Histoplasmosis historical perspective: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 22:11, 29 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Serge Korjian M.D., Vidit Bhargava, M.B.B.S [2], Aravind Kuchkuntla, M.B.B.S [3]

Overview

Histoplasma capsulatum was first described by Samuel Taylor Darling in 1906, who coined the term to describe the "plasmodium-like" organisms in the histocytes. In 1912, Henrique da Rocha-Lima, a Brazilian tropical disease specialist, reported findings from a comparison between Leishmania and Histoplasma and concluded that Histoplasma more closely resembled a yeast than a protozoan. In the late 1940s, William A. DeMonbreun, the first person to culture the organism, suggested that the disease may be prevalent in the United States due to mild and carrier forms.^[1]

Historical Perspective

Initial Discovery

Histoplasma capsulatum was first described by Samuel Taylor Darling, an American pathologist, during his work in the Panama Canal Zone.^[2]
He observed an organism in a patient's autopsy material that resembled Leishmania and at that time, he falsely identified it as a protozoa.
The patient died of a generalized disease associated with hepatosplenomegaly and anemia, a syndrome similar to the findings of Leishman and Donovan.
Despite his very crude equipment by modern standards, Darling was able to identify these "plasmodium-like" organisms in histiocytes, hence coining the name Histoplasma.
The term "capsulatum" stemmed from Darling's false assumption that the organism has a capsule.^[1]

Reclassification

In 1912, Henrique da Rocha-Lima, a Brazilian tropical disease specialist, reported findings from a comparison between Leishmania and Histoplasma and concluded that Histoplasma more closely resembled a yeast than a protozoan.
Up until the early 1940s, histoplasmosis was considered a fatal tropical disease not prevalent in the United States.
Dr. Charles E. Smith was the first person to suggest that the rise in pulmonary calcifications in patients with a negative tuberculin test could be due to Histoplasma.^[1]

Isolation and Culture

In 1928, Dr. Edna H. Tompkins identified the first case of histoplasmosis by demonstrating the organism on the blood smear.
In 1933, Dr. William A. DeMonbreun of Vanderbilt University became the first person to successfully culture Histoplasma capsulatum species from the same patient identified by Dr. Tompkins.
Dr. DeMonbreun also fulfilled Koch's postulates after he injected the culture material into animals.
He also suggested that the disease may not be as low in prevalence as initially hypothesized due to mild and carrier forms.
In 1948, Dr. Chester W. Emmons isolated and cultured Histoplasma capsulatum from a soil sample for the first time.^[1]

Histoplasmosis in Popular Culture

Johnny Cash included a reference to the disease, and correctly noted its source in bird droppings, in the song "Beans for Breakfast".
Bob Dylan was hospitalized due to histoplasmosis in 1997, causing the cancellation of concerts in the United Kingdom and Switzerland.
In the episode Family, episode 21 of season 3 of the television show 'House, M.D.' a patient was diagnosed with histoplasmosis.

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 BAUM GL, SCHWARZ J (1957). "The history of histoplasmosis, 1906 to 1956". N Engl J Med. 256 (6): 253–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM195702072560605. PMID 13400245.
↑ Hegner RW (1925). "SAMUEL TAYLOR DARLING 1872-1925". Science. 62 (1593): 23–4. doi:10.1126/science.62.1593.23. PMID 17738786.

[pmid13400245-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 BAUM GL, SCHWARZ J (1957). "The history of histoplasmosis, 1906 to 1956". N Engl J Med. 256 (6): 253–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM195702072560605. PMID 13400245.

[pmid17738786-2] Hegner RW (1925). "SAMUEL TAYLOR DARLING 1872-1925". Science. 62 (1593): 23–4. doi:10.1126/science.62.1593.23. PMID 17738786.

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Histoplasmosis}}
-{{CMG}}; {{AE}}; {{VB}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{SSK}}, {{VB}}, {{AKI}}
+==Overview==
+''[[Histoplasma capsulatum]]'' was first described by Samuel Taylor Darling in 1906, who coined the term to describe the "plasmodium-like" organisms in the histocytes. In 1912, Henrique da Rocha-Lima, a Brazilian [[tropical disease]] specialist, reported findings from a comparison between [[Leishmania]] and [[Histoplasma capsulatum|Histoplasma]] and concluded that [[Histoplasma capsulatum|Histoplasma]] more closely resembled a [[yeast]] than a [[protozoan]]. In the late 1940s, William A. DeMonbreun, the first person to culture the [[organism]], suggested that the disease may be prevalent in the United States due to mild and carrier forms.<ref name="pmid13400245">{{cite journal| author=BAUM GL, SCHWARZ J| title=The history of histoplasmosis, 1906 to 1956. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1957 | volume= 256 | issue= 6 | pages= 253-8 | pmid=13400245 | doi=10.1056/NEJM195702072560605 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13400245  }} </ref>
 ==Historical Perspective==
+===Initial Discovery===
+*''[[Histoplasma capsulatum]]'' was first described by Samuel Taylor Darling, an American [[pathologist]], during his work in the Panama Canal Zone.<ref name="pmid17738786">{{cite journal| author=Hegner RW| title=SAMUEL TAYLOR DARLING 1872-1925. | journal=Science | year= 1925 | volume= 62 | issue= 1593 | pages= 23-4 | pmid=17738786 | doi=10.1126/science.62.1593.23 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17738786  }} </ref>
+*He observed an [[organism]]  in a patient's [[autopsy]] material that resembled [[Leishmania]] and at that time, he falsely identified it as a [[protozoan|protozoa]].
+*The patient died of a generalized disease associated with [[hepatosplenomegaly]] and [[anemia]], a syndrome similar to the findings of [[Leishmaniais|Leishman]] and [[Donovanosis|Donovan]].
+*Despite his very crude equipment by modern standards, Darling was able to identify these "[[plasmodium]]-like" organisms in [[histiocytes]], hence coining the name ''[[Histoplasma capsulatum|Histoplasma]]''.
+*The term "capsulatum" stemmed from Darling's false assumption that the organism has a [[capsule]].<ref name="pmid13400245">{{cite journal| author=BAUM GL, SCHWARZ J| title=The history of histoplasmosis, 1906 to 1956. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1957 | volume= 256 | issue= 6 | pages= 253-8 | pmid=13400245 | doi=10.1056/NEJM195702072560605 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13400245  }} </ref>
-The fungus was first identified and described by an american pathologist named Samuel Taylor Darling. He had trained in Louis Pasteur's laboratory and was later appointed as the Head of the board of health laboratory in Panama. While working on a project on control malaria and yellow fever in Panama he made this discovery in 1905-1906. He found that, in a lung autopsy specimen in a carpenter, there were granulomas quite different from the ones found in tuberculosis, these were large endothelial cells infested by oval micro-organisms. In 1906, he examined 2 more autopsy specimens from a laborer and a Chinese immigrant and the findings were consistent with the previous biopsy. He thus postulated the existence of a new micro-organism, classified it as a protozoan, and named it Histoplasma capsulatum because he thought it to be an encapsulated organism. However both his assumptions were wrong. Nonetheless Histoplasmosis became "Darling's Disease". [http://www.antimicrobe.org/history/Discovery%20of%20Histoplasmosis-Darling.asp]
+===Reclassification===
+*In 1912, Henrique da Rocha-Lima, a Brazilian [[tropical disease]] specialist, reported findings from a comparison between [[Leishmania]] and [[Histoplasma capsulatum|Histoplasma]] and concluded that [[Histoplasma capsulatum|Histoplasma]] more closely resembled a [[yeast]] than a [[protozoan]].
+*Up until the early 1940s, [[histoplasmosis]] was considered a fatal [[tropical disease]] not prevalent in the United States.
+*Dr. Charles E. Smith was the first person to suggest that the rise in [[pulmonary]] [[Calcification|calcifications]] in patients with a negative [[tuberculin test]] could be due to [[Histoplasma capsulatum|Histoplasma]].<ref name="pmid13400245">{{cite journal| author=BAUM GL, SCHWARZ J| title=The history of histoplasmosis, 1906 to 1956. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1957 | volume= 256 | issue= 6 | pages= 253-8 | pmid=13400245 | doi=10.1056/NEJM195702072560605 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13400245  }} </ref>
+===Isolation and Culture===
+*In 1928, Dr. Edna H. Tompkins identified the first case of [[histoplasmosis]] by demonstrating the organism on the [[blood smear]].
+*In 1933, Dr. William A. DeMonbreun of Vanderbilt University became the first person to successfully culture [[Histoplasma capsulatum]] [[species]] from the  same patient identified by Dr. Tompkins.
+*Dr. DeMonbreun also fulfilled [[Koch's postulates]] after he injected the culture material into animals.
+*He also suggested that the disease may not be as low in [[prevalence]] as initially hypothesized due to mild and carrier forms.
+*In 1948, Dr. Chester W. Emmons isolated and cultured [[Histoplasma capsulatum]] from a soil sample for the first time.<ref name="pmid13400245">{{cite journal| author=BAUM GL, SCHWARZ J| title=The history of histoplasmosis, 1906 to 1956. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1957 | volume= 256 | issue= 6 | pages= 253-8 | pmid=13400245 | doi=10.1056/NEJM195702072560605 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13400245  }} </ref>
 ===Histoplasmosis in Popular Culture===
-* Johnny Cash included a reference to the disease, even correctly noting its source in bird droppings, in the song "Beans for Breakfast".
+* Johnny Cash included a reference to the disease, and correctly noted its source in bird droppings, in the song "Beans for Breakfast".
+* Bob Dylan was hospitalized due to [[histoplasmosis]] in 1997, causing the cancellation of concerts in the United Kingdom and Switzerland.
-* Bob Dylan was hospitalized due to histoplasmosis in 1997, causing the cancellation of concerts in the United Kingdom and Switzerland.
+* In the episode Family, episode 21 of season 3 of the television show 'House, M.D.' a patient was diagnosed with [[histoplasmosis]].
-* In the episode Family, episode 21 of season 3 of the television show 'House, M.D.' a patient was diagnosed with histoplasmosis.
 ==References==
@@ Line 20: / Line 36: @@
 [[Category:Fungal diseases]]
 [[Category:Rat carried diseases]]
+[[Category:Emergency mdicine]]
+[[Category:Disease]]
+[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
+[[Category:Infectious disease]]
+[[Category:Pulmonology]]
+[[Category:Gastroenterology]]