Coronary revascularization: Difference between revisions
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*Rescue [[PCI]] is recommended for [[STEMI]] [[patients]] who failed re-perfusion after [[ST elevation myocardial infarction fibrinolytic therapy|fibrinolytic therapy]] to improve the survival.<ref name="pmid15261920">{{cite journal| author=Sutton AG, Campbell PG, Graham R, Price DJ, Gray JC, Grech ED | display-authors=etal| title=A randomized trial of rescue angioplasty versus a conservative approach for failed fibrinolysis in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the Middlesbrough Early Revascularization to Limit INfarction (MERLIN) trial. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2004 | volume= 44 | issue= 2 | pages= 287-96 | pmid=15261920 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2003.12.059 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15261920 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17010790">{{cite journal| author=Collet JP, Montalescot G, Le May M, Borentain M, Gershlick A| title=Percutaneous coronary intervention after fibrinolysis: a multiple meta-analyses approach according to the type of strategy. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2006 | volume= 48 | issue= 7 | pages= 1326-35 | pmid=17010790 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2006.03.064 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17010790 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25616922">{{cite journal| author=Madan M, Halvorsen S, Di Mario C, Tan M, Westerhout CM, Cantor WJ | display-authors=etal| title=Relationship between time to invasive assessment and clinical outcomes of patients undergoing an early invasive strategy after fibrinolysis for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a patient-level analysis of the randomized early routine invasive clinical trials. | journal=JACC Cardiovasc Interv | year= 2015 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 Pt B | pages= 166-174 | pmid=25616922 | doi=10.1016/j.jcin.2014.09.005 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25616922 }} </ref> | *Rescue [[PCI]] is recommended for [[STEMI]] [[patients]] who failed re-perfusion after [[ST elevation myocardial infarction fibrinolytic therapy|fibrinolytic therapy]] to improve the survival.<ref name="pmid15261920">{{cite journal| author=Sutton AG, Campbell PG, Graham R, Price DJ, Gray JC, Grech ED | display-authors=etal| title=A randomized trial of rescue angioplasty versus a conservative approach for failed fibrinolysis in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the Middlesbrough Early Revascularization to Limit INfarction (MERLIN) trial. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2004 | volume= 44 | issue= 2 | pages= 287-96 | pmid=15261920 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2003.12.059 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15261920 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17010790">{{cite journal| author=Collet JP, Montalescot G, Le May M, Borentain M, Gershlick A| title=Percutaneous coronary intervention after fibrinolysis: a multiple meta-analyses approach according to the type of strategy. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2006 | volume= 48 | issue= 7 | pages= 1326-35 | pmid=17010790 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2006.03.064 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17010790 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25616922">{{cite journal| author=Madan M, Halvorsen S, Di Mario C, Tan M, Westerhout CM, Cantor WJ | display-authors=etal| title=Relationship between time to invasive assessment and clinical outcomes of patients undergoing an early invasive strategy after fibrinolysis for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a patient-level analysis of the randomized early routine invasive clinical trials. | journal=JACC Cardiovasc Interv | year= 2015 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 Pt B | pages= 166-174 | pmid=25616922 | doi=10.1016/j.jcin.2014.09.005 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25616922 }} </ref> | ||
*[[PCI]] has been related to improved survival rate when done in [[STEMI]] [[patients]] who are stable and presented 12 to 24 hours after [[symptom]] onset.<ref name="pmid15956631">{{cite journal| author=Schömig A, Mehilli J, Antoniucci D, Ndrepepa G, Markwardt C, Di Pede F | display-authors=etal| title=Mechanical reperfusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction presenting more than 12 hours from symptom onset: a randomized controlled trial. | journal=JAMA | year= 2005 | volume= 293 | issue= 23 | pages= 2865-72 | pmid=15956631 | doi=10.1001/jama.293.23.2865 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15956631 }} </ref> | *[[PCI]] has been related to improved survival rate when done in [[STEMI]] [[patients]] who are stable and presented 12 to 24 hours after [[symptom]] onset.<ref name="pmid15956631">{{cite journal| author=Schömig A, Mehilli J, Antoniucci D, Ndrepepa G, Markwardt C, Di Pede F | display-authors=etal| title=Mechanical reperfusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction presenting more than 12 hours from symptom onset: a randomized controlled trial. | journal=JAMA | year= 2005 | volume= 293 | issue= 23 | pages= 2865-72 | pmid=15956631 | doi=10.1001/jama.293.23.2865 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15956631 }} </ref> | ||
*Regardless of time from [[MI]], [[PCI]] can increase survival in [[STEMI]] [[patients]] who developed [[Complication (medicine)|complications]] such as ongoing [[ischemia]], [[Congestive heart failure|acute sever heart failure]], or life-threatening [[cardiac arrhythmia]].<ref name="pmid34895950">{{cite journal| author=Writing Committee Members. Lawton JS, Tamis-Holland JE, Bangalore S, Bates ER, Beckie TM | display-authors=etal| title=2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Coronary Artery Revascularization: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2022 | volume= 79 | issue= 2 | pages= e21-e129 | pmid=34895950 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2021.09.006 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=34895950 }} </ref> | |||
*Both [[PCI]] and [[CABG]] are indicated in [[patients]] with [[ST elevation myocardial infarction|STEMI]], [[cardiogenic shock]], and [[shock|hemodynamic instability]].<ref name="pmid20102880">{{cite journal| author=Mehta RH, Lopes RD, Ballotta A, Frigiola A, Sketch MH, Bossone E | display-authors=etal| title=Percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass surgery for cardiogenic shock and multivessel coronary artery disease? | journal=Am Heart J | year= 2010 | volume= 159 | issue= 1 | pages= 141-7 | pmid=20102880 | doi=10.1016/j.ahj.2009.10.035 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20102880 }} </ref> | *Both [[PCI]] and [[CABG]] are indicated in [[patients]] with [[ST elevation myocardial infarction|STEMI]], [[cardiogenic shock]], and [[shock|hemodynamic instability]].<ref name="pmid20102880">{{cite journal| author=Mehta RH, Lopes RD, Ballotta A, Frigiola A, Sketch MH, Bossone E | display-authors=etal| title=Percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass surgery for cardiogenic shock and multivessel coronary artery disease? | journal=Am Heart J | year= 2010 | volume= 159 | issue= 1 | pages= 141-7 | pmid=20102880 | doi=10.1016/j.ahj.2009.10.035 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20102880 }} </ref> | ||
*[[CABG]] is recommended for [[patients]] with [[STEMI]] who have mechanical [[Complication (medicine)|complications]] such as [[Myocardial rupture|ventricular septal rupture]], [[mitral regurgitation]] because of [[Papillary muscle rupture|papillary muscle infarction or rupture]], or [[Myocardial rupture|free wall rupture]].<ref name="pmid34895950">{{cite journal| author=Writing Committee Members. Lawton JS, Tamis-Holland JE, Bangalore S, Bates ER, Beckie TM | display-authors=etal| title=2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Coronary Artery Revascularization: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2022 | volume= 79 | issue= 2 | pages= e21-e129 | pmid=34895950 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2021.09.006 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=34895950 }} </ref> | *[[CABG]] is recommended for [[patients]] with [[STEMI]] who have mechanical [[Complication (medicine)|complications]] such as [[Myocardial rupture|ventricular septal rupture]], [[mitral regurgitation]] because of [[Papillary muscle rupture|papillary muscle infarction or rupture]], or [[Myocardial rupture|free wall rupture]].<ref name="pmid34895950">{{cite journal| author=Writing Committee Members. Lawton JS, Tamis-Holland JE, Bangalore S, Bates ER, Beckie TM | display-authors=etal| title=2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Coronary Artery Revascularization: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2022 | volume= 79 | issue= 2 | pages= e21-e129 | pmid=34895950 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2021.09.006 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=34895950 }} </ref> | ||
Revision as of 17:01, 28 March 2022
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anahita Deylamsalehi, M.D.[2]
Overview
Historical Perspective
Classification
Coronary revascularization may refer to;
Indications
- Treatment decisions regarding coronary revascularization should be done regardless of sex, race, and ethnicity.[1]
- Decision regarding coronary revascularization should be patient-centered, meaning that physicians should consider patient's wishes, health literacy, and cultural believes.[1]
- Based on ACC/AHA/SCAI 2021 guideline, for patients with unclear optimal treatment strategy a Heart Team including an interventional cardiologist, cardiac surgeon, and clinical cardiologist is recommended to assess the patient's outcome. The following table demonstrates factors that can be considered by the Heart Team:[1]
| Coronary Anatomy | *Left main disease *Multivessel disease *Complicated anatomy (such as bifurcation disease, and high SYNTAX score |
|---|---|
| Comorbidities | *Coagulopathy *Frailty *Diabetes *Valvular heart disease *Cancer *Systolic dysfunction *End-stage renal disease *Aortic aneurysm *Calcified aorta *Immunosuppression *Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease *History of cerebral stroke *Debilitating neurological disorders *Cirrhosis/liver disease |
| Procedure | *Access site for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) *Risk of surgery *Local and regional clinical outcomes *Risk of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) |
| Patient | *Patient preferences, religional believes, education, and knowledge *Incompliant to dual antiplatelet therapy *Patient social supports *Unstable presentation or shock |
Coronary Anatomy
- Based on ACC 2021 guideline, coronary angiography is still the default method to determine coronary anatomy and stenosis degree.[1]
- Significant stenosis is one of the indications for the revascularization procedure, which has been defined as the following observations in coronary angiography:[1]
- The fact that whether visually estimated diameter stenosis or quantitative coronary angiography can better predict the the functional significance of a coronary stenosis is controversial. [2]
- Although the lesion's length can affect the ischemia severity, there are no standard cutoffs for length of the lesions when sever stenosis is determined.
What Procedure to Choose?
- PCI would help patients with STEMI and ischemic symptoms for less than 12 hours.[1]
- Rescue PCI is recommended for STEMI patients who failed re-perfusion after fibrinolytic therapy to improve the survival.[3][4][5]
- PCI has been related to improved survival rate when done in STEMI patients who are stable and presented 12 to 24 hours after symptom onset.[6]
- Regardless of time from MI, PCI can increase survival in STEMI patients who developed complications such as ongoing ischemia, acute sever heart failure, or life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia.[1]
- Both PCI and CABG are indicated in patients with STEMI, cardiogenic shock, and hemodynamic instability.[7]
- CABG is recommended for patients with STEMI who have mechanical complications such as ventricular septal rupture, mitral regurgitation because of papillary muscle infarction or rupture, or free wall rupture.[1]
- Emergent or urgent CABG is recommended in STEMI patients whose PCI is not feasible with a large area of myocardial involvement.[1][8]
SYNTAX Score
- SYNTAX score derived from a clinical trial with the same name which predicts the grade of the anatomic complexity and can be used as a decision-making tool. This score is a guide for the selection of a revascularization procedure in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease.[9]
Fractional flow reserve and instantaneous wave-Free Ratio
- Fractional flow reserve (FFR) and instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) are commonly used to assess the lesion significant. Fractional flow reserve (FFR) compares the maximal blood flow distal to the lesion to the normal maximal blood flow. On the other hand iFR compares the instantaneous wave-free ratio of the coronary pressure distal to the lesion during the diastole with the aortic pressure.[1]
- Reported in numbers of trials which used FFR, FFR-guided PCI was successful in lowering the revascularization rate, procedure-related chest pain in patients with stable coronary artery disease and functionally significant stenosis.[10][11][12]
- In one of these trials patients with abnormal FFR significantly benefited from PCI over medical therapy with lower rate of ischemia-driven revascularization and shorter procedural time. [13]
- FFR-guided revascularization with CABG was more off-pump with fewer anastomosis and simpler procedure compared to CABG with angiogram-guided revascularization in one of the clinical trials.[14][1][15] Although other studies reported similar outcomes in both.[16][17]
- iFR measure does not require the administration of adenosine has been also studied in clinical trials. Results supported that this measure is not inferior to FFR and also showed less adverse outcome related to the procedure.[18]
- Lower rate of long-term major adverse cardiac events has been reported when PCI was deferred with FFR greater than 0.80 or iFR that is >0.89. One of the trials named DEFER (Deferral of Percutaneous Intervention) reported that the rate of adverse outcome cardiac outcomes is similar in both group of patients whose PCI has been deferred either with a FFR greater than 0.75 or intermediate angiographic measures.[19][20][21]
Outcome
- After controlling baseline comorbidities and treatment strategies, outcome of coronary revascularization were same among different races as well as males and females.[1][22][23]
References
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 Writing Committee Members. Lawton JS, Tamis-Holland JE, Bangalore S, Bates ER, Beckie TM; et al. (2022). "2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Coronary Artery Revascularization: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol. 79 (2): e21–e129. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.09.006. PMID 34895950 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Adjedj J, Xaplanteris P, Toth G, Ferrara A, Pellicano M, Ciccarelli G; et al. (2017). "Visual and Quantitative Assessment of Coronary Stenoses at Angiography Versus Fractional Flow Reserve: The Impact of Risk Factors". Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 10 (7). doi:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.117.006243. PMID 28687539.
- ↑ Sutton AG, Campbell PG, Graham R, Price DJ, Gray JC, Grech ED; et al. (2004). "A randomized trial of rescue angioplasty versus a conservative approach for failed fibrinolysis in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the Middlesbrough Early Revascularization to Limit INfarction (MERLIN) trial". J Am Coll Cardiol. 44 (2): 287–96. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.12.059. PMID 15261920.
- ↑ Collet JP, Montalescot G, Le May M, Borentain M, Gershlick A (2006). "Percutaneous coronary intervention after fibrinolysis: a multiple meta-analyses approach according to the type of strategy". J Am Coll Cardiol. 48 (7): 1326–35. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.03.064. PMID 17010790.
- ↑ Madan M, Halvorsen S, Di Mario C, Tan M, Westerhout CM, Cantor WJ; et al. (2015). "Relationship between time to invasive assessment and clinical outcomes of patients undergoing an early invasive strategy after fibrinolysis for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a patient-level analysis of the randomized early routine invasive clinical trials". JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 8 (1 Pt B): 166–174. doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2014.09.005. PMID 25616922.
- ↑ Schömig A, Mehilli J, Antoniucci D, Ndrepepa G, Markwardt C, Di Pede F; et al. (2005). "Mechanical reperfusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction presenting more than 12 hours from symptom onset: a randomized controlled trial". JAMA. 293 (23): 2865–72. doi:10.1001/jama.293.23.2865. PMID 15956631.
- ↑ Mehta RH, Lopes RD, Ballotta A, Frigiola A, Sketch MH, Bossone E; et al. (2010). "Percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass surgery for cardiogenic shock and multivessel coronary artery disease?". Am Heart J. 159 (1): 141–7. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2009.10.035. PMID 20102880.
- ↑ Pi Y, Roe MT, Holmes DN, Chiswell K, Garvey JL, Fonarow GC; et al. (2017). "Utilization, Characteristics, and In-Hospital Outcomes of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Patients With ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Results From the National Cardiovascular Data Registry Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network Registry-Get With The Guidelines". Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 10 (8). doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.116.003490. PMID 28794118.
- ↑ Garg S, Serruys PW, Silber S, Wykrzykowska J, van Geuns RJ, Richardt G; et al. (2011). "The prognostic utility of the SYNTAX score on 1-year outcomes after revascularization with zotarolimus- and everolimus-eluting stents: a substudy of the RESOLUTE All Comers Trial". JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 4 (4): 432–41. doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2011.01.008. PMID 21511223.
- ↑ De Bruyne B, Pijls NH, Kalesan B, Barbato E, Tonino PA, Piroth Z; et al. (2012). "Fractional flow reserve-guided PCI versus medical therapy in stable coronary disease". N Engl J Med. 367 (11): 991–1001. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1205361. PMID 22924638.
- ↑ De Bruyne B, Fearon WF, Pijls NH, Barbato E, Tonino P, Piroth Z; et al. (2014). "Fractional flow reserve-guided PCI for stable coronary artery disease". N Engl J Med. 371 (13): 1208–17. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1408758. PMID 25176289.
- ↑ Xaplanteris P, Fournier S, Pijls NHJ, Fearon WF, Barbato E, Tonino PAL; et al. (2018). "Five-Year Outcomes with PCI Guided by Fractional Flow Reserve". N Engl J Med. 379 (3): 250–259. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1803538. PMID 29785878.
- ↑ Kang SJ, Lee JY, Ahn JM, Song HG, Kim WJ, Park DW; et al. (2011). "Intravascular ultrasound-derived predictors for fractional flow reserve in intermediate left main disease". JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 4 (11): 1168–74. doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2011.08.009. PMID 22115656.
- ↑ Bruno F, D'Ascenzo F, Marengo G, Manfredi R, Saglietto A, Gallone G; et al. (2021). "Fractional flow reserve guided versus angiographic guided surgical revascularization: A meta-analysis". Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 98 (1): E18–E23. doi:10.1002/ccd.29427. PMID 33315297 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Toth GG, De Bruyne B, Kala P, Ribichini FL, Casselman F, Ramos R; et al. (2019). "Graft patency after FFR-guided versus angiography-guided coronary artery bypass grafting: the GRAFFITI trial". EuroIntervention. 15 (11): e999–e1005. doi:10.4244/EIJ-D-19-00463. PMID 31270037.
- ↑ Timbadia D, Ler A, Sazzad F, Alexiou C, Kofidis T (2020). "FFR-guided versus coronary angiogram-guided CABG: A review and meta-analysis of prospective randomized controlled trials". J Card Surg. 35 (10): 2785–2793. doi:10.1111/jocs.14880. PMID 32697006 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Thuesen AL, Riber LP, Veien KT, Christiansen EH, Jensen SE, Modrau I; et al. (2018). "Fractional Flow Reserve Versus Angiographically-Guided Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting". J Am Coll Cardiol. 72 (22): 2732–2743. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.09.043. PMID 30497559.
- ↑ Bruner CA, Webb RC (1990). "Increased vascular reactivity to Bay K 8644 in genetic hypertension". Pharmacology. 41 (1): 24–35. doi:10.1159/000138696. PMID 0.1056/NEJMoa1700445 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Pijls NH, van Schaardenburgh P, Manoharan G, Boersma E, Bech JW, van't Veer M; et al. (2007). "Percutaneous coronary intervention of functionally nonsignificant stenosis: 5-year follow-up of the DEFER Study". J Am Coll Cardiol. 49 (21): 2105–11. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.01.087. PMID 17531660.
- ↑ Pijls NH, Fearon WF, Tonino PA, Siebert U, Ikeno F, Bornschein B; et al. (2010). "Fractional flow reserve versus angiography for guiding percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease: 2-year follow-up of the FAME (Fractional Flow Reserve Versus Angiography for Multivessel Evaluation) study". J Am Coll Cardiol. 56 (3): 177–84. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.04.012. PMID 20537493.
- ↑ Escaned J, Ryan N, Mejía-Rentería H, Cook CM, Dehbi HM, Alegria-Barrero E; et al. (2018). "Safety of the Deferral of Coronary Revascularization on the Basis of Instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio and Fractional Flow Reserve Measurements in Stable Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndromes". JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 11 (15): 1437–1449. doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2018.05.029. PMID 30093050.
- ↑ O'Donoghue M, Boden WE, Braunwald E, Cannon CP, Clayton TC, de Winter RJ; et al. (2008). "Early invasive vs conservative treatment strategies in women and men with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis". JAMA. 300 (1): 71–80. doi:10.1001/jama.300.1.71. PMID 18594042. Review in: ACP J Club. 2008 Nov 18;149(5):7 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2009 Feb;14(1):19
- ↑ Tamis-Holland JE, Palazzo A, Stebbins AL, Slater JN, Boland J, Ellis SG; et al. (2004). "Benefits of direct angioplasty for women and men with acute myocardial infarction: results of the Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Arteries in Acute Coronary Syndromes Angioplasty (GUSTO II-B) Angioplasty Substudy". Am Heart J. 147 (1): 133–9. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2003.06.002. PMID 14691431.