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Head trauma has been associated with development of delusions. Koponen et al[27] found patients with traumatic brain injury were diagnosed with delusional disorder in 5% of the cases during a 30-year follow-up (3 out of 60 assessed patients).
Head trauma has been associated with development of delusions. Koponen et al[27] found patients with traumatic brain injury were diagnosed with delusional disorder in 5% of the cases during a 30-year follow-up (3 out of 60 assessed patients).
Alcohol and sedatives/hypnotics Alcohol (intoxication or withdrawal), barbiturates and benzodiazepines (particularly withdrawal)
 
Anabolic steroids Testosterone, methyltestosterone
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Analgesics Meperidine, pentazocine, indomethacin
Anticholinergics Atropine, scopolamine
Antidepressants Bupropion, others if triggering a manic switch
Antiepileptics Zonisamide, other anticonvulsants at high doses
Antimalarial Mefloquine, chloroquine
Anti-parkinsonian Levodopa, selegiline, amantadine, pramipexole, bromocriptine
Antivirals Abacavir, efavirenz, nevirapine, acyclovir
Cannabinoids Marijuana, synthetic cannabinoids (ie, "spice"), dronabinol
Cardiovascular Digoxin, disopyramide, propafenone, quinidine
Corticosteroids Prednisone, dexamethasone, etc
Hallucinogens LSD, PCP (phencyclidine), ketamine, psilocybin-containing mushrooms, mescaline, synthetic "designer drugs" (eg, 2-CB, "N-Bomb" [25I-NBOMe]) , salvia divinorum
Inhalants Toluene, butane, gasoline
Interferons Interferon alfa-2a/2b
Over-the-counter (OTC) Dextromethorphan (DXM), diphenhydramine, some decongestants
Stimulants Cocaine, amphetamine/methamphetamine, methylphenidate, certain diet pills, "bath salts" (MDPV, mephedrone), MDMA/ecstasy
Toxins Carbon monoxide, organophosphates, heavy metals (eg, arsenic, manganese, mercury, thallium)
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! style="background: #4479BA; width: 200px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Medical Conditions}}
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:Substrate deficiency
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*Hypoglycemia*
*Cerebral hypoxia* causes of cerebral hypoxia include cardiac insufficiency, pulmonary insufficiency, and severe anemia.
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*Brain tumors, especially temporal lobe and deep hemispheric tumors
*Brain tumors, especially temporal lobe and deep hemispheric tumors
*Epilepsy, especially complex partial seizure disorder
*Epilepsy, especially complex partial seizure disorder, temporal lobe epilepsy
*Head trauma (subdural hematoma)
*Stroke*
*Brain abscess*
*CNS infection (meningitis, encephalitis)*
*Interictal psychosis
*Head trauma (subdural hematoma)*
*Anoxic brain injury
*Anoxic brain injury
*Fat embolism
*Fat embolism
*Brain abscess*
*Landau Kleffner syndrome
*SSPE*
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*Hepatic encephalopathy
*Hepatic encephalopathy
*Porphyria
*Porphyria
*Electrolyte disturbance*Δ
*Hepatic failure*
*Postpartum psychosis*
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*Hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism
*Hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism
*Panhypopituitarism
*Panhypopituitarism
*Hashimoto thyroiditis (Hashimoto encephalopathy)
*Thyroid storm*
*Antiphospholipid syndrome
*Hashimoto thyroiditis (Hashimoto encephalopathy)
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:Substances
:Substances
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Substances
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Amphetamines
*Amphetamines
*Cannabinoids such as marijuana, synthetic cannabinoids (ie, "spice"), dronabinol
*Cannabinoids such as marijuana, synthetic cannabinoids (ie, "spice"), dronabinol

Revision as of 20:46, 1 December 2015

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Simrat Sarai, M.D. [2]

Overview

The differential diagnosis of delusional disorder is highly important because the occurrence of delusional thinking has many sources, mostly secondary to other conditions; cases of primary delusional disorder are uncommon. Hence a practical principle is to detect or rule out other possible, usually more common causes, before arriving at the diagnosis [4,20]. These include:

●Medical conditions (table 1) ●Medications (table 2) ●Substance-induced disorders (table 2) ●Other mental disorders, including schizophrenia and mood disorder The clinical evaluation to rule out other causes of psychosis is described above. (See 'Assessment' above.)

Distinguishing features of delusional disorder include the absence of medical illnesses and medications causing psychosis, presence of delusions for at least one month, the absence of other positive symptoms of psychosis (except for hallucinations that are part of the delusional theme), the absence of functional impairment (except that related to the delusional theme), and the absence of overlap (or overlap of a limited duration) between mood symptoms and the delusions [1]. Schizophrenia typically presents with a broader array of positive and negative symptoms and marked functional impairment for at least six months. In bipolar disorder and major depression with psychotic features, delusional thinking is typically accompanied by mania or depression. An algorithm (algorithm 1) depicts the differential diagnosis of delusional disorder.

The differential diagnosis of psychosis is discussed in greater detail separately.


Delusional symptoms are preferentially associated with disorders involving the limbic system and basal ganglia.[4]

Fifty percent of patients with Huntington disease and individuals with idiopathic basal ganglia calcifications developed delusions at some point of their illness.[4]

Head trauma has been associated with development of delusions. Koponen et al[27] found patients with traumatic brain injury were diagnosed with delusional disorder in 5% of the cases during a 30-year follow-up (3 out of 60 assessed patients).

Medical Conditions Examples
Substrate deficiency
  • Hypoglycemia*
  • Cerebral hypoxia* causes of cerebral hypoxia include cardiac insufficiency, pulmonary insufficiency, and severe anemia.
Neurodegenerative disorders
  • Alzheimer disease
  • Pick disease
  • Huntington disease
  • Parkinson Disease
  • Basal ganglia calcification (Fahr disease)
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Metachromatic leukodystrophy
Vascular disease
  • Atherosclerotic vascular disease, especially when associated with diffuse, temporoparietal, or subcortical lesions
  • Hypertensive encephalopathy
  • Subarachnoid hemorrhage
  • Temporal arteritis
Infectious disease
  • Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
  • Opportunistic infections in AIDS
  • Encephalitis lethargica
  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
  • Syphilis
  • Malaria
  • Acute viral encephalitis
Other CNS disorders
  • Brain tumors, especially temporal lobe and deep hemispheric tumors
  • Epilepsy, especially complex partial seizure disorder, temporal lobe epilepsy
  • Stroke*
  • Brain abscess*
  • CNS infection (meningitis, encephalitis)*
  • Interictal psychosis
  • Head trauma (subdural hematoma)*
  • Anoxic brain injury
  • Fat embolism
  • Brain abscess*
  • Landau Kleffner syndrome
  • SSPE*
Vitamin deficiences
  • Vitamin B-12 deficiency
  • Folate deficiency
  • Thiamine deficiency
  • Niacin deficiency
Metabolic disorder
  • Hypercalcemia
  • Hyponatremia
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Uremia
  • Hepatic encephalopathy
  • Porphyria
  • Electrolyte disturbance*Δ
  • Hepatic failure*
  • Postpartum psychosis*
Endocrinopathies
  • Addison disease
  • Cushing syndrome
  • Hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism
  • Panhypopituitarism
  • Hashimoto thyroiditis (Hashimoto encephalopathy)
  • Thyroid storm*
  • Antiphospholipid syndrome
  • Hashimoto thyroiditis (Hashimoto encephalopathy)
Medications
  • Analgesics such as meperidine, pentazocine, indomethacin
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormones
  • Anabolic steroids such as testosterone, methyltestosterone
  • Anticholinergics such as atropine, scopolamine
  • Antidepressants such as bupropion, others if triggering a manic switch
  • Antiepileptics such as zonisamide, other anticonvulsants at high doses
  • antimalarial such as mefloquine, chloroquine
  • Anti-parkinsonian drugs such as levodopa, selegiline, amantadine, pramipexole, bromocriptine
  • Antivirals such as abacavir, efavirenz, nevirapine, acyclovir
  • Cardiovascular drugs such as digoxin, disopyramide, propafenone, quinidine
  • Corticosteroids such as prednisone, dexamethasone, etc
  • Inhalants such as toluene, butane, gasoline
  • Interferons such as interferon alfa-2a/2b
  • Over-the-counter (OTC) such as dextromethorphan (DXM), diphenhydramine, some decongestants
  • Cimetidine
  • Antibiotics (eg, cephalosporins, penicillin), disulfiram
Toxins
  • Carbon monoxide
  • Organophosphates
  • Heavy metals (eg, arsenic, manganese, mercury, thallium)
Substances
  • Amphetamines
  • Cannabinoids such as marijuana, synthetic cannabinoids (ie, "spice"), dronabinol
  • Alcohol and sedatives/hypnotics such as alcohol (intoxication or withdrawal), barbiturates and benzodiazepines (particularly withdrawal)
  • Cannabis
  • Stimulants such as cocaine, amphetamine/methamphetamine, methylphenidate, certain diet pills, "bath salts" (MDPV, mephedrone), MDMA/ecstasy
  • Hallucinogens such as LSD, PCP (phencyclidine), ketamine, psilocybin-containing mushrooms, mescaline, synthetic "designer drugs" (eg, 2-CB, "N-Bomb" [25I-NBOMe]) , salvia divinorum

References