Hemolytic-uremic syndrome epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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===Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate===
===Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate===
*In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [number range]%.
*In 2017, the incidence of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is approximately 10% per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [number range]%.
*The case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [disease name] is approximately [number range].
<nowiki><ref>{{Cite journal</nowiki>
  | author = <nowiki>[[Gregory Hall]]</nowiki>, <nowiki>[[Shinichiro Kurosawa]]</nowiki> & <nowiki>[[Deborah J. Stearns-Kurosawa]]</nowiki>
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> title = Shiga Toxin Therapeutics: Beyond Neutralization
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> journal = <nowiki>[[Toxins]]</nowiki>
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> volume = 9
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> issue = 9
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> year = 2017
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> month = September
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> doi = 10.3390/toxins9090291
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> pmid = 28925976
}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki>
*The case-fatality mortality rate of HUS is approximately 25%.
<nowiki><ref>{{Cite journal</nowiki>
  | author = <nowiki>[[Gregory Hall]]</nowiki>, <nowiki>[[Shinichiro Kurosawa]]</nowiki> & <nowiki>[[Deborah J. Stearns-Kurosawa]]</nowiki>
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> title = Shiga Toxin Therapeutics: Beyond Neutralization
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> journal = <nowiki>[[Toxins]]</nowiki>
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> volume = 9
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> issue = 9
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> year = 2017
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> month = September
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> doi = 10.3390/toxins9090291
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> pmid = 28925976
}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki>


===Age===
===Age===
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EHEC‐associated HUS occurs primarily in children younger than 5 years of age and in the elderly 34, 35. After an incubation period of 4–7 days, EHEC‐infected patients develop diarrhoea 36 and approximately 15% of cases develop HUS 11 within an additional 2–10 days. Patients may be infected by intake of contaminated food including raw, processed or undercooked meat, vegetables, unpasteurized juice or milk products, cross‐contamination of food products and utensils, intake of contaminated water, even from swimming pools 5, 37-42, person‐to‐person transmission 43, 44 or contact with animals bearing the strain 45. Transmission occurs more often in summer 46, requires a very low number of bacterial organisms 47 and occurs in outbreaks or sporadically. Very large outbreaks have occurred in Japan 48 and in Germany 16, but smaller outbreaks have been reported in numerous countries 5-10. In countries in which intake of raw meat is higher, EHEC infection is endemic and HUS rates are thus higher, such as in Argentina 49. The incidence in Argentina has been reported to be as high as 12.2 cases per 100 000 children younger than 5 years of age 50. It is difficult to assess the annual incidence of EHEC‐associated HUS, but overall rates corresponding to two per 100 000 for all age groups have been reported and up to six per 100 000 in children younger than 5 years of age 51.
Many strains of E. coli have been associated with clinical disease including sorbitol non‐fermenting and fermenting E. coli O157 as well as E. coli O26, O103, O111 and O145. E. coli O104:H4 was the specific strain isolated during the large German outbreak in 2011. This is a hybrid strain bearing characteristics of both EHEC strains (producing Shiga toxin) and enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) strains (with regard to the pattern of intestinal colonization) 52.
aHUS is an ultra‐rare disease with an estimated incidence that is most probably between 0.5 and 2 per million 53, 54. Onset may occur at any age but is more frequent in childhood 55 particularly before the age of 2 years 56. Onset before 6 months of age is highly indicative of aHUS as EHEC‐associated HUS is uncommon in this age group. The onset is usually triggered by a febrile infection in the respiratory or gastrointestinal tract. Patients who do not develop end‐stage renal failure during the first episode tend to relapse, and the disease may affect several members of the same family 57.


===Race===
===Race===

Revision as of 19:50, 26 July 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

  • The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.[1]
  • In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.

is difficult to assess the annual incidence of EHEC‐associated HUS, but overall rates corresponding to two per 100 000 for all age groups have been reported and up to six per 100 000 in children younger than 5 years of age 51.

he incidence in Argentina has been reported to be as high as 12.2 cases per 100 000 children younger than 5 years of age 50. It is difficult to assess the annual incidence of EHEC‐associated HUS, but overall rates corresponding to two per 100 000 for all age groups have been reported and up to six per 100 000 in children younger than 5 years of age 51.


The incidence of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is approximately 2 per 100,000 individuals worldwide for all age groups. The prevalence of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is approximately 6 per 100,000 in children younger than 5 years old.

Prevalence

  • The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
  • In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
  • The prevalence of [disease/malignancy] is estimated to be [number] cases annually.

Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate

  • In 2017, the incidence of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is approximately 10% per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [number range]%.

<ref>{{Cite journal

 | author = [[Gregory Hall]], [[Shinichiro Kurosawa]] & [[Deborah J. Stearns-Kurosawa]]
 | title = Shiga Toxin Therapeutics: Beyond Neutralization
 | journal = [[Toxins]]
 | volume = 9
 | issue = 9
 | year = 2017
 | month = September
 | doi = 10.3390/toxins9090291
 | pmid = 28925976
}}</ref>
  • The case-fatality mortality rate of HUS is approximately 25%.

<ref>{{Cite journal

 | author = [[Gregory Hall]], [[Shinichiro Kurosawa]] & [[Deborah J. Stearns-Kurosawa]]
 | title = Shiga Toxin Therapeutics: Beyond Neutralization
 | journal = [[Toxins]]
 | volume = 9
 | issue = 9
 | year = 2017
 | month = September
 | doi = 10.3390/toxins9090291
 | pmid = 28925976
}}</ref>

Age

  • Patients of all age groups may develop hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS).
  • The incidence of HUS increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is younger than 5 years.
  • HUS commonly affects individuals younger 5 older than [number of years] years of age.
  • [Chronic isease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].
  • [Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].


Race

  • There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
  • [Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].

Gender

  • [Disease name] affects men and women equally.
  • [Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.

Region

  • The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].
  • [Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].

Developed Countries

Developing Countries

References

  1. Karpman D, Loos S, Tati R, Arvidsson I (February 2017). "Haemolytic uraemic syndrome". J. Intern. Med. 281 (2): 123–148. doi:10.1111/joim.12546. PMID 27723152.

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