Fat embolism syndrome (patient information)

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What is fat embolism syndrome?

How do I know if I have fat embolism syndrome and what are the symptoms of fat embolism syndrome?

There is usually a latent period of 24 to 72 hours between injury and onset. The onset is then sudden. The usual symptoms include:

Chest pain
Tachypnoea, even breathlessness
Fever
Petechial rash
Headache
Restlessness
Disorientation, confusion, seizures, stupor, even coma
Renal dysfunction: Oliguria, haematuria, or anuria.

Who is at risk for fat embolism syndrome?

How to know you have fat embolism syndrome?

Lab tests: Fat globules free or in macrophages can be detected in urine, blood or sputum in patients with fat embolism. It is a low sensitivity test. A negative result does not exclude fat embolism.
Blood gases: This test may demonstrate hypoxia, low pO2 (less than 8 kPa or 60 mmHg), and hypocapnia .
Blood tests: Complete blood count (CBC) may show decreased platelets and haematocrit. Lipase level is elevated.
Chest x-ray: This image in patients with fat embolism syndrome may show snow storm appearance, increased pulmonary markings and dilatation of the right side of the heart within 24-48 h of onset of clinical findings.
Head CT: Diffuse white-matter petechial hemorrhages may be shown in patients with fat embolism. A normal CT finding can not exclude this disease. CT scan can also be used to rule out other causes for deterioration in consciousness level.
Brain MRI scan: This test may help diagnose fat embolism in brain. It is more sensitive than CT scan and can diagnose earlier. This image may show typical white matter changes in the area of damaged vasculars.
Transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE): This procedure may be used to assess intraoperative release of marrow contents into the bloodstream during intramedullary reaming and nailing.