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/39/1/100.pdf ''Prevalence of primary adult lactose malabsorption and awareness of milk intolerance in Italy'', G Roberto Burgio, Gebhard Flatz, Cristiana Barbera, Rosario Patan, Attilio Boner, Cinzia Cajozzo, and Sibylle D Flaiz, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 39: pp 100–104, January 1984.]</ref><ref>[http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/19/suppl_2/165S ''Lactose Intolerance'', Tuula H. Vesa, Philippe Marteau, and Riitta Korpela, Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 19, No. 90002, 165S-175S (2000)]</ref>||N/A
|Sicilians ||100||71%<ref name="Burgio">[http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/39/1/100.pdf ''Prevalence of primary adult lactose malabsorption and awareness of milk intolerance in Italy'', G Roberto Burgio, Gebhard Flatz, Cristiana Barbera, Rosario Patan, Attilio Boner, Cinzia Cajozzo, and Sibylle D Flaiz, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 39: pp 100–104, January 1984.]</ref><ref>[http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/19/suppl_2/165S ''Lactose Intolerance'', Tuula H. Vesa, Philippe Marteau, and Riitta Korpela, Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 19, No. 90002, 165S-175S (2000)]</ref>||N/A
|-
|-
|South Americans||N/A||65–75%<ref name=probiotic/> ||N/A
|South Americans||N/A||65–75%<ref name="probiotic" /> ||N/A
|-
|-
|Rural Mexicans||N/A||73.8%<ref name=variant/><ref name=UCD/>||N/A
|Rural Mexicans||N/A||73.8%<ref name="variant" /><ref name="UCD" />||N/A
|-
|-
|African Americans || 20 || 75%<ref name=SA/> || 0.87
|African Americans || 20 || 75%<ref name="SA" /> || 0.87
|-
|-
|Kazakhs from northwest Xinjiang || 195 || 76.4% <ref name=China/>||
|Kazakhs from northwest Xinjiang || 195 || 76.4% <ref name="China" />||
|-
|-
|Lebanese||75||78%<ref>[http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/32/10/1994.pdf ''Lactose intolerance in the Lebanese population and in “Mediterranean lymphoma”'', Salah M. Nasrallah, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 32 , pp. 1994–1996, October, 1979.]</ref>||N/A
|Lebanese||75||78%<ref>[http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/32/10/1994.pdf ''Lactose intolerance in the Lebanese population and in “Mediterranean lymphoma”'', Salah M. Nasrallah, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 32 , pp. 1994–1996, October, 1979.]</ref>||N/A
|-
|-
|Central Asians||N/A||80%<ref name=probiotic/>  ||N/A
|Central Asians||N/A||80%<ref name="probiotic" />  ||N/A
|-
|-
|Alaskan Eskimo||N/A||80%<ref name=variant/><ref name=UCD/>||N/A
|Alaskan Eskimo||N/A||80%<ref name="variant" /><ref name="UCD" />||N/A
|-
|-
|Australian Aborigines || 44 || 85%<ref name=SA/> || 0.922
|Australian Aborigines || 44 || 85%<ref name="SA" /> || 0.922
|-
|-
|Inner Mongolians||198||87.9%<ref name=China>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6235167&dopt=Abstract''Prevalence of primary adult lactose malabsorption in three populations of northern China''], Wang YG, Yan YS, Xu JJ, Du RF, Flatz SD, Kühnau W, Flatz G., Hum Genet. 1984;67(1):103-6.</ref>||
|Inner Mongolians||198||87.9%<ref name="China">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6235167&dopt=Abstract ''Prevalence of primary adult lactose malabsorption in three populations of northern China''], Wang YG, Yan YS, Xu JJ, Du RF, Flatz SD, Kühnau W, Flatz G., Hum Genet. 1984;67(1):103-6.</ref>||
|-
|-
|African Bantu || 59 || 89%<ref name=SA/> || 0.943
|African Bantu || 59 || 89%<ref name="SA" /> || 0.943
|-
|-
|Asian Americans||N/A||90%<ref name=variant/><ref name=UCD/>||N/A
|Asian Americans||N/A||90%<ref name="variant" /><ref name="UCD" />||N/A
|-
|-
|Northeastern Han Chinese || 248 || 92.3%<ref name=China/>||  
|Northeastern Han Chinese || 248 || 92.3%<ref name="China" />||  
|-
|-
|Chinese || 71 || 93%<ref name=SA/> || 0.964
|Chinese || 71 || 93%<ref name="SA" /> || 0.964
|-
|-
|Southeast Asians||N/A||98%<ref name=variant/><ref name=UCD/>||N/A
|Southeast Asians||N/A||98%<ref name="variant" /><ref name="UCD" />||N/A
|-
|-
|Thais || 134 || 98%<ref name=SA/> || 0.99
|Thais || 134 || 98%<ref name="SA" /> || 0.99
|-
|-
|Native Americans || 24 || 100%<ref name=SA/> || 1.00
|Native Americans || 24 || 100%<ref name="SA" /> || 1.00
|}
|}


Line 178: Line 199:
* 25%, 45%, and 60% in black South Africans
* 25%, 45%, and 60% in black South Africans
* Approximately 30%, 80%, and 85% in Chinese and Japanese
* Approximately 30%, 80%, and 85% in Chinese and Japanese
* 30–55%, 90%, and >90% in Mestizos of Peru<ref name=Sahi> ''Genetics and epidemiology of adult-type hypolactasia'', Sahi T., Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl ;29:202:7–20, 1994</ref><ref>[http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/29/1/19?ijkey=10c44e0ee3932cb3ee9d514dd65488c8284bc803&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha ''Lactose malabsorption in Mexican-American children'', Woteki CE, Weser E, Young EA, Am J Clin Nutr;29:19–24, 1976]</ref>
* 30–55%, 90%, and >90% in Mestizos of Peru<ref name="Sahi">''Genetics and epidemiology of adult-type hypolactasia'', Sahi T., Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl ;29:202:7–20, 1994</ref><ref>[http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/29/1/19?ijkey=10c44e0ee3932cb3ee9d514dd65488c8284bc803&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha ''Lactose malabsorption in Mexican-American children'', Woteki CE, Weser E, Young EA, Am J Clin Nutr;29:19–24, 1976]</ref>


Chinese and Japanese populations typically lose between 80 and 90 percent of their ability to digest lactose within three to four years of weaning.
Chinese and Japanese populations typically lose between 80 and 90 percent of their ability to digest lactose within three to four years of weaning.


===Race===
===Race===
Ashkenazi Jews can keep 20 - 30 percent of their ability to digest lactose for many years.<ref name=Sahi/><ref>''Genetics of lactose digestion in humans'', Flatz G., Adv Hum Genet ;16:1 - 77, 1987</ref><ref>''Genetics of lactase persistence and lactose intolerance'', Swallow DM., Annu Rev Genet ;37:197 - 219, 2003.</ref> Of the 10% of the Northern European population that develops lactose intolerance, the development of lactose intolerance is a gradual process spread out over as many as 20 years.<ref>[http://pmj.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/81/953/167 ''Systemic lactose intolerance: a new perspective on an old problem'', S B Matthews, J P Waud, A G Roberts and A K Campbell, Postgraduate Medical Journal;81:167 - 173, 2005.]</ref>Most Japanese can consume 200 ml (8 fl oz) of milk without severe symptoms.<ref name="Yoshida">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1234085&dopt=Abstract ''Studies on the etiology of milk intolerance in Japanese adults'', Yoshida Y, Sasaki G, Goto S, Yanagiya S, Takashina K, Gastroenterol Jpn.;10(1):29–34, 1975]</ref>
Ashkenazi Jews can keep 20 - 30 percent of their ability to digest lactose for many years.<ref name="Sahi" /><ref>''Genetics of lactose digestion in humans'', Flatz G., Adv Hum Genet ;16:1 - 77, 1987</ref><ref>''Genetics of lactase persistence and lactose intolerance'', Swallow DM., Annu Rev Genet ;37:197 - 219, 2003.</ref> Of the 10% of the Northern European population that develops lactose intolerance, the development of lactose intolerance is a gradual process spread out over as many as 20 years.<ref>[http://pmj.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/81/953/167 ''Systemic lactose intolerance: a new perspective on an old problem'', S B Matthews, J P Waud, A G Roberts and A K Campbell, Postgraduate Medical Journal;81:167 - 173, 2005.]</ref>Most Japanese can consume 200 ml (8 fl oz) of milk without severe symptoms.<ref name="Yoshida">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1234085&dopt=Abstract ''Studies on the etiology of milk intolerance in Japanese adults'', Yoshida Y, Sasaki G, Goto S, Yanagiya S, Takashina K, Gastroenterol Jpn.;10(1):29–34, 1975]</ref>


==References==
==References==

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Overview

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

  • The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
  • In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.

Prevalence

  • The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
  • In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
  • The prevalence of [disease/malignancy] is estimated to be [number] cases annually.

Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate

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  • The case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [disease name] is approximately [number range].

Age

  • The prevalence of lactose intoleance are low in children younger than six years and increases with age [2,3].
  • The prevalence of lactose intoleance inceresed with age
  • Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
  • The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.
  • [Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.
  • [Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].
  • [Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].

Race

  • There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
  • Lactose intolerance usually affects individuals of the:
    • African Americans
    • Hispanics
    • Asians
    • Asian Americans
    • Native Americans
  • Europeans and European Americans individuals are less likely to develop lactose intolerance.
  • Countries with high rates of lactase intolerance in Africa include:
    • South Nigerian
    • Hausa, Bantu
  • Countries with low rates of lactase intolerance in Africa include:
    • Hima
    • Tutsi
    • Nomadic Fulani

Gender

  • [Disease name] affects men and women equally.
  • [Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.

Region

  • The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].
  • [Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].
  • e lowest prevalence in Europeans and European Americans and higher prevalence in African Americans, Hispanics, Asians, Asian Americans, and Native Americans. In Africa, some ethnic groups have high rates of lactase intolerance (South Nigerian, Hausa, Bantu), while others have low rates (Hima, Tutsi, nomadic Fulani). The prevalence of lactose malabsorption and intolerance are low in children younger than six years and increases with age [2,3].

Developed Countries

Developing Countries

References

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [3]

Overview

An estimated 70%[1] of adult humans are considered lactose intolerant, it is uncommon in healthy northern westerners and a few others groups. Between 30 and 50 million Americans are lactose intolerant and certain ethnic and racial populations are more affected than others. Up to 80 percent of African Americans, 80 to 100 percent of American Indians, and 90 to 100 percent of Asian Americans are lactose intolerant. The condition is least common among people of northern European descent.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence and Prevalence

Human groups Individuals Examined Percent Intolerant Allele frequency
Dutch N/A 1%[2] N/A
Swedes N/A 2%[3] 0.14
Europeans in Australia 160 4%[3] 0.20
White people of Northern European and Scandinavian descent N/A 5%[4][5] N/A
Danes N/A 5%[6] N/A
British 5–15%[7] N/A
Swiss N/A 10%[3] 0.316
White Americans 245 12%[3] 0.346
Tuareg N/A 13%[7] N/A
Germans N/A 15%[7] N/A
Austrians N/A 15–20%[7] N/A
Eastern Slavs (Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians) N/A 15%[8] N/A
Northern French N/A 17%[7] N/A
Finns 134 18%[3] 0.424
Central Italians 65 19%[9] N/A
Indian Children N/A 20%[4][5] N/A
African Tutsi N/A 20%[3] 0.447
African Fulani N/A 23%[3] 0.48
Bedouins N/A 25%[7] N/A
Northern Indians N/A 27%[10] N/A
African American Children N/A 45%[4] N/A
Indian Adults 150 50%[4][5][11] N/A
Southern Italians 51 41%[9] N/A
Saami (in Russia and Finland) N/A 25–60%[12] N/A
Northern Italians 89 52%[9] N/A
North American Hispanics N/A 53%[7] N/A
Balkans N/A 55%[7] N/A
Mexican American Males N/A 55%[4][5] N/A
Cretans N/A 56%[4] N/A
African Maasai 21 62%[13] N/A
Southern French N/A 65%[7] N/A
Greek Cypriots N/A 66%[4][5] N/A
North American Jews N/A 68.8%[4][5] N/A
Southern Indians N/A 70%[10] N/A
Sicilians 100 71%[14][15] N/A
South Americans N/A 65–75%[7] N/A
Rural Mexicans N/A 73.8%[4][5] N/A
African Americans 20 75%[3] 0.87
Kazakhs from northwest Xinjiang 195 76.4% [16]
Lebanese 75 78%[17] N/A
Central Asians N/A 80%[7] N/A
Alaskan Eskimo N/A 80%[4][5] N/A
Australian Aborigines 44 85%[3] 0.922
Inner Mongolians 198 87.9%[16]
African Bantu 59 89%[3] 0.943
Asian Americans N/A 90%[4][5] N/A
Northeastern Han Chinese 248 92.3%[16]
Chinese 71 93%[3] 0.964
Southeast Asians N/A 98%[4][5] N/A
Thais 134 98%[3] 0.99
Native Americans 24 100%[3] 1.00

The statistical significance varies greatly depending on number of people sampled.

Lactose Intolerance by Region (African countries are only a rough guess)

Age

Lactose intolerance levels also increase with age. At ages 2 - 3 yrs., 6 yrs., and 9 - 10 yrs., the amount of lactose intolerance is, respectively:

  • 6% to 15% in white Americans and northern Europeans
  • 18%, 30%, and 47% in Mexican Americans
  • 25%, 45%, and 60% in black South Africans
  • Approximately 30%, 80%, and 85% in Chinese and Japanese
  • 30–55%, 90%, and >90% in Mestizos of Peru[18][19]

Chinese and Japanese populations typically lose between 80 and 90 percent of their ability to digest lactose within three to four years of weaning.

Race

Ashkenazi Jews can keep 20 - 30 percent of their ability to digest lactose for many years.[18][20][21] Of the 10% of the Northern European population that develops lactose intolerance, the development of lactose intolerance is a gradual process spread out over as many as 20 years.[22]Most Japanese can consume 200 ml (8 fl oz) of milk without severe symptoms.[23]

References

  1. ↑ Kretchmer N. Lactose and lactase: a historical perspective. Gastroenterology, 1971;61, 805–813
  2. ↑ Genetics of lactose digestion in humans., Flatz, G. , Advances in Human Genetics, 1987
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 Lactose and Lactase, Norman Kretchmer, Scientific American, October, 1972
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 Identification of a variant associated with adult-type hypolactasia, Enattah NS, Sahi T, Savilahti E, Terwilliger JD, Peltonen L, Jarvela I, Nat Genet. 2002 Feb;30(2):233–7
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Lactose Intolerance: The Molecular Explanation, UC Davis Nutritional Genomics website
  6. ↑ Anne Charlotte Jäger, "Laktose-intolerans: Gentest for laktose-intolerans - hurtig og billig diagnostik", DSKB-NYT, no. 1, February 2006.
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 Michael de Vrese, Anna Stegelmann, Bernd Richter, Susanne Fenselau, Christiane Laue and Jürgen Schrezenmeir,"Probiotics—compensation for lactase insufficiency", American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 73, No. 2, 421S-429s, February 2001.
  8. ↑ Prevalence of the lactase deficiency among the population of the northwestern region of Russia
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Primary adult lactose malabsorption in Italy: regional differences in prevalence and relationship to lactose intolerance and milk consumption, LT Cavalli-Sforza, A Strata, A Barone and L Cucurachi, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol 45, 748–754, 1987
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Lactose intolerance in North and South Indians, Tandon RK, Joshi YK, Singh DS, Narendranathan M, Balakrishnan V, Lal K., Am J Clin Nutr 1981;35:943–6, 1981.
  11. ↑ Lactose malabsorption in apparently healthy adults in northern India, assessed using lactose hydrogen breath test, Rana SV, Bhasin DK, Naik N, Indian Journal of Gastroenterology, Volume 23, Issue 2, p. 78, 2004
  12. ↑ A. Kozlov, D. Lisitsyn, "Hypolactasia in Saami subpopulations of Russia and Finland", Anthropologischer Anzeiger, 55(3-4):281–287, 1997.
  13. ↑ Lactose malabsorption among Masai children of East Africa, RT Jackson, MC Latham, Am J Clin Nutr. 1979 Apr;32(4):779–82.
  14. ↑ Prevalence of primary adult lactose malabsorption and awareness of milk intolerance in Italy, G Roberto Burgio, Gebhard Flatz, Cristiana Barbera, Rosario Patan, Attilio Boner, Cinzia Cajozzo, and Sibylle D Flaiz, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 39: pp 100–104, January 1984.
  15. ↑ Lactose Intolerance, Tuula H. Vesa, Philippe Marteau, and Riitta Korpela, Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 19, No. 90002, 165S-175S (2000)
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Prevalence of primary adult lactose malabsorption in three populations of northern China, Wang YG, Yan YS, Xu JJ, Du RF, Flatz SD, Kühnau W, Flatz G., Hum Genet. 1984;67(1):103-6.
  17. ↑ Lactose intolerance in the Lebanese population and in “Mediterranean lymphoma”, Salah M. Nasrallah, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 32 , pp. 1994–1996, October, 1979.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Genetics and epidemiology of adult-type hypolactasia, Sahi T., Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl ;29:202:7–20, 1994
  19. ↑ Lactose malabsorption in Mexican-American children, Woteki CE, Weser E, Young EA, Am J Clin Nutr;29:19–24, 1976
  20. ↑ Genetics of lactose digestion in humans, Flatz G., Adv Hum Genet ;16:1 - 77, 1987
  21. ↑ Genetics of lactase persistence and lactose intolerance, Swallow DM., Annu Rev Genet ;37:197 - 219, 2003.
  22. ↑ Systemic lactose intolerance: a new perspective on an old problem, S B Matthews, J P Waud, A G Roberts and A K Campbell, Postgraduate Medical Journal;81:167 - 173, 2005.
  23. ↑ Studies on the etiology of milk intolerance in Japanese adults, Yoshida Y, Sasaki G, Goto S, Yanagiya S, Takashina K, Gastroenterol Jpn.;10(1):29–34, 1975

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