Gastroesophageal reflux disease natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
If left untreated, 20% of patients with GERD may progress to develop esophageal stricture due to excessive acid in the lower esophagus. Complications of GERD include barrett's esophagus, erosive esophagitis, esophageal ulcer, and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Prognosis of GERD is good with the appropriate treatment. | If left untreated, 20% of patients with GERD may progress to develop [[esophageal stricture]] due to excessive [[acid]] in the [[Esophagus|lower esophagus]]. Complications of GERD include [[barrett's esophagus]], [[Esophagitis|erosive esophagitis]], [[esophageal ulcer]], and [[esophageal]] [[adenocarcinoma]]. Prognosis of GERD is good with the appropriate treatment. | ||
==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis== | ==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis== | ||
===Natural History=== | ===Natural History=== | ||
* The symptoms of GERD include heart burn, regurgitation, and dysphagia. | * The symptoms of GERD include [[Heartburn|heart burn]], [[regurgitation]], and [[dysphagia]]. | ||
* If left untreated, GERD will develop to esophageal stricture which occurs in around 20% of the patients with GERD.<ref name="pmid10780569">{{cite journal| author=Sonnenberg A, El-Serag HB| title=Clinical epidemiology and natural history of gastroesophageal reflux disease. | journal=Yale J Biol Med | year= 1999 | volume= 72 | issue= 2-3 | pages= 81-92 | pmid=10780569 | doi= | pmc=2579001 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10780569 }}</ref> | * If left untreated, GERD will develop to [[esophageal stricture]] which occurs in around 20% of the patients with GERD.<ref name="pmid10780569">{{cite journal| author=Sonnenberg A, El-Serag HB| title=Clinical epidemiology and natural history of gastroesophageal reflux disease. | journal=Yale J Biol Med | year= 1999 | volume= 72 | issue= 2-3 | pages= 81-92 | pmid=10780569 | doi= | pmc=2579001 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10780569 }}</ref> | ||
* Esophageal stricture occur due to excessive acid in the lower of the esophagus which lead to scar formation. This scar causes narrowing of the esophagus and lead to difficulties in swallowing. | * Esophageal stricture occur due to excessive [[acid]] in the [[Esophagus|lower of the esophagus]] which lead to [[scar]] formation. This scar causes narrowing of the [[esophagus]] and lead to [[Dysphagia|difficulties in swallowing]]. | ||
===Complication=== | ===Complication=== | ||
Complications that can develop as a result of GERD include the following:<ref name="pmid15929752">{{cite journal| author=El-Serag HB, Graham DY, Satia JA, Rabeneck L| title=Obesity is an independent risk factor for GERD symptoms and erosive esophagitis. | journal=Am J Gastroenterol | year= 2005 | volume= 100 | issue= 6 | pages= 1243-50 | pmid=15929752 | doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.41703.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15929752 }}</ref> | Complications that can develop as a result of GERD include the following:<ref name="pmid15929752">{{cite journal| author=El-Serag HB, Graham DY, Satia JA, Rabeneck L| title=Obesity is an independent risk factor for GERD symptoms and erosive esophagitis. | journal=Am J Gastroenterol | year= 2005 | volume= 100 | issue= 6 | pages= 1243-50 | pmid=15929752 | doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.41703.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15929752 }}</ref> | ||
* [[Barrett's esophagus]] : | * [[Barrett's esophagus]]: | ||
** A type of [[dysplasia]], is a precursor high-grade dysplasia, which is in turn a precursor condition for carcinoma. The risk of progression from Barrett's to dysplasia is uncertain but is estimated to include 0.1% to 0.5% of cases, and has probably been exaggerated in the past. | ** A type of [[dysplasia]], is a precursor high-grade dysplasia, which is in turn a [[precursor]] condition for [[carcinoma]]. The risk of progression from [[Barrett's esophagus|Barrett's]] to dysplasia is uncertain but is estimated to include 0.1% to 0.5% of cases, and has probably been exaggerated in the past. | ||
** Due to the risk of chronic | ** Due to the risk of [[Heartburn|chronic heart burn]] progressing to Barrett's esophagus, EGD every 5 years is recommended for patients with chronic [[heartburn]], or who take drugs for chronic GERD. | ||
* Erosive esophagitis | * [[Esophagitis (patient information)|Erosive esophagitis]] | ||
* Esophageal ulcer: | * [[Esophageal ulcer]]: | ||
** The excess acid secretion in the esophagus can lead to ulcer formation which increases pain in GERD patients. | ** The excess [[acid]] secretion in the [[esophagus]] can lead to [[ulcer]] formation which increases [[pain]] in GERD patients. | ||
* Esophageal adenocarcinoma | * [[Esophageal]] [[adenocarcinoma]] | ||
===Prognosis=== | ===Prognosis=== | ||
* The majority of people respond to nonsurgical measures, with lifestyle changes and medications. However, many patients need to continue to take drugs to control their symptoms. | * The majority of people respond to nonsurgical measures, with lifestyle changes and [[medications]]. However, many patients need to continue to take [[drugs]] to control their symptoms. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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[[Category:Needs content]] | [[Category:Needs content]] | ||
[[Category:Gastroenterology]] | [[Category:Gastroenterology]] | ||
Latest revision as of 21:50, 29 July 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Elsaiey, MBBCH [2]
Overview
If left untreated, 20% of patients with GERD may progress to develop esophageal stricture due to excessive acid in the lower esophagus. Complications of GERD include barrett's esophagus, erosive esophagitis, esophageal ulcer, and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Prognosis of GERD is good with the appropriate treatment.
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Natural History
- The symptoms of GERD include heart burn, regurgitation, and dysphagia.
- If left untreated, GERD will develop to esophageal stricture which occurs in around 20% of the patients with GERD.[1]
- Esophageal stricture occur due to excessive acid in the lower of the esophagus which lead to scar formation. This scar causes narrowing of the esophagus and lead to difficulties in swallowing.
Complication
Complications that can develop as a result of GERD include the following:[2]
- Barrett's esophagus:
- A type of dysplasia, is a precursor high-grade dysplasia, which is in turn a precursor condition for carcinoma. The risk of progression from Barrett's to dysplasia is uncertain but is estimated to include 0.1% to 0.5% of cases, and has probably been exaggerated in the past.
- Due to the risk of chronic heart burn progressing to Barrett's esophagus, EGD every 5 years is recommended for patients with chronic heartburn, or who take drugs for chronic GERD.
- Erosive esophagitis
- Esophageal ulcer:
- Esophageal adenocarcinoma
Prognosis
- The majority of people respond to nonsurgical measures, with lifestyle changes and medications. However, many patients need to continue to take drugs to control their symptoms.
References
- ↑ Sonnenberg A, El-Serag HB (1999). "Clinical epidemiology and natural history of gastroesophageal reflux disease". Yale J Biol Med. 72 (2–3): 81–92. PMC 2579001. PMID 10780569.
- ↑ El-Serag HB, Graham DY, Satia JA, Rabeneck L (2005). "Obesity is an independent risk factor for GERD symptoms and erosive esophagitis". Am J Gastroenterol. 100 (6): 1243–50. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.41703.x. PMID 15929752.