Endometritis: Difference between revisions
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[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3]. | [Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3]. | ||
==Epidemiology | ==Epidemiology== | ||
The | The [[prevalence]] of [[chronic]] endometritis (CE) is about 10% to 11% on biopsies performed from hysterectomies of patients with gynecologic conditions.<ref name="pmid21749546">{{cite journal| author=Kitaya K, Yasuo T| title=Immunohistochemistrical and clinicopathological characterization of chronic endometritis. | journal=Am J Reprod Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 66 | issue= 5 | pages= 410-5 | pmid=21749546 | doi=10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.01051.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21749546 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12904693">{{cite journal| author=Polisseni F, Bambirra EA, Camargos AF| title=Detection of chronic endometritis by diagnostic hysteroscopy in asymptomatic infertile patients. | journal=Gynecol Obstet Invest | year= 2003 | volume= 55 | issue= 4 | pages= 205-10 | pmid=12904693 | doi=10.1159/000072075 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12904693 }} </ref> | ||
In a study, the [[prevalence]] of CE has been reported to be 15% in [[infertile]] women with [[In vitro fertilization|in vitro fertilization (IVF)]] and 42% in women with recurrent [[implantation]] failure (RIF).<ref name="pmid15482749">{{cite journal| author=Romero R, Espinoza J, Mazor M| title=Can endometrial infection/inflammation explain implantation failure, spontaneous abortion, and preterm birth after in vitro fertilization? | journal=Fertil Steril | year= 2004 | volume= 82 | issue= 4 | pages= 799-804 | pmid=15482749 | doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.05.076 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15482749 }} </ref> | |||
The [[prevalence]] of CE has been reported to be 57.8% in women with three or more [[Recurrent pregnancy loss|recurrent pregnancy losses]] (RPLs).<ref name="pmid21232841">{{cite journal| author=Zolghadri J, Momtahan M, Aminian K, Ghaffarpasand F, Tavana Z| title=The value of hysteroscopy in diagnosis of chronic endometritis in patients with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion. | journal=Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol | year= 2011 | volume= 155 | issue= 2 | pages= 217-20 | pmid=21232841 | doi=10.1016/j.ejogrb.2010.12.010 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21232841 }} </ref> | |||
In one study, the [[prevalence]] of CE has been reported to be 14% and 27% in patients with RIF or RPL, respectively.<ref name="pmid26456229">{{cite journal| author=Bouet PE, El Hachem H, Monceau E, Gariépy G, Kadoch IJ, Sylvestre C| title=Chronic endometritis in women with recurrent pregnancy loss and recurrent implantation failure: prevalence and role of office hysteroscopy and immunohistochemistry in diagnosis. | journal=Fertil Steril | year= 2016 | volume= 105 | issue= 1 | pages= 106-10 | pmid=26456229 | doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.09.025 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26456229 }} </ref> | |||
In | |||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
Revision as of 06:56, 28 September 2020
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Endometritis refers to inflammation of the endometrium,[1] the inner lining of the uterus. Pathologists have traditionally classified endometritis as either acute or chronic: acute endometritis is characterized by the presence of microabscesses or neutrophils within the endometrial glands, while chronic endometritis is distinguished by variable numbers of plasma cells within the endometrial stroma. The most common cause of endometritis is infection. Symptoms include lower abdominal pain, fever and abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge. Caesarean section, prolonged rupture of membranes and long labor with multiple vaginal examinations are important risk factors. Treatment is usually with broad-spectrum antibiotics.
The term "endomyometritis" is sometimes used to specify inflammation of the endometrium and the myometrium.[2]
Acute Endometritis
Acute Endometritis is characterized by infection. The organisms isolated are most often infection are believed to be because of compromised abortions, delivery, medical instrumentation, and retention of placental fragments. Histologically, neutrophilic infiltration of the endometrial tissue is present during acute endometritis. The clinical presentation is typically high fever and purulent vaginal discharge. Menstruation after acute endometritis is excessive and in uncomplicated cases can resolve after 2 weeks of clindamycin and gentamicin IV antibiotic treatment.
In certain populations, it has been associated with Mycoplasma genitalium.[3]
Chronic Endometritis
Chronic Endometritis is characterized by the presence of plasma cells in the stroma. Lymphocytes, eosinophils, and even lymphoid follicles may be seen, but in the absence of plasma cells, are not enough to warrant a histologic diagnosis. It may be seen in up to 10% of all endometrial biopsies performed for irregular bleeding. The most common organisms are Chlamydia trachomatis (chlamydia), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea), Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus), Mycoplasma hominis, tuberculosis, and various viruses. Most of these agents are capable of causing chronic pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Patients suffering from chronic endometritis may have an underlying cancer of the cervix or endometrium (although infectious etiology is more common). Antibiotic therapy is curative in most cases (depending on underlying etiology), with fairly rapid alleviation of symptoms after only 2 to 3 days.
Chronic granulomatous endometritis is usually caused by tuberculous. The granulomas are small, sparse, and without caseation. The granulomas take up to 2 weeks to develop and since the endometrium is shed every 4 weeks, the granulomas are poorly formed.
In human medicine, pyometra (also a veterinary condition of significance) is regarded as a form of chronic endometritis seen in elderly women causing stenosis of the cervical os and accumulation of discharges and infection. Symptom in chronic endometritis is blood stained discharge but in pyometra the patient complaints of lower abdominal pain.
Pyometra
Pyometra describes an accumulation of pus in the uterine cavity. In order for pyometra to develop, there must be both an infection and blockage of cervix. Signs and symptoms include lower abdominal pain (suprapubic), rigors, fever, and the discharge of pus on introduction of a sound into the uterus. Pyometra is treated with antibiotics, according to culture and sensitivity.
See also
Overview
Historical Perspective
[Disease name] was first discovered by [name of scientist], a [nationality + occupation], in [year]/during/following [event].
The association between [important risk factor/cause] and [disease name] was made in/during [year/event].
In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name].
In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name].
There have been several outbreaks of [disease name], including -----.
In [year], [diagnostic test/therapy] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].
Classification
Endometritis may be classified according to histopathology into two subtypes:[4]
Pathophysiology
The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.
OR
It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
OR
[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
OR
Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
OR
[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
OR
The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway]. OR
The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
Histopathology
Acute Endometritis
The histopathologic findings in acute endometritis include:[4]
- Microabscess formation
- Neutrophil invasion in:
- Endometrial superficial epithelium and gland lumina
- Uterine cavity
Chronic Endometritis
The histopathologic findings in chronic endometritis (CE) include:[4][5]
- Infiltration of plasmacytes in endometrial stroma
- Increase in stromal cell density
- Dissociated maturation between epithelium and stroma
- Edema of endometrial superficial stroma
Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes a subtype of chronic endometritis (CE) (chronic granulomatous endometritis) in some developing countries. Histopathologically, chronic granulomatous endometritis has caseating granuloma surrounded by infiltrates of lymphocytes which include endometrial stromal plasmacytes (ESPCs).[6]
Causes
The most common cause of chronic endometritis (CE) is an infection with microorganisms, including:[7][8][9]
- Bacteria:
- Yeats:
- Candida species
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes a subtype of chronic endometritis (CE) (chronic granulomatous endometritis) in some developing countries.[6]
The rate of infections with Chlamydia trachomatis (2%–7%) and Neisseria gonorrhea (0%–8%) in chronic endometritis (CE) are very low. [7][10][11]
The association of viral infections as causes of chronic endometritis (CE) is still unclear.[12]
Differentiating ((Page name)) from other Diseases
[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
OR
[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
Epidemiology
The prevalence of chronic endometritis (CE) is about 10% to 11% on biopsies performed from hysterectomies of patients with gynecologic conditions.[13][11]
In a study, the prevalence of CE has been reported to be 15% in infertile women with in vitro fertilization (IVF) and 42% in women with recurrent implantation failure (RIF).[14]
The prevalence of CE has been reported to be 57.8% in women with three or more recurrent pregnancy losses (RPLs).[15]
In one study, the prevalence of CE has been reported to be 14% and 27% in patients with RIF or RPL, respectively.[16]
Risk Factors
Risk factors that have been reported to be associated with chronic endometritis (CE) include:[13][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]
- Intrauterine contraceptive devices (continuous use)
- Prolonged menstruation
- Atypical uterine bleeding
- Fallopian tube obstruction
- Multiparity
- Abortion
- Bacterial vaginosis
- Endometrial hyperplasia
- Submucosal fibroids
- Endometriosis
- Endometrial osseous metaplasia
- Tuberculosis
Screening
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [disease/malignancy].
OR
According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] is not recommended.
OR
According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] by [test 1] is recommended every [duration] among patients with [condition 1], [condition 2], and [condition 3].
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
OR
Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
OR
Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%.
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Study of Choice
The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met: [criterion 1], [criterion 2], [criterion 3], and [criterion 4].
OR
The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [criteria name] criteria, which include [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].
OR
The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [definition name] definition, which includes [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].
OR
There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of [disease name].
History and Symptoms
Symptoms of acute endometritis may include:[26]
- Fever
- Pelvic pain
- Vaginal discharge
Chronic endometritis (CE) is mostly asymptomatic but may have vague symptoms including:[26]
- Leucorrhea
- Spotting
- Pelvic discomfort
Physical Examination
Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance]. Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
Common physical examination findings of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].
OR
The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].
Laboratory Findings
An elevated/reduced concentration of serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].
OR
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].
OR
[Test] is usually normal among patients with [disease name].
OR
Some patients with [disease name] may have elevated/reduced concentration of [test], which is usually suggestive of [progression/complication].
OR
There are no diagnostic laboratory findings associated with [disease name].
Electrocardiogram
There are no ECG findings associated with [disease name].
OR
An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an ECG suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
X-ray
There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name].
OR
An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
Echocardiography or Ultrasound
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name].
OR
Echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
CT scan
There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].
OR
[Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
MRI
There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name].
OR
[Location] MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on MRI suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. However, a MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
Other Imaging Findings
There are no other imaging findings associated with [disease name].
OR
[Imaging modality] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an [imaging modality] suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
Other Diagnostic Studies
There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].
OR
[Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include [diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3], and [diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
Treatment
Medical Therapy
There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
OR
Supportive therapy for [disease name] includes [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and [therapy 3].
OR
The majority of cases of [disease name] are self-limited and require only supportive care.
OR
[Disease name] is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment.
OR
The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is [therapy].
OR The optimal therapy for [malignancy name] depends on the stage at diagnosis.
OR
[Therapy] is recommended among all patients who develop [disease name].
OR
Pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with [disease subclass 1], [disease subclass 2], and [disease subclass 3].
OR
Pharmacologic medical therapies for [disease name] include (either) [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and/or [therapy 3].
OR
Empiric therapy for [disease name] depends on [disease factor 1] and [disease factor 2].
OR
Patients with [disease subclass 1] are treated with [therapy 1], whereas patients with [disease subclass 2] are treated with [therapy 2].
Surgery
Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of [disease name].
OR
Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with [disease name]. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and [indication 3]
OR
The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is medical therapy. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and/or [indication 3].
OR
The feasibility of surgery depends on the stage of [malignancy] at diagnosis.
OR
Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for [disease or malignancy].
Primary Prevention
There are no established measures for the primary prevention of [disease name].
OR
There are no available vaccines against [disease name].
OR
Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].
OR
[Vaccine name] vaccine is recommended for [patient population] to prevent [disease name]. Other primary prevention strategies include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].
Secondary Prevention
There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name].
OR
Effective measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name] include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy
References
- ↑ Template:DorlandsDict
- ↑ Hubert Guedj; Baggish, Michael S.; Valle, Rafael Heliodoro (2007). Hysteroscopy: visual perspectives of uterine anatomy, physiology, and pathology. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 488. ISBN 0-7817-5532-8.
- ↑ Cohen CR, Manhart LE, Bukusi EA; et al. (2002). "Association between Mycoplasma genitalium and acute endometritis". Lancet. 359 (9308): 765–6. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07848-0. PMID 11888591. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Kiviat NB, Wølner-Hanssen P, Eschenbach DA, Wasserheit JN, Paavonen JA, Bell TA; et al. (1990). "Endometrial histopathology in patients with culture-proved upper genital tract infection and laparoscopically diagnosed acute salpingitis". Am J Surg Pathol. 14 (2): 167–75. doi:10.1097/00000478-199002000-00008. PMID 2137304.
- ↑ Greenwood SM, Moran JJ (1981). "Chronic endometritis: morphologic and clinical observations". Obstet Gynecol. 58 (2): 176–84. PMID 7254729.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kumar P, Shah NP, Singhal A, Chauhan DS, Katoch VM, Mittal S; et al. (2008). "Association of tuberculous endometritis with infertility and other gynecological complaints of women in India". J Clin Microbiol. 46 (12): 4068–70. doi:10.1128/JCM.01162-08. PMC 2593260. PMID 18842939.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Cicinelli E, De Ziegler D, Nicoletti R, Colafiglio G, Saliani N, Resta L; et al. (2008). "Chronic endometritis: correlation among hysteroscopic, histologic, and bacteriologic findings in a prospective trial with 2190 consecutive office hysteroscopies". Fertil Steril. 89 (3): 677–84. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.03.074. PMID 17531993.
- ↑ Cicinelli E, De Ziegler D, Nicoletti R, Tinelli R, Saliani N, Resta L; et al. (2009). "Poor reliability of vaginal and endocervical cultures for evaluating microbiology of endometrial cavity in women with chronic endometritis". Gynecol Obstet Invest. 68 (2): 108–15. doi:10.1159/000223819. PMID 19521097.
- ↑ Kitaya K, Matsubayashi H, Takaya Y, Nishiyama R, Yamaguchi K, Takeuchi T; et al. (2017). "Live birth rate following oral antibiotic treatment for chronic endometritis in infertile women with repeated implantation failure". Am J Reprod Immunol. 78 (5). doi:10.1111/aji.12719. PMID 28608596.
- ↑ Haggerty CL, Hillier SL, Bass DC, Ness RB, PID Evaluation and Clinical Health study investigators (2004). "Bacterial vaginosis and anaerobic bacteria are associated with endometritis". Clin Infect Dis. 39 (7): 990–5. doi:10.1086/423963. PMID 15472851.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Polisseni F, Bambirra EA, Camargos AF (2003). "Detection of chronic endometritis by diagnostic hysteroscopy in asymptomatic infertile patients". Gynecol Obstet Invest. 55 (4): 205–10. doi:10.1159/000072075. PMID 12904693.
- ↑ Kitaya K, Takeuchi T, Mizuta S, Matsubayashi H, Ishikawa T (2018). "Endometritis: new time, new concepts". Fertil Steril. 110 (3): 344–350. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.04.012. PMID 29960704.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Kitaya K, Yasuo T (2011). "Immunohistochemistrical and clinicopathological characterization of chronic endometritis". Am J Reprod Immunol. 66 (5): 410–5. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.01051.x. PMID 21749546.
- ↑ Romero R, Espinoza J, Mazor M (2004). "Can endometrial infection/inflammation explain implantation failure, spontaneous abortion, and preterm birth after in vitro fertilization?". Fertil Steril. 82 (4): 799–804. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.05.076. PMID 15482749.
- ↑ Zolghadri J, Momtahan M, Aminian K, Ghaffarpasand F, Tavana Z (2011). "The value of hysteroscopy in diagnosis of chronic endometritis in patients with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion". Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 155 (2): 217–20. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2010.12.010. PMID 21232841.
- ↑ Bouet PE, El Hachem H, Monceau E, Gariépy G, Kadoch IJ, Sylvestre C (2016). "Chronic endometritis in women with recurrent pregnancy loss and recurrent implantation failure: prevalence and role of office hysteroscopy and immunohistochemistry in diagnosis". Fertil Steril. 105 (1): 106–10. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.09.025. PMID 26456229.
- ↑ Moyer DL, Mishell DR, Bell J (1970). "Reactions of human endometrium to the intrauterine device. I. Correlation of the endometrial histology with the bacterial environment of the uterus following short-term insertion of the IUD". Am J Obstet Gynecol. 106 (6): 799–809. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(70)90470-9. PMID 4984305.
- ↑ Smith M, Hagerty KA, Skipper B, Bocklage T (2010). "Chronic endometritis: a combined histopathologic and clinical review of cases from 2002 to 2007". Int J Gynecol Pathol. 29 (1): 44–50. doi:10.1097/PGP.0b013e3181ae81bb. PMID 19952932.
- ↑ Chen YQ, Fang RL, Luo YN, Luo CQ (2016). "Analysis of the diagnostic value of CD138 for chronic endometritis, the risk factors for the pathogenesis of chronic endometritis and the effect of chronic endometritis on pregnancy: a cohort study". BMC Womens Health. 16 (1): 60. doi:10.1186/s12905-016-0341-3. PMC 5477816. PMID 27596852.
- ↑ Cicinelli E, Trojano G, Mastromauro M, Vimercati A, Marinaccio M, Mitola PC; et al. (2017). "Higher prevalence of chronic endometritis in women with endometriosis: a possible etiopathogenetic link". Fertil Steril. 108 (2): 289–295.e1. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.05.016. PMID 28624114.
- ↑ Takebayashi A, Kimura F, Kishi Y, Ishida M, Takahashi A, Yamanaka A; et al. (2014). "The association between endometriosis and chronic endometritis". PLoS One. 9 (2): e88354. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088354. PMC 3928198. PMID 24558386.
- ↑ Korn AP, Bolan G, Padian N, Ohm-Smith M, Schachter J, Landers DV (1995). "Plasma cell endometritis in women with symptomatic bacterial vaginosis". Obstet Gynecol. 85 (3): 387–90. doi:10.1016/0029-7844(94)00400-8. PMID 7862377.
- ↑ Peipert JF, Montagno AB, Cooper AS, Sung CJ (1997). "Bacterial vaginosis as a risk factor for upper genital tract infection". Am J Obstet Gynecol. 177 (5): 1184–7. doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(97)70038-3. PMID 9396917.
- ↑ Jindal UN, Verma S, Bala Y (2012). "Favorable infertility outcomes following anti-tubercular treatment prescribed on the sole basis of a positive polymerase chain reaction test for endometrial tuberculosis". Hum Reprod. 27 (5): 1368–74. doi:10.1093/humrep/des076. PMID 22419745.
- ↑ Degani S, Gonen R, de Vries K, Sharf M (1983). "Endometrial ossification associated with repeated abortions". Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 62 (3): 281–2. doi:10.3109/00016348309155810. PMID 6414236.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Michels TC (1995). "Chronic endometritis". Am Fam Physician. 52 (1): 217–22. PMID 7604765.