Gonadoblastoma

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List of terms related to Gonadoblastoma

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sahar Memar Montazerin, M.D.[2]

Synonyms and keywords: Gonadoblastomas; Gonadoblastomata

Historical Perspective

Gonadoblastoma was first discovered by Dr. Robert E. Scully, an American pathologist, in 1953 following studying the pathology of a series of tumors suspected of being dysgerminomas. This tumor is called gonadoblastoma since it looks like embryonic tissue, but in an indifferent way regarding sexual development.

The association between [important risk factor/cause] and [disease name] was made in/during [year/event].

In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name].

In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name].

There have been several outbreaks of [disease name], including -----.

In [year], [diagnostic test/therapy] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].

Classification

There is no established system for the classification of [disease name].

OR

[Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups: [group1], [group2], [group3], and [group4].

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[Disease name] may be classified into [large number > 6] subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3]. [Disease name] may be classified into several subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].

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Based on the duration of symptoms, [disease name] may be classified as either acute or chronic.

OR

If the staging system involves specific and characteristic findings and features: According to the [staging system + reference], there are [number] stages of [malignancy name] based on the [finding1], [finding2], and [finding3]. Each stage is assigned a [letter/number1] and a [letter/number2] that designate the [feature1] and [feature2].

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The staging of [malignancy name] is based on the [staging system].

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There is no established system for the staging of [malignancy name].

Pathophysiology and Associated Conditions

The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.

Gonadoblastoma occurs bilaterally in 50% of the cases. It can be accompanied by dysgerminoma in 50% of cases as well as with other more malignant germinomatous neoplasms in 10%.

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It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].

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[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.

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Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.

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[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].

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The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].

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The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.

Gross Pathology

On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
Gross pathology of tumor greatly depends on the degree of germ cells overgrowth and calcification. The tumor is firm and cartilaginous with a yellow to a brown-grey color. It can be calcified partly or almost completely. It can be very large especially with when ccompanied by a dysgerminoma or be hardly detectable in gross examination.

Microscopic Pathology

On microscopic histopathological analysis, gonadoblastoma composed of tubules with two different cell types. The larger cells with clear cytoplasm and round nuclei that resembling the premature germ cells and the smaller cells resembling the sex cord stroma

Causes

Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].

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Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].

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The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].

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The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.

Differentiating ((Page name)) from Other Diseases

[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

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[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

Epidemiology and Demographics

The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.

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In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.

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In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate of [number range]%.

The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.

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Gonadoblastoma affects individuals of any age but tends to present at a greater extent prior to 15 years of age. it commonly originated from dysgenetic gonad but has been seen in women with normal ovary and karyotypes, although rarely. Since this tumor affects gonads, the majority of affected individuals may appear phenotypically female, but in reality, they are intersex.younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.

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[Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].

There is no racial predilection to [disease name].

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[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].

[Disease name] affects men and women equally.

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[Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.

The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].

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[Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].

Risk Factors

The most potent risk factor in the development of gonadoblastoma is XY gonadal dysgenesis. The risk of gonadoblastoma development increases with age. In individuals with XY gonadal abnormalities and it reaches 30% by thirty years of age. Other risk factors include being affected with Turner syndrome, and having Y chromosome materials.

Screening

There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [disease/malignancy].

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According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] is not recommended.

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According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] by [test 1] is recommended every [duration] among patients with [condition 1], [condition 2], and [condition 3].

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Gonadoblastoma per se is a benign tumor, however, it has the capacity to convert to dysgerminoma or other more malignant germ cell tumors and produce steroids with resultant virilization.

If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].

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Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

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Prognosis is generally excellent if the tumor and the other gonads, that may be affected as well, excised by the time of diagnosis.

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met: [criterion 1], [criterion 2], [criterion 3], and [criterion 4].

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The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [criteria name] criteria, which include [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].

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The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [definition name] definition, which includes [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].

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There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of [disease name].

History and Symptoms

Patients with gonadoblastoma present either during infancy with ambiguous genitalia or later with sexual developmental complaints. The hallmark of gonadoblastoma is gonadal developmental disorders. The majority of affected individuals are phenotypically women and may be discovered during a workup for virilization and/or primary amenorrhea. Others are phenotypically men with sex organs developmental problems such as cryptorchidism and hypospadias.

Physical Examination

Patients with gonadoblastoma can appear phenotypically female or male. It is of particular note that clinical presentation may be varied considering the nature of abnormal gonad and the amount of steroid hormone in it.In women, physical examination of patients can be remarkable for virilization or the presence of a pelvic mass.. OR

Common physical examination findings of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

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The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].

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The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].

Laboratory Findings

An elevated/reduced concentration of serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].

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Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].

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[Test] is usually normal among patients with [disease name].

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Some patients with [disease name] may have elevated/reduced concentration of [test], which is usually suggestive of [progression/complication].

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There are no diagnostic laboratory findings associated with [disease name].

X-ray

There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name].

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An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

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There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

CT scan

There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].

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[Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

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There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

MRI

There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name].

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[Location] MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on MRI suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

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There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. However, a MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

Other Imaging Findings

There are no other imaging findings associated with [disease name].

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[Imaging modality] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an [imaging modality] suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Other Diagnostic Studies

There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].

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[Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

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Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include [diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3], and [diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Treatment

Medical Therapy

There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.

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Supportive therapy for [disease name] includes [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and [therapy 3].

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The majority of cases of [disease name] are self-limited and require only supportive care.

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[Disease name] is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment.

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The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is [therapy].

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The optimal therapy for [malignancy name] depends on the stage at diagnosis.

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[Therapy] is recommended among all patients who develop [disease name].

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Pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with [disease subclass 1], [disease subclass 2], and [disease subclass 3].

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Pharmacologic medical therapies for [disease name] include (either) [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and/or [therapy 3].

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Empiric therapy for [disease name] depends on [disease factor 1] and [disease factor 2].

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Patients with [disease subclass 1] are treated with [therapy 1], whereas patients with [disease subclass 2] are treated with [therapy 2].

Surgery

Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of [disease name].

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Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with [disease name]. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and [indication 3]

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The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is medical therapy. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and/or [indication 3].

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The feasibility of surgery depends on the stage of [malignancy] at diagnosis.

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Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for [disease or malignancy].

Primary Prevention

There are no established measures for the primary prevention of [disease name].

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There are no available vaccines against [disease name].

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Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].

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[Vaccine name] vaccine is recommended for [patient population] to prevent [disease name]. Other primary prevention strategies include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].

Secondary Prevention

There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name].

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Effective measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name] include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].

References

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