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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| {{Stroke}} | | {{Stroke}} |
| {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Ochuko}} | | {{CMG}};{{AE}} {{MHP}},{{MehdiP}}{{AA}},{{TarekNafee}},{{SaraM}} |
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| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
| The cause of stroke is an interruption in the blood supply, with a resulting depletion of oxygen and [[glucose]] in the affected area. This immediately reduces or abolishes [[neuron]]al function, and also initiates an [[ischemic cascade]] which causes neurons to die or be seriously damaged, further impairing brain function.
| | There are several causes for stroke. Some may cause [[hemorrhage]] and some causes [[ischemia]]. Among all of them there are several lethal causes which we need to be more cautious about them. |
| | |
| ==Causes== | | ==Causes== |
| ===Life Threatening Causes=== | | The following table lists causes for stroke.<ref name="pmid17043443">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kishimoto M, Arakawa KC |title=A patient with wegener granulomatosis and intraventricular hemorrhage |journal=J Clin Rheumatol |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=354–8 |year=2003 |pmid=17043443 |doi=10.1097/01.rhu.0000089967.51779.d7 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7336321">{{cite journal |vauthors=Challa VR, Richards F, Davis CH |title=Intraventricular hemorrhage from pituitary apoplexy |journal=Surg Neurol |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=360–1 |year=1981 |pmid=7336321 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18320145">{{cite journal |vauthors=Flint AC, Roebken A, Singh V |title=Primary intraventricular hemorrhage: yield of diagnostic angiography and clinical outcome |journal=Neurocrit Care |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=330–6 |year=2008 |pmid=18320145 |doi=10.1007/s12028-008-9070-2 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21215656">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fukutake T |title=Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL): from discovery to gene identification |journal=J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=85–93 |year=2011 |pmid=21215656 |doi=10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2010.11.008 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22858729">{{cite journal| author=Meretoja A, Strbian D, Putaala J, Curtze S, Haapaniemi E, Mustanoja S et al.| title=SMASH-U: a proposal for etiologic classification of intracerebral hemorrhage. | journal=Stroke | year= 2012 | volume= 43 | issue= 10 | pages= 2592-7 | pmid=22858729 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.661603 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22858729 }} </ref><ref name="Hart">Hart, Robert G., Bradley S. Boop, and David C. Anderson. "Oral anticoagulants and intracranial hemorrhage facts and hypotheses." Stroke 26.8 (1995): 1471-1477.</ref><ref name="Knudsen">Knudsen, Katherine A., et al. "Clinical diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy: validation of the Boston criteria." Neurology 56.4 (2001): 537-539. </ref><ref name="Lovelock">Lovelock, C. E., A. J. Molyneux, and P. M. Rothwell. "Change in incidence and aetiology of intracerebral haemorrhage in Oxfordshire, UK, between 1981 and 2006: a population-based study." The Lancet Neurology 6.6 (2007): 487-493. </ref><ref name="pmid1117973">{{cite journal| author=Rümke CL| title=Letter: Implications of the statement: No side effects were observed. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1975 | volume= 292 | issue= 7 | pages= 372-3 | pmid=1117973 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1117973 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19246695">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hanley DF |title=Intraventricular hemorrhage: severity factor and treatment target in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage |journal=Stroke |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=1533–8 |year=2009 |pmid=19246695 |pmc=2744212 |doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.535419 |url=}}</ref> |
| Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
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| *[[Atrial fibrillation]]
| | {| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align="center" |
| *[[Eclampsia]]
| | ! colspan="4" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Causes |
| *[[Infective endocarditis]]
| |
| *[[Myocardial infarction]]
| |
| *[[Pulmonary embolism]]
| |
| | |
| ===Common Causes===
| |
| *[[Aneurysm]]
| |
| *[[Arteriovenous malformations]]
| |
| *[[Atherosclerosis]]
| |
| *[[Atrial fibrillation]]
| |
| *[[Embolism]]
| |
| *[[Hypertension]]
| |
| *[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
| |
| *[[Thrombosis]]
| |
| *[[Transient ischemic attack]]
| |
| *[[Traumatic brain injury]]
| |
| *[[Warfarin]]
| |
| | |
| ===Causes by Organ System===
| |
| | |
| {|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1" | |
| |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
| |
| |style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Air embolism]], [[amyloid angiopathy]], [[amyloidosis ]], [[aneurysm]], [[antithrombin III deficiency]], [[arteriosclerosis obliterans]], [[arteritis]], [[atheroma]], [[atherosclerosis]], [[atrial fibrillation]], [[atrial myxoma]], atrial septal aneurysm, [[atrial septal defect]], [[bacterial endocarditis]], [[cardiac arrest]], [[carotid artery dissection]], [[carotid artery stenosis]], [[congenital heart disease]], [[congestive heart failure]], [[dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[dissecting aortic aneurysm]], [[dissection]], [[embolism]], [[endocarditis]], [[endomyocardial fibrosis]], [[familial hypercholesterolemia]], [[fibromuscular dysplasia]], [[hyperlipoproteinemia]], [[hypertension]], [[hypoxemia]], [[infective endocarditis ]], internal carotid agenesis, [[intracranial aneurysms|internal carotid artery aneurysm]], [[cerebral arteriovenous malformation|intracranial arteriovenous malformation]], [[ischemia]], [[left atrial myxoma]], [[thrombus|left atrial thrombus]], [[left ventricular aneurysm]], [[left ventricular thrombus]], [[Libman-Sacks endocarditis]], [[lipoprotein disorders classification|lipoproteinemia]], [[malignant hypertension]], [[marantic endocarditis ]], [[Meloxicam]], [[mitral annular calcification]], [[mitral valve prolapse]], [[multi-infarct dementia]], [[myocardial infarction]], [[papillary fibroelastoma]], [[patent foramen ovale]], [[pericardial effusion]], [[pulmonary arterio-venous malformation]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[rheumatic heart disease]], [[rheumatoid vasculitis]], [[sick sinus syndrome]], [[Sneddon-Champion syndrome]], [[Sturge-Weber syndrome]], [[atrial flutter|sustained atrial flutter]], [[systemic hypertension]], [[Takayasu arteritis]], [[thromboembolism ]], [[thrombosis]], [[vascular dementia]], [[cerebral arteriovenous malformation|vascular malformations]], [[vasculitis]], [[vasoconstriction]], [[ventricular aneurysm]], [[vertebral artery dissection]]
| |
| |- | | |- |
| |bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning''' | | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Disease |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Lethal causes |
| | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Common causes |
| | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Less common causes |
| |- | | |- |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | | | align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Transient ischemic attack]] (TIA) |
| | '''Dental''' | | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Emboli]] from cardiac source (mostly secondary to [[Atrial fibrillation|AF]]) |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | |
| | * [[Atherosclerotic plaque]] |
| | * [[Thrombosis]] |
| | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Arterial dissection]] |
| |- | | |- |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | | | align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Ischemic stroke]] |
| | '''Dermatologic''' | | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[angioma|Angioma hereditary neurocutaneous]], [[Behcet's disease]], [[hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia]], [[rheumatoid vasculitis]], [[Sneddon-Champion syndrome]], [[Sturge-Weber syndrome]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[vasculitis]] | | * [[Atrial fibrillation]] |
| | * [[Eclampsia]] |
| | * [[Infective endocarditis]] |
| | * [[Myocardial infarction]] |
| | * [[Pulmonary embolism]] |
| | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | |
| | * [[Aneurysm]] |
| | * [[Arteriovenous malformations]] |
| | * [[Atherosclerosis]] |
| | * [[Atrial fibrillation]] |
| | * [[Embolism]] |
| | * [[Hypertension]] |
| | * [[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]] |
| | * [[Thrombosis]] |
| | * [[Transient ischemic attack]] |
| | * [[Traumatic brain injury]] |
| | * [[Warfarin]] |
| | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | |
| | * [[Takayasu arteritis]] |
| | * [[Vasculitis]] |
| | * [[Vasoconstriction]] |
| | |
| | * [[Infective endocarditis]] |
| | * [[Lacunar infarcts]] |
| | * [[Left atrial myxoma]] |
| |- | | |- |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | | | align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Intracerebral hemorrhage]] |
| | '''Drug Side Effect''' | | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | --- |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Febuxostat]], [[Medroxyprogesterone]], [[Norgestimate and Ethinyl estradiol]], [[Norgestrel and Ethinyl estradiol]], [[Piroxicam]], [[Pramipexole]] | | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | |
| | * [[Hypertension|Long-standing hypertension]] |
| | |
| | * [[Cerebral amyloid angiopathy]] |
| | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | |
| | * [[Arteriovenous malformation|Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs)]] |
| | * [[Aneurysms]] |
| | |
| | * [[Cocaine]] |
| | * [[Amphetamines]] |
| | |
| | * [[Vasculitis]] |
| | |
| | * [[Liver disease]] |
| | * [[Anticoagulant]] medication |
| | * [[Thrombolytic therapy]] |
| | |
| | * [[Tumor|Brain tumor]] |
| | * Hemorrhagic transformation of an [[ischemic stroke]] |
| | * [[Moyamoya disease]] |
| | * [[Tumor|Tumors]] |
| | |
| | * [[Encephalitis]] |
| |- | | |- |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | | | align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]] |
| | '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia]], [[Wolfram syndrome]]
| | Rupture of an aneurysm |
| |- | | * [[Aneurysm|Saccular aneurysms]] (most common cause) |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| | * Fusiform [[Aneurysm|aneurysms]] |
| | '''Endocrine'''
| | * Mycotic [[Aneurysm|aneurysms]] |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amyloidosis]], [[adenoma|Conn's adenoma]], [[Conn's syndrome]], [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes mellitus type I]], [[ diabetes mellitus type II]], [[Wolfram syndrome]]
| | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | |
| |- | | Rupture of an aneurysm |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| | * [[Aneurysm|Saccular aneurysms]] (most common cause) |
| | '''Environmental'''
| | * Fusiform [[Aneurysm|aneurysms]] |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Decompression sickness]], [[dysbarism]]
| | * Mycotic [[Aneurysm|aneurysms]] |
| |- | | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | | * [[Arteriovenous malformation]] |
| | '''Gastroenterologic'''
| | * [[Dural arteriovenous fistula]] |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| | * [[Perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage|Perimesencephalic]] |
| |-
| | * [[Arterial dissection|Intracranial arterial dissection]] |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| | * [[Amyloid angiopathy]] |
| | '''Genetic'''
| | * Cerebral [[venous thrombosis]] |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adenosine deaminase deficiency]], [[familial dysfibrinogenemia|Ales dysfibrinogenemia]], [[CADASIL]], CARASIL, [[cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency]], [[Fabry's disease]], [[Fabry's disease]],[[hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia ]], [[factor V Leiden mutation]], [[familial hemiplegic migraine]], HERNS syndrome, [[homocystinuria]], [[ Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome]], [[lipoprotein disorders classification|lipoproteinemia]], [[MELAS]], [[Menkes disease]], [[methylmalonic acidemia]], [[ methylmalonic aciduria]], [[ mitochondrial diseases]], [[osteopetrosis]], [[progeria]], [[protein C deficiency]], [[protein S deficiency]], [[spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia]], [[Sturge-Weber syndrome]], [[velocardiofacial syndrome]], [[Werner syndrome]], [[Wolfram syndrome]]
| | * Cerebral [[vasculitis]] |
| | * Reversible vasoconstriction syndrome |
| | |
| | * Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome after [[carotid endarterectomy]] |
| | * Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome |
| | * Brain or cervical [[Tumor|tumors]] |
| | * Illicit drug use ([[cocaine]], [[amphetamines]]) |
| |- | | |- |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | | | align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Subdural hematoma|Subdural hemorrhage]] |
| | '''Hematologic'''
| | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Rupture of bridging vessels |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[familial dysfibrinogenemia|Ales dysfibrinogenemia]], [[antiphospholipid syndrome]], [[antithrombin III deficiency]], [[Bing-Neel syndrome]], [[bleeding disorders]], [[embolism]], [[essential thrombocytosis]], [[factor V Leiden mutation]], [[hemophilia A]], [[heparin-induced thrombocytopenia]], [[polycythemia vera]], [[protein C deficiency]], [[protein S deficiency]], [[sickle cell anemia]], [[sickle cell disease]], [[essential thrombocytosis|thrombocythemia]], [[thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
| | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Trauma (motor vehicle accidents, falls, and assaults) |
| | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | |
| | * Aneurysmal [[subarachnoid hemorrhage]] |
| | * [[Arteriovenous malformation]] |
| | * [[Meningioma]] |
| | * Dural metastases |
| | * [[Coagulopathy]] |
| | * Neurosurgical procedures |
| | * [[Cocaine abuse]] |
| |- | | |- |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | | | align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Epidural hemorrhage]] |
| | '''Iatrogenic''' | | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Rupture of middle meningeal arteries |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Air embolism]], [[bioprosthetic valves]], [[coronary angiography]], [[coronary artery bypass surgery|coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery]] | | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Trauma (motor vehicle accidents, falls, and assaults) |
| | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | |
| |- | | |- |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | | | align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Intraparenchymal hemorrhage]] |
| | '''Infectious Disease'''
| | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | --- |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[HIV]], [[neurosyphilis]], [[syphilis]]
| | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Trauma (motor vehicle accidents, falls, and assaults) |
| |-
| | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | Rupture of an aneurysm |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| | * [[Aneurysm|Saccular aneurysms]] (most common cause) |
| | '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| | * Fusiform [[Aneurysm|aneurysms]] |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency]], [[osteopetrosis]], [[spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia]]
| | * Mycotic [[Aneurysm|aneurysms]] |
| |-
| | [[Arteriovenous malformation]] |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Neurologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Air embolism]], [[amyloid angiopathy]], [[antiphospholipid syndrome]], [[autonomic dysreflexia]], [[Binswanger's disease]], [[CADASIL]], CARASIL, [[carotid artery stenosis]], [[cerebral hemorrhage]], [[adult brain tumors|cerebral ventricle neoplasm]], [[familial hemiplegic migraine]], [[fibromuscular dysplasia]], [[giant cell arteritis]], [[hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia]], HERNS syndrome, [[HIV]], [[homocystinuria]], internal carotid agenesis, [[intracranial aneurysms|internal carotid artery aneurysm]], [[intracerebral hemorrhage]], [[cerebral arteriovenous malformation|intracranial arteriovenous malformation]], [[intracranial berry aneurysm]], [[intracranial hemorrhage]], [[lacunar infarcts]], [[lacunar stroke]], lipohyalinosis, [[migraine]], [[mitochondrial diseases]], [[moyamoya disease]], [[multi-infarct dementia]], [[posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome]], [[vasculitis|primary angiitis]], [[sleep apnea]], [[Sneddon-Champion syndrome]], [[subarachnoid haemorrhage]], [[transient ischemic attack ]], [[vascular dementia]], [[cerebral arteriovenous malformation|vascular malformations]], [[vertebral artery dissection]], [[Wolfram syndrome]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |
| | '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adenosine deaminase deficiency]], [[amyloidosis]], [[cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency]], [[Fabry's disease]], [[familial hypercholesterolemia]], [[homocystinuria]], [[hyperhomocysteinemia]], [[hyperlipoproteinemia]], [[lipoprotein disorders classification|lipoproteinemia]], [[Menkes disease]], [[methylmalonic acidemia]], [[methylmalonic aciduria]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Antiphospholipid syndrome]], [[eclampsia]], [[pre-eclampsia]] | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Oncologic''' | |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[angioma|Angioma hereditary neurocutaneous]], [[Bing-Neel syndrome]], [[adenoma|Conn's adenoma]], [[adrenocortical carcinoma|Conn-Louis carcinoma]], [[papillary fibroelastoma]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |
| | '''Ophthalmologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency]], [[giant cell arteritis]], HERNS syndrome, [[homocystinuria]], [[Wolfram syndrome]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[amphetamine|Amphetamine abuse]], [[cocaine|cocaine overdose]], [[crack addiction]], [[crystal meth addiction]], [[ecstasy overdose]], [[drug use|illicit drug use]], [[methamphetamine overdose]], [[narcotic addiction]], [[substance abuse]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Psychiatric'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Binswanger's disease]], [[conversion disorder]], [[multi-infarct dementia]], [[vascular dementia]]
| |
| |- | |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Pulmonary'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypoxemia]], [[idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease]], [[fibromuscular dysplasia]], [[fibromuscular dysplasia]], HERNS syndrome, [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
| |
| |- | |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adenosine deaminase deficiency]], [[amyloidosis]], [[antiphospholipid syndrome]], [[Behcet's disease]], [[giant cell arteritis]], [[HIV]], [[lupus]], [[rheumatoid vasculitis]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[vasculitis]], [[velocardiofacial syndrome]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Sexual'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Trauma'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Autonomic dysreflexia]], [[trauma]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Urologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Miscellaneous'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[coronary artery bypass surgery|Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery]], [[decompression sickness]], [[dysbarism]], [[mechanical heart valves]], [[premature aging]]
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | | align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Intraventricular hemorrhage]] (IVH) |
| | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | --- |
| | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | |
| | * Secondary to [[intracerebral hemorrhage]] |
| | * Trauma (motor vehicle accidents, falls, and assaults) |
| | * Vascular malformations (usually [[Arteriovenous malformation|arteriovenous malformations]] or [[Arteriovenous fistula|arteriovenous fistulae]]) |
| | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | |
| | * Intraventricular tumors ([[papilloma]], neurocytoma, [[meningioma]], metastases, [[astrocytoma]], [[ependymoma]]) |
| | * Intraventricular aneurysms |
| | * [[Moyamoya disease]] |
| | * [[Pituitary apoplexy]] |
| | * [[Vasculitis]] |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
| ==Causes of Stroke Based on Classification==
| |
| ===Ischemic Stroke Causes===
| |
| {{col-begin|width=80%}}
| |
| {{col-break|width=33%}}
| |
| *[[Antiphospholipid syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Arteritis]]
| |
| *[[Atherosclerosis]]
| |
| *[[Atrial fibrillation]]
| |
| * Atrial septal aneurysm
| |
| *[[Bioprosthetic valves]]
| |
| *[[Bleeding disorders]]
| |
| *[[Cardiac arrest]]
| |
| *[[Cardiac arrhythmias]]
| |
| *[[Congestive heart failure]]
| |
| *[[coronary artery bypass surgery|Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery]]
| |
| *[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
| |
| *[[Dissection]]
| |
| *[[Fibromuscular dysplasia]]
| |
| *[[Giant cell arteritis]]
| |
| *[[Hypoxia (medical)|Hypoxemia]]
| |
| *[[Infective endocarditis]]
| |
| *[[Lacunar infarcts]]
| |
| *[[Left atrial myxoma]]
| |
| {{col-break|width=33%}}
| |
| *[[Left ventricular thrombus]]
| |
| *[[Libman-Sacks endocarditis]]
| |
| *[[Marantic endocarditis]]
| |
| *[[Artificial heart|mechanical heart valves]]
| |
| *[[Mitral annular calcification]]
| |
| *[[Moyamoya syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Myocardial infarction]]
| |
| *Noninflammatory vasculopathy
| |
| *[[Papillary fibroelastoma]]
| |
| *[[Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation]]
| |
| *[[Patent foramen ovale]]
| |
| *[[Pericardial effusion]]
| |
| *[[Pulmonary embolism]]
| |
| *[[Rheumatic heart disease]]
| |
| *[[Sick sinus syndrome]]
| |
| *[[atrial flutter|Sustained atrial flutter]]
| |
| *[[Takayasu arteritis]]
| |
| *[[Vasculitis]]
| |
| *[[Vasoconstriction]]
| |
| {{col-end}}
| |
|
| |
| ===Hemorrhagic Stroke Causes===
| |
| *[[Amyloid angiopathy]]
| |
| *[[Bleeding disorders]]
| |
| *[[Hypertension]]
| |
| *[[Drug use|Illicit drug use]]
| |
| *[[Trauma]]
| |
| *[[cerebral arteriovenous malformation|Vascular malformations]]
| |
|
| |
| ===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
| |
| {{col-begin|width=80%}}
| |
| {{col-break|width=33%}}
| |
| *[[Adenosine deaminase deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Air embolism]]
| |
| *[[familial dysfibrinogenemia|Ales dysfibrinogenemia]]
| |
| *[[amphetamine|Amphetamine abuse]]
| |
| *[[Amyloid angiopathy]]
| |
| *[[Amyloidosis]]
| |
| *[[Aneurysm ]]
| |
| *[[angioma|Angioma hereditary neurocutaneous]]
| |
| *[[Antiphospholipid syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Antithrombin III deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Arteriosclerosis obliterans]]
| |
| *[[Arteritis]]
| |
| *[[Atheroma]]
| |
| *[[Atherosclerosis]]
| |
| *[[Atrial fibrillation]]
| |
| *[[Atrial myxoma]]
| |
| *Atrial septal aneurysm
| |
| *[[Atrial septal defect]]
| |
| *[[Autonomic dysreflexia]]
| |
| *[[Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease]]
| |
| *[[Bacterial endocarditis ]]
| |
| *[[Behcet's disease]]
| |
| *[[Bing-Neel syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Binswanger's disease]]
| |
| *[[Bioprosthetic valves]]
| |
| *[[Bleeding disorders]]
| |
| *[[CADASIL]]<ref name="pmid8878478">{{cite journal| author=Joutel A, Corpechot C, Ducros A, Vahedi K, Chabriat H, Mouton P et al.| title=Notch3 mutations in CADASIL, a hereditary adult-onset condition causing stroke and dementia. | journal=Nature | year= 1996 | volume= 383 | issue= 6602 | pages= 707-10 | pmid=8878478 | doi=10.1038/383707a0 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8878478 }} </ref>
| |
| *CARASIL<ref name="pmid21215656">{{cite journal| author=Fukutake T| title=Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL): from discovery to gene identification. | journal=J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis | year= 2011 | volume= 20 | issue= 2 | pages= 85-93 | pmid=21215656 | doi=10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2010.11.008 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21215656 }} </ref>
| |
| *[[Cardiac arrest]]
| |
| *[[Carotid artery dissection]]
| |
| *[[Carotid artery stenosis]]
| |
| *[[Cerebral hemorrhage]]
| |
| *[[adult brain tumors|Cerebral ventricle neoplasm]]
| |
| *[[cocaine|Cocaine overdose]]
| |
| *[[Congenital heart disease]]
| |
| *[[Congestive heart failure]]
| |
| *[[adenoma|Conn's adenoma]]
| |
| *[[Conn's syndrome]]
| |
| *[[adrenocortical carcinoma|Conn-Louis carcinoma]]
| |
| *[[Conversion disorder]]
| |
| *[[Coronary angiography]]
| |
| *[[coronary artery bypass surgery|Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery]]
| |
| *[[Crack addiction ]]
| |
| {{col-break|width=33%}}
| |
| *[[Crystal meth addiction]]
| |
| *[[Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Decompression sickness]]
| |
| *[[diabetes mellitus|Diabetes mellitus type I]]
| |
| *[[Diabetes mellitus type II]]
| |
| *[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
| |
| *[[Dissecting aortic aneurysm]]
| |
| *[[Dissection]]
| |
| *[[Dysbarism]]
| |
| *[[Eclampsia]]
| |
| *[[Ecstasy overdose]]
| |
| *[[Embolism]]
| |
| *[[Endocarditis]]
| |
| *[[Endomyocardial fibrosis]]
| |
| *[[Essential thrombocytosis]]
| |
| *[[Fabry's disease]]
| |
| *[[Factor V Leiden mutation]]
| |
| *[[Familial hemiplegic migraine]]
| |
| *[[Familial hypercholesterolemia]]
| |
| *[[Fibromuscular dysplasia]]
| |
| *[[Giant cell arteritis]]
| |
| *[[Hemophilia A]]
| |
| *[[Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia]]
| |
| *[[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia]]
| |
| *HERNS syndrome<ref name="JenCohen1997">{{cite journal|last1=Jen|first1=J.|last2=Cohen|first2=A. H.|last3=Yue|first3=Q.|last4=Stout|first4=J. T.|last5=Vinters|first5=H. V.|last6=Nelson|first6=S.|last7=Baloh|first7=R. W.|title=Hereditary endotheliopathy with retinopathy, nephropathy, and stroke(HERNS)|journal=Neurology|volume=49|issue=5|year=1997|pages=1322–1330|issn=0028-3878|doi=10.1212/WNL.49.5.1322}}</ref><ref name="pmid15856153">{{cite journal| author=Seifried C, Sitzer M, Jen J, Auburger G| title=[HERNS. A rare, hereditary, multisystemic disease with cerebral microangiopathy]. | journal=Nervenarzt | year= 2005 | volume= 76 | issue= 10 | pages= 1191-2, 1194-5 | pmid=15856153 | doi=10.1007/s00115-005-1910-0 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15856153 }} </ref>
| |
| *[[HIV]]
| |
| *[[Homocystinuria]]
| |
| *[[Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Hyperhomocysteinemia]]
| |
| *[[Hyperlipoproteinemia ]]
| |
| *[[Hypertension ]]
| |
| *[[Hypoxemia]]
| |
| *[[Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]]
| |
| *[[drug use|Illicit drug use]]
| |
| *[[Infective endocarditis]]
| |
| *Internal carotid agenesis
| |
| *[[intracranial aneurysms|Internal carotid artery aneurysm]]
| |
| *[[Intracerebral hemorrhage]]
| |
| *[[cerebral arteriovenous malformation|Intracranial arteriovenous malformation]]
| |
| *[[Intracranial berry aneurysm]]
| |
| *[[Intracranial hemorrhage]]
| |
| *[[Ischemia]]
| |
| *[[Lacunar infarcts]]
| |
| {{col-break|width=33%}}
| |
| *[[Lacunar stroke]]
| |
| *[[Left atrial myxoma]]
| |
| *[[thrombus|Left atrial thrombus]]
| |
| *[[Left ventricular aneurysm]]
| |
| *[[Left ventricular thrombus]]
| |
| *[[Libman-Sacks endocarditis]]
| |
| *Lipohyalinosis
| |
| *[[lipoprotein disorders classification|Lipoproteinemia]]
| |
| *[[Lupus]]
| |
| *[[Malignant hypertension ]]
| |
| *[[Marantic endocarditis ]]
| |
| *[[Mechanical heart valves]]
| |
| *[[Medroxyprogesterone]]
| |
| *[[MELAS]]
| |
| *[[Meloxicam]]
| |
| *[[Menkes disease]]
| |
| *[[Methamphetamine overdose]]
| |
| *[[Methylmalonic acidemia]]
| |
| *[[Methylmalonic aciduria ]]
| |
| *[[Migraine ]]
| |
| *[[Mitochondrial diseases ]]
| |
| *[[Mitral annular calcification]]
| |
| *[[Mitral valve prolapse ]]
| |
| *[[Moyamoya disease ]]
| |
| *[[Multi-infarct dementia]]
| |
| *[[Myocardial infarction ]]
| |
| *[[Narcotic addiction]]
| |
| *[[Neurosyphilis]]
| |
| *[[Norgestrel and Ethinyl estradiol]]
| |
| *[[nuvaring|Nuvaring (etonogestrel and ethinyl estradiol vaginal ring)]]
| |
| *[[Osteopetrosis ]]
| |
| *[[Papillary fibroelastoma]]
| |
| *[[Patent foramen ovale]]
| |
| *[[Pericardial effusion]]
| |
| *[[Polycythemia vera ]]
| |
| *[[Posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Pre-eclampsia ]]
| |
| *[[Premature aging ]]
| |
| *[[granulomatous angiitis|Primary angiitis]]
| |
| *[[Progeria ]]
| |
| *[[Protein C deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Protein S deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Pulmonary arterio-venous malformation]]
| |
| *[[Pulmonary embolism]]
| |
| *[[Rheumatic heart disease]]
| |
| *[[Rheumatoid vasculitis]]
| |
| *[[Sick sinus syndrome]]
| |
| {{col-break|width=33%}}
| |
| *[[Sickle cell anemia]]
| |
| *[[Sickle cell disease]]
| |
| *[[Sleep apnea ]]
| |
| *[[Sneddon-Champion syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia]]
| |
| *[[Sturge-Weber syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Subarachnoid haemorrhage]]
| |
| *[[Substance abuse]]
| |
| *[[atrial flutter|Sustained atrial flutter]]
| |
| *[[Syphilis]]
| |
| *[[Systemic hypertension]]
| |
| *[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
| |
| *[[Takayasu arteritis]]
| |
| *[[essential thrombocytosis|Thrombocythemia]]
| |
| *[[Thromboembolism]]
| |
| *[[Thrombosis]]
| |
| *[[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
| |
| *[[Transient ischemic attack]]
| |
| *[[Trauma]]
| |
| *[[Vascular dementia]]
| |
| *[[cerebral arteriovenous malformation|Vascular malformations]]
| |
| *[[Vasculitis]]
| |
| *[[Vasoconstriction]]
| |
| *[[Velocardiofacial syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Ventricular aneurysm]]
| |
| *[[Vertebral artery dissection]]
| |
| *[[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
| |
| *[[Werner syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Wolfram syndrome]]
| |
| {{col-end}}
| |
|
| |
| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{Reflist|2}} | | {{reflist|2}} |
| | |
| [[Category:Aging-associated diseases]]
| |
| [[Category:Cardiovascular diseases]]
| |
| [[Category:Causes of death]]
| |
| [[Category:Medical emergencies]]
| |
| [[Category:Neurology]]
| |
| [[Category:Neurological disorders]]
| |
| [[Category:Emergency medicine]]
| |
| [[Category:Cardiology]]
| |
| [[Category:Neurosurgery]]
| |
| [[Category:Disease]]
| |
| [[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]
| |
| | |
| {{WH}} | | {{WH}} |
| {{WS}} | | {{WS}} |
| | [[Category:Needs content]] |
| | [[Category:Disease]] |