Ischemic stroke natural history: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 19: | Line 19: | ||
* Side effects of medications | * Side effects of medications | ||
==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
Disability affects 75% of stroke survivors enough to decrease their employability.<!-- | * Disability affects 75% of stroke survivors enough to decrease their employability.<!-- | ||
--><ref name="Coffey2000">{{cite book | author=Coffey C. Edward, Cummings Jeffrey L, Starkstein Sergio, Robinson Robert | title=Stroke - The American Psychiatric Press Textbook of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry | year=2000 | edition=Second Edition | pages=601–617 | location=Washington DC | publisher=American Psychiatric Press}}</ref> | --><ref name="Coffey2000">{{cite book | author=Coffey C. Edward, Cummings Jeffrey L, Starkstein Sergio, Robinson Robert | title=Stroke - The American Psychiatric Press Textbook of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry | year=2000 | edition=Second Edition | pages=601–617 | location=Washington DC | publisher=American Psychiatric Press}}</ref> Stroke can affect patients physically, mentally, emotionally, or a combination of the three. The results of stroke vary widely depending on size and location of the lesion.<!-- | ||
Stroke can affect patients physically, mentally, emotionally, or a combination of the three. The results of stroke vary widely depending on size and location of the lesion.<!-- | --><ref name="Stanford2005">{{cite web | author=Stanford Hospital & Clinics | title=Cardiovascular Diseases: Effects of Stroke | url=http://www.stanfordhospital.com/healthLib/atoz/cardiac/effects.html | accessyear=2005}}</ref> Dysfunctions correspond to areas in the brain that have been damaged. | ||
--><ref name="Stanford2005">{{cite web | author=Stanford Hospital & Clinics | title=Cardiovascular Diseases: Effects of Stroke | url=http://www.stanfordhospital.com/healthLib/atoz/cardiac/effects.html | accessyear=2005}}</ref> | * Some of the physical disabilities that can result from stroke include [[paralysis]], numbness, [[pressure sore]]s, [[pneumonia]], [[incontinence]], [[apraxia]] (inability to perform learned movements), difficulties carrying out daily activities, appetite loss, [[vision loss]], and [[pain]]. If the stroke is severe enough, or in a certain location such as parts of the brainstem, [[coma]] or [[death]] can result. | ||
Dysfunctions correspond to areas in the brain that have been damaged. | * Emotional problems resulting from stroke can result from direct damage to emotional centers in the brain or from frustration and difficulty adapting to new limitations. Post-stroke emotional difficulties include [[anxiety]], [[panic attack]]s, [[flat affect]] (failure to express emotions), [[mania]], apathy, and [[psychosis]]. | ||
* 30 to 50% of stroke survivors suffer [[post stroke depression]], which is characterized by lethargy, irritability, [[Sleep disorder|sleep disturbances]], lowered [[Self-esteem|self esteem]], and withdrawal.<!-- | |||
Some of the physical disabilities that can result from stroke include [[paralysis]], numbness, [[pressure sore]]s, [[pneumonia]], [[incontinence]], [[apraxia]] (inability to perform learned movements), difficulties carrying out daily activities, appetite loss, [[vision loss]], and [[pain]]. If the stroke is severe enough, or in a certain location such as parts of the brainstem, [[coma]] or [[death]] can result. | --><ref name="Senelick1994">{{cite book | author=Senelick Richard C., Rossi, Peter W., Dougherty, Karla | title=Living with Stroke: A Guide For Families | year=1994 | publisher=Contemporary Books, Chicago}}</ref> [[Clinical depression|Depression]] can reduce motivation and worsen outcome, but can be treated with [[antidepressant]]s. | ||
* [[Emotional lability]], another consequence of stroke, causes the patient to switch quickly between emotional highs and lows and to express emotions inappropriately, for instance with an excess of laughing or crying with little or no provocation. While these expressions of emotion usually correspond to the patient's actual emotions, a more severe form of emotional lability causes patients to laugh and cry pathologically, without regard to context or emotion.<!-- | |||
Emotional problems resulting from stroke can result from direct damage to emotional centers in the brain or from frustration and difficulty adapting to new limitations. Post-stroke emotional difficulties include [[anxiety]], [[panic attack]]s, [[flat affect]] (failure to express emotions), [[mania]], apathy, and [[psychosis]]. | --><ref name="Coffey2000" /> Some patients show the opposite of what they feel, for example crying when they are happy.<!-- | ||
--><ref name="Villarosa1993">{{cite book | author=Villarosa, Linda, Ed., Singleton, LaFayette, MD, Johnson, Kirk A. | title=Black Health Library Guide to Stroke | year=1993 | publisher=Henry Holt and Company, New York}}</ref> Emotional lability occurs in about 20% of stroke patients. | |||
30 to 50% of stroke survivors suffer [[post stroke depression]], which is characterized by lethargy, irritability, [[Sleep disorder|sleep disturbances]], lowered [[Self-esteem|self esteem]], and withdrawal.<!-- | * Cognitive deficits resulting from stroke include perceptual disorders, [[Dysphasia|speech problems]], [[dementia]], and problems with attention and memory. A stroke sufferer may be unaware of his or her own disabilities, a condition called [[anosognosia]]. In a condition called [[hemispatial neglect]], a patient is unable to attend to anything on the side of space opposite to the damaged hemisphere. | ||
--><ref name="Senelick1994">{{cite book | author=Senelick Richard C., Rossi, Peter W., Dougherty, Karla | title=Living with Stroke: A Guide For Families | year=1994 | publisher=Contemporary Books, Chicago}}</ref> | * Up to 10% of all stroke patients develop [[seizure]]s, most commonly in the week subsequent to the event; the severity of the stroke increases the likelihood of a seizure.<ref name="Reith1997">Reith J, Jorgensen HS, Nakayama H, Raaschou HO, Olsen TS. Seizures in acute stroke: predictors and prognostic significance. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. ''Stroke'' 1997;28:1585–9. PMID 9259753.</ref><ref name="Burn1997">Burn J, Dennis M, Bamford J, Sandercock P, Wade D, Warlow C. Epileptic seizures after a first stroke: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. ''BMJ'' 1997;315:1582–7. PMID 9437276.</ref> | ||
[[Clinical depression|Depression]] can reduce motivation and worsen outcome, but can be treated with [[antidepressant]]s. | |||
[[Emotional lability]], another consequence of stroke, causes the patient to switch quickly between emotional highs and lows and to express emotions inappropriately, for instance with an excess of laughing or crying with little or no provocation. While these expressions of emotion usually correspond to the patient's actual emotions, a more severe form of emotional lability causes patients to laugh and cry pathologically, without regard to context or emotion.<!-- | |||
--><ref name="Coffey2000"/> | |||
Some patients show the opposite of what they feel, for example crying when they are happy.<!-- | |||
--><ref name="Villarosa1993">{{cite book | author=Villarosa, Linda, Ed., Singleton, LaFayette, MD, Johnson, Kirk A. | title=Black Health Library Guide to Stroke | year=1993 | publisher=Henry Holt and Company, New York}}</ref> | |||
Emotional lability occurs in about 20% of stroke patients. | |||
Cognitive deficits resulting from stroke include perceptual disorders, [[Dysphasia|speech problems]], [[dementia]], and problems with attention and memory. A stroke sufferer may be unaware of his or her own disabilities, a condition called [[anosognosia]]. In a condition called [[hemispatial neglect]], a patient is unable to attend to anything on the side of space opposite to the damaged hemisphere. | |||
Up to 10% of all stroke patients develop [[seizure]]s, most commonly in the week subsequent to the event; the severity of the stroke increases the likelihood of a seizure.<ref name=Reith1997>Reith J, Jorgensen HS, Nakayama H, Raaschou HO, Olsen TS. Seizures in acute stroke: predictors and prognostic significance. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. ''Stroke'' 1997;28:1585–9. PMID 9259753.</ref><ref name=Burn1997>Burn J, Dennis M, Bamford J, Sandercock P, Wade D, Warlow C. Epileptic seizures after a first stroke: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. ''BMJ'' 1997;315:1582–7. PMID 9437276.</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 18:49, 4 November 2016
|
Stroke Main page | |
|
Diagnosis | |
|---|---|
|
Treatment | |
|
Case Studies | |
|
Ischemic stroke natural history On the Web | |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Ischemic stroke natural history | |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Ischemic stroke natural history | |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Natural History
Complications
- Breathing food into the airway (aspiration)
- Decreased life span
- Difficulty communicating
- Fractures
- Malnutrition
- Muscle spasticity
- Permanent loss of brain functions
- Permanent loss of movement or sensation in one or more parts of the body
- Problems due to loss of mobility, including joint contractures and pressure sores
- Reduced ability to function or care for self
- Reduced social interactions
- Side effects of medications
Prognosis
- Disability affects 75% of stroke survivors enough to decrease their employability.[1] Stroke can affect patients physically, mentally, emotionally, or a combination of the three. The results of stroke vary widely depending on size and location of the lesion.[2] Dysfunctions correspond to areas in the brain that have been damaged.
- Some of the physical disabilities that can result from stroke include paralysis, numbness, pressure sores, pneumonia, incontinence, apraxia (inability to perform learned movements), difficulties carrying out daily activities, appetite loss, vision loss, and pain. If the stroke is severe enough, or in a certain location such as parts of the brainstem, coma or death can result.
- Emotional problems resulting from stroke can result from direct damage to emotional centers in the brain or from frustration and difficulty adapting to new limitations. Post-stroke emotional difficulties include anxiety, panic attacks, flat affect (failure to express emotions), mania, apathy, and psychosis.
- 30 to 50% of stroke survivors suffer post stroke depression, which is characterized by lethargy, irritability, sleep disturbances, lowered self esteem, and withdrawal.[3] Depression can reduce motivation and worsen outcome, but can be treated with antidepressants.
- Emotional lability, another consequence of stroke, causes the patient to switch quickly between emotional highs and lows and to express emotions inappropriately, for instance with an excess of laughing or crying with little or no provocation. While these expressions of emotion usually correspond to the patient's actual emotions, a more severe form of emotional lability causes patients to laugh and cry pathologically, without regard to context or emotion.[1] Some patients show the opposite of what they feel, for example crying when they are happy.[4] Emotional lability occurs in about 20% of stroke patients.
- Cognitive deficits resulting from stroke include perceptual disorders, speech problems, dementia, and problems with attention and memory. A stroke sufferer may be unaware of his or her own disabilities, a condition called anosognosia. In a condition called hemispatial neglect, a patient is unable to attend to anything on the side of space opposite to the damaged hemisphere.
- Up to 10% of all stroke patients develop seizures, most commonly in the week subsequent to the event; the severity of the stroke increases the likelihood of a seizure.[5][6]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Coffey C. Edward, Cummings Jeffrey L, Starkstein Sergio, Robinson Robert (2000). Stroke - The American Psychiatric Press Textbook of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry (Second Edition ed.). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press. pp. 601–617.
- ↑ Stanford Hospital & Clinics. "Cardiovascular Diseases: Effects of Stroke". Unknown parameter
|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help) - ↑ Senelick Richard C., Rossi, Peter W., Dougherty, Karla (1994). Living with Stroke: A Guide For Families. Contemporary Books, Chicago.
- ↑ Villarosa, Linda, Ed., Singleton, LaFayette, MD, Johnson, Kirk A. (1993). Black Health Library Guide to Stroke. Henry Holt and Company, New York.
- ↑ Reith J, Jorgensen HS, Nakayama H, Raaschou HO, Olsen TS. Seizures in acute stroke: predictors and prognostic significance. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke 1997;28:1585–9. PMID 9259753.
- ↑ Burn J, Dennis M, Bamford J, Sandercock P, Wade D, Warlow C. Epileptic seizures after a first stroke: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. BMJ 1997;315:1582–7. PMID 9437276.